Forest-Based Initiatives: Comparison
Please note this is a comparison between Version 2 by Rita Xu and Version 1 by Ilaria Doimo.

Research Highlights: This review gives an overview of existing literature on the emerging

topic of human wellbeing-forest contact nexus and provides a preliminary framework linking forests

to wellbeing by highlighting key variables a ecting this relationship. Background and Objectives:

Existing literature reveals the psychological, physiological and social wellbeing benefits of contact

with forest ecosystems; however, the role of forests in this relationship remains largely unexplored.

The objectives of this review are twofold: (i) to provide an overview of the contributions of forest

experiences to human wellbeing and the related interplay with forest ecosystems and (ii) to identify

knowledge gaps to inform future research and systematize information available for forest managers

and planners to support the development of e ective forest-based initiatives. Materials and Methods:

A scoping review was performed with a five-phase method integrating a systematic approach on

Scopus, Web of Science and PubMed databases and snowball search. Studies were analyzed using a

descriptive-analytical method. Results: Overall, 93 papers were included in the review. These are

mainly from health-related sciences providing limited information for forest managers, planners

and practitioners. Four main underlying variables of the forest-wellbeing relationship are identified:

interaction, forest features, sensorial dimension of the forest and individual traits and reactions.

Conclusions: Forest-based initiatives provide good opportunities for supporting public health and

time spent in contact with forests seems to have a “health-bonus”. Whether and to what extent

forest management can contribute to this is still poorly investigated. There is the need to better

study causal relationships between specific forest features, type of interactions, frequency and “dose”

of experiences, individual reactions and needs and wellbeing e ects to maximize benefits from

forest-based initiatives.

Research Highlights: This review gives an overview of existing literature on the emerging topic of human wellbeing-forest contact nexus and provides a preliminary framework linking forests to wellbeing by highlighting key variables a ecting this relationship. Background and Objectives: Existing literature reveals the psychological, physiological and social wellbeing benefits of contact with forest ecosystems; however, the role of forests in this relationship remains largely unexplored. The objectives of this review are twofold: (i) to provide an overview of the contributions of forest experiences to human wellbeing and the related interplay with forest ecosystems and (ii) to identify knowledge gaps to inform future research and systematize information available for forest managers and planners to support the development of e ective forest-based initiatives. Materials and Methods: A scoping review was performed with a five-phase method integrating a systematic approach on Scopus, Web of Science and PubMed databases and snowball search. Studies were analyzed using a descriptive-analytical method. Results: Overall, 93 papers were included in the review. These are mainly from health-related sciences providing limited information for forest managers, planners and practitioners. Four main underlying variables of the forest-wellbeing relationship are identified: interaction, forest features, sensorial dimension of the forest and individual traits and reactions. Conclusions: Forest-based initiatives provide good opportunities for supporting public health and time spent in contact with forests seems to have a “health-bonus”. Whether and to what extent forest management can contribute to this is still poorly investigated. There is the need to better study causal relationships between specific forest features, type of interactions, frequency and “dose” of experiences, individual reactions and needs and wellbeing e ects to maximize benefits from forest-based initiatives.

  • forest therapy
  • forests
  • woodlands
  • wellbeing
  • forest and health
  • shinrin yoku
  • forest bathing
Please wait, diff process is still running!

References

  1. World Federation for Mental Health. DEPRESSION: A Global Crisis; World Mental health Day, october 10; World Federation for Mental Health: Occoquan, USA, 2012.
  2. Ahmed, M.Z.; Ahmed, O.; Aibao, Z.; Hanbin, S.; Siyu, L.; Ahmad, A. Epidemic of COVID-19 in China and associated Psychological Problems. Asian J. Psychiatr. 2020, 51, doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102092.
  3. Rossi, R.; Socci, V.; Talevi, D.; Mensi, S.; Niolu, C.; Pacitti, F.; Di Marco, A.; Rossi, A.; Siracusano, A.; Di Lorenzo, G. COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown measures impact on mental health among the general population in Italy. An N=18147 web-based survey. medRxiv (pre-print). 2020,, doi:10.1101/2020.04.09.20057802.
  4. O’Donovan, M.R.; Gapp, C.; Stein, C. Burden of disease studies in the WHO European Region—a mapping exercise. Eur. J. Public Health 2018, 28, 773–778, doi:10.1093/eurpub/cky060.
  5. James, S.L.; Abate, D.; Abate, K.H.; Abay, S.M.; Abbafati, C.; Abbasi, N.; Abbastabar, H.; Abd-Allah, F.; Abdela, J.; Abdelalim, A.; et al. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 Diseases and Injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 2018, 392, 1789–1858, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32279-7.
  6. Nilsson, K.; Sangster, M.; Gallis, C.; Hartig, T.; Vries, S.; Seeland, K.; Schipperijn, J. Forests, Trees and Human Health; Springer Netherlands: Dordrecht, The Nerthland, 2011; ISBN 9789048198054.
  7. Corazon, S.S.; Sidenius, U.; Poulsen, D.V.; Gramkow, M.C.; Stigsdotter, U.K. Psycho-physiological stress recovery in outdoor nature-based interventions: A systematic review of the past eight years of research. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, doi:10.3390/ijerph16101711.
  8. Kondo, M.C.; Jacoby, S.F.; South, E.C. Does spending time outdoors reduce stress? A review of real-time stress response to outdoor environments. Heal. Place 2018, 51, 136–150.
  9. Norwood, M.F.; Lakhani, A.; Fullagar, S.; Maujean, A.; Downes, M.; Byrne, J.; Stewart, A.; Barber, B.; Kendall, E. A narrative and systematic review of the behavioural, cognitive and emotional effects of passive nature exposure on young people: Evidence for prescribing change. Landsc. Urban. Plan. 2019, 189, 71–79.
  10. Lakhani, A.; Norwood, M.; Watling, D.P.; Zeeman, H.; Kendall, E. Using the natural environment to address the psychosocial impact of neurological disability: A systematic review. Heal. Place 2019, 55, 188–201, doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2018.12.002.
  11. Kuo, M.; Barnes, M.; Jordan, C. Do experiences with nature promote learning? Converging evidence of a cause-and-effect relationship. Front. Psychol. 2019, 10, doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00305.
  12. Bowler, D.E.; Buyung-Ali, L.M.; Knight, T.M.; Pullin, A.S. A systematic review of evidence for the added benefits to health of exposure to natural environments. BMC Public Health 2010, 10, doi:10.1186/1471-2458-10-456.
  13. Shanahan, D.F.; Astell–Burt, T.; Barber, E.A.; Brymer, E.; Cox, D.T.C.; Dean, J.; Depledge, M.; Fuller, R.A.; Hartig, T.; Irvine, K.N.; et al. Nature–Based Interventions for Improving Health and Wellbeing: The Purpose, the People and the Outcomes. Sports 2019, 7, 141, doi:10.3390/sports7060141.
  14. Westlund, S. Becoming human again’: Exploring connections between nature and recovery from stress and post-traumatic distress. Work 2015, 50, 161–174, doi:10.3233/WOR-141934.
  15. van den Bosch, M.; Ode Sang Urban natural environments as nature-based solutions for improved public health–A systematic review of reviews. Environ. Res. 2017, 158, 373–384, doi:10.1016/j.envres.2017.05.040.
  16. Seymour, V. The human-nature relationship and its impact on health: A critical review. Front. Public Heal. 2016, 4, 260.
  17. Song, C.; Ikei, H.; Miyazaki, Y. Physiological effects of nature therapy: A review of the research in Japan. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, doi:10.3390/ijerph13080781.
  18. Wen, Y.; Yan, Q.; Pan, Y.; Gu, X.; Liu, Y. Medical empirical research on forest bathing (Shinrin-yoku): A systematic review. Environ. Health Prev. Med. 2019, 24, doi:10.1186/s12199-019-0822-8.
  19. Karjalainen, E.; Sarjala, T.; Raitio, H. Promoting human health through forests: Overview and major challenges. Environ. Health Prev. Med. 2010, 15, 1.
  20. Nilsson, K.; Sangster, M.; Gallis, C.; Hartig, T.; Vries, S.; Seeland, K.; Schipperijn, J. Forests, trees and human health. For. Trees Hum. Heal. 2011, 1–427, doi:10.1007/978-90-481-9806-1.
  21. Chun, H.-Y.Y.; Newman, R.; Whiteley, W.N.; Dennis, M.; Mead, G.E.; Carson, A.J. A systematic review of anxiety interventions in stroke and acquired brain injury: Efficacy and trial design. J. Psychosom. Res. 2018, 104, 65–75, doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2017.11.010.
  22. Hansen, M.M.; Jones, R.; Tocchini, K. Shinrin-yoku (Forest bathing) and nature therapy: A state-of-the-art review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 851.
  23. Oh, B.; Lee, K.J.; Zaslawski, C.; Yeung, A.; Rosenthal, D.; Larkey, L.; Back, M. Health and well-being benefits of spending time in forests: Systematic review. Environ. Health Prev. Med. 2017, 22, doi:10.1186/s12199-017-0677-9.
  24. Cervinka, R.; Höltge, J.; Pirgie, L.; Schwab, M.; Sudkamp, J.; Haluza, D.; Arnberger, A.; Eder, R.; Ebenberger, M.; Lackner, C.; et al. Green Public Health—Benefits of Woodlands on Human Health and Well-being (Zur Gesundheitswirkung von Waldlandschaften). Vienna, Austria: Bundesforschungszentrum für Wald (BFW), 2014; ISBN 978-3-902762-32-0
  25. Lee, J.; Park, B.-J.; Tsunetsugu, Y.; Miyazaki, Y. Forests and Human Health-Recent Trends in Japan; Nova Science Publishers: Hauppauge, NY, USA, 2013; ISBN 9781626184626.
  26. Shin, W.S.; Yeoun, P.S.; Yoo, R.W.; Shin, C.S. Forest experience and psychological health benefits: The state of the art and future prospect in Korea. Environ. Health Prev. Med. 2010, 15, 38–47.
  27. Hartig, T.; Staats, H. The need for psychological restoration as a determinant of environmental preferences. J. Environ. Psychol. 2006, 26, 215–226, doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2006.07.007.
  28. Ulrich, R.S.; Simons, R.F.; Losito, B.D.; Fiorito, E.; Miles, M.A.; Zelson, M. Stress recovery during exposure to natural and urban environments. J. Environ. Psychol. 1991, 11, 201–230, doi:10.1016/S0272-4944(05)80184-7.
  29. Hartig, T.; Staats, H. Guest Editors’ introduction: Restorative environments. J. Environ. Psychol. 2003, 23, 103–107, doi:10.1016/S0272-4944(02)00108-1.
  30. Milligan, C.; Bingley, A. Restorative places or scary spaces? The impact of woodland on the mental well-being of young adults. Heal. Place 2007, 13, 799–811, doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2007.01.005.
  31. Miyazaki, Y.; Lee, J.; Park, B.J.; Tsunetsugu, Y.; Matsunaga, K. Preventive medical effects of nature therapy. Nihon Eiseigaku Zasshi. 2011, 66, 651–656, doi:10.1265/jjh.66.651.
  32. Miyazaki, Y.; Ikei, H.; Song, C. Forest medicine research in Japan. Nihon Eiseigaku Zasshi. 2014, 69, 122–135, doi:10.1265/jjh.69.122.
  33. Park, B.J.; Tsunetsugu, Y.; Kasetani, T.; Kagawa, T.; Miyazaki, Y. The physiological effects of Shinrin-yoku (taking in the forest atmosphere or forest bathing): Evidence from field experiments in 24 forests across Japan. Environ. Health Prev. Med. 2010, 15, 18–26.
  34. Li, Q.; Nakadai, A.; Matsushima, H.; Miyazaki, Y.; Krensky, A.; Kawada, T.; Morimoto, K. Phytoncides (wood essential oils) induce human natural killer cell activity. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 2006, 28, 319–333, doi:10.1080/08923970600809439.
  35. Cho, K.S.; Lim, Y.-R.; Lee, K.; Lee, J.; Lee, J.H.; Lee, I.-S. Terpenes from forests and human health. Toxicol. Res. 2017, 33, 97–106, doi:10.5487/TR.2017.33.2.097.
  36. Hartig, T.; Mitchell, R.; de Vries, S.; Frumkin, H. Nature and Health. Annu. Rev. Public Health 2014, 35, 207–228, doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032013-182443.
  37. Farrow, M.R.; Washburn, K. A Review of Field Experiments on the Effect of Forest Bathing on Anxiety and Heart Rate Variability. Glob. Adv. Heal. Med. 2019, 8, 216495611984865, doi:10.1177/2164956119848654.
  38. Lee, I.; Choi, H.; Bang, K.-S.; Kim, S.; Song, M.K.; Lee, B. Effects of forest therapy on depressive symptoms among adults: A systematic review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, doi:10.3390/ijerph14030321.
  39. Sonntag-Öström, E.; Stenlund, T.; Nordin, M.; Lundell, Y.; Ahlgren, C.; Fjellman-Wiklund, A.; Järvholm, L.S.; Dolling, A. “Nature’s effect on my mind”—Patients’ qualitative experiences of a forest-based rehabilitation programme. Urban. For. Urban. Green. 2015, 14, doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2015.06.002.
  40. Rosa, C.D.; Collado, S. Experiences in nature and environmental attitudes and behaviors: Setting the ground for future research. Front. Psychol. 2019, 10, 763.
  41. Dadvand, P.; Hariri, S.; Abbasi, B.; Heshmat, R.; Qorbani, M.; Motlagh, M.E.; Basagaña, X.; Kelishadi, R. Use of green spaces, self-satisfaction and social contacts in adolescents: A population-based CASPIAN-V study. Environ. Res. 2019, 168, 171–177, doi:10.1016/j.envres.2018.09.033.
  42. Sandifer, P.A.; Sutton-Grier, A.E.; Ward, B.P. Exploring connections among nature, biodiversity, ecosystem services, and human health and well-being: Opportunities to enhance health and biodiversity conservation . Ecosyst. Serv. 2015, 12, 1–15, doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.12.007.
  43. Dean, J.; van Dooren, K.; Weinstein, P. Does biodiversity improve mental health in urban settings? Med. Hypotheses 2011, 76, 877–880, doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2011.02.040.
  44. Haluza, D.; Schönbauer, R.; Cervinka, R. Green perspectives for public health: A narrative review on the physiological effects of experiencing outdoor nature. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014, doi:10.3390/ijerph110505445.
  45. O’Brien, L.; Morris, J.; Stewart, A. Engaging with Peri-Urban Woodlands in England: The Contribution to People’s Health and Well-Being and Implications for Future Management. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014, 11, 6171–6192, doi:10.3390/ijerph110606171.
  46. Aerts, R.; Honnay, O.; Van Nieuwenhuyse, A. Biodiversity and human health: Mechanisms and evidence of the positive health effects of diversity in nature and green spaces. Br. Med. Bull. 2018, 127, 5–22.
  47. Kondo, M.C.; Fluehr, J.M.; McKeon, T.; Branas, C.C. Urban green space and its impact on human health. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 445.
  48. O’Brien, L. Engaging with and Shaping Nature: A Nature-Based Intervention for Those with Mental Health and Behavioural Problems at the Westonbirt Arboretum in England. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 2214, doi:10.3390/ijerph15102214.
  49. Kamioka, H.; Tsutani, K.; Mutoh, Y.; Honda, T.; Shiozawa, N.; Okada, S.; Park, S.-J.; Kitayuguchi, J.; Kamada, M.; Okuizumi, H.; et al. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials on curative and health enhancement effects of forest therapy. Psychol. Res. Behav. Manag. 2012, 5, 85–95, doi:10.2147/PRBM.S32402.
  50. Li, Q. Effect of forest bathing trips on human immune function. Environ. Health Prev. Med. 2010, 15, 9–17, doi:10.1007/s12199-008-0068-3.
  51. Ikei, H.; Song, C.; Miyazaki, Y. Physiological effects of wood on humans: a review. J. Wood Sci. 2017, 63, doi:10.1007/s10086-016-1597-9.
  52. Tsunetsugu, Y.; Park, B.-J.; Miyazaki, Y. Trends in research related to “shinrin-yoku” (taking in the forest atmosphere or forest bathing) in Japan. Environ. Health Prev. Med. 2010, 15, 27–37, doi:10.1007/s12199-009-0091-z.
  53. Bach Pagès, A.; Peñuelas, J.; Clarà, J.; Llusià, J.; Campillo i López, F.; Maneja, R. How Should Forests Be Characterized in Regard to Human Health? Evidence from Existing Literature. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 1027, doi:10.3390/ijerph17031027.
  54. Morita, E.; Kadomatsu, Y.; Tsukamoto, M.; Kubo, Y.; Okada, R.; Sasakabe, T.; Kawai, S.; Hishida, A.; Naito, M.; Wakai, K. Frequency of forest walking is not associated with prevalence of hypertension based on cross-sectional studies of a general Japanese population: A reconfirmation by the J-MICC Daiko Study. Nagoya J. Med. Sci. 2019, 81, 489–500, doi:10.18999/nagjms.81.3.489.
  55. Sonntag-öStrö, E.; Nordin, M.; Järvholm, L.S.; Lundell, Y.; Brännström, R.; Dolling, A. Can the boreal forest be used for rehabilitation and recovery from stress-related exhaustion? a pilot study. Scand. J. For. Res. 2011, 26, 245–256, doi:10.1080/02827581.2011.558521.
  56. Jo, H.; Song, C.; Ikei, H.; Enomoto, S.; Kobayashi, H.; Miyazaki, Y. Physiological and psychological effects of forest and urban sounds using high-resolution sound sources. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, doi:10.3390/ijerph16152649.
  57. Song, C.; Ikei, H.; Kobayashi, M.; Miura, T.; Li, Q.; Kagawa, T.; Kumeda, S.; Imai, M.; Miyazaki, Y. Effects of viewing forest landscape on middle-aged hypertensive men. Urban. For. Urban. Green. 2017, 21, 247–252, doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2016.12.010.
  58. The Experience of Nature: A Psychological Perspective—Rachel Kaplan, Stephen Kaplan—Google Books. Available online: https://books.google.it/books?hl=en&lr=&id=7l80AAAAIAAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&ots=TpP_RFocZg&sig=bNNbNM6vHW-AG2Q8DdWZIN6IEcU&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false (accessed on 17 March 2020).
  59. Lyu, B.; Zeng, C.; Xie, S.; Li, D.; Lin, W.; Li, N.; Jiang, M.; Liu, S.; Chen, Q. Benefits of a three-day bamboo forest therapy session on the psychophysiology and immune system responses of male college students. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, doi:10.3390/ijerph16244991.
  60. Chen, H.-T.; Yu, C.-P.; Lee, H.-Y. The effects of forest bathing on stress recovery: Evidence from middle-aged females of Taiwan. Forests 2018, 8, doi:10.3390/f9070403.
  61. Morita, E.; Fukuda, S.; Nagano, J.; Hamajima, N.; Yamamoto, H.; Iwai, Y.; Nakashima, T.; Ohira, H.; Shirakawa, T. Psychological effects of forest environments on healthy adults: Shinrin-yoku (forest-air bathing, walking) as a possible method of stress reduction. Public Health 2007, 121, 54–63, doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2006.05.024.
  62. Song, C.; Ikei, H.; Park, B.J.; Lee, J.; Kagawa, T.; Miyazaki, Y. Psychological benefits of walking through forest areas. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, doi:10.3390/ijerph15122804.
  63. Chun, M.H.; Chang, M.C.; Lee, S.-J. The effects of forest therapy on depression and anxiety in patients with chronic stroke. Int. J. Neurosci. 2017, 127, 199–203, doi:10.3109/00207454.2016.1170015.
  64. Guan, H.; Wei, H.; He, X.; Ren, Z.; An, B. The tree-species-specific effect of forest bathing on perceived anxiety alleviation of young-adults in urban forests. Ann. For. Res. 2017, 60, 327–341, doi:10.15287/afr.2017.897.
  65. Takayama, N.; Korpela, K.; Lee, J.; Morikawa, T.; Tsunetsugu, Y.; Park, B.J.; Li, Q.; Tyrväinen, L.; Miyazaki, Y.; Kagawa, T. Emotional, restorative and vitalizing effects of forest and urban environments at four sites in Japan. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014, 11, 7207–7230, doi:10.3390/ijerph110707207.
  66. Yu, C.-P.; Lin, C.-M.; Tsai, M.-J.; Tsai, Y.-C.; Chen, C.-Y. Effects of short forest bathing program on autonomic nervous system activity and mood states in middle-aged and elderly individuals. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, doi:10.3390/ijerph14080897.
  67. Lee, J.; Tsunetsugu, Y.; Takayama, N.; Park, B.-J.; Li, Q.; Song, C.; Komatsu, M.; Ikei, H.; Tyrväinen, L.; Kagawa, T.; et al. Influence of forest therapy on cardiovascular relaxation in young adults. Evidence-based Complement. Altern. Med. 2014, 2014, doi:10.1155/2014/834360.
  68. Toda, M.; Den, R.; Hasegawa-Ohira, M.; Morimoto, K. Effects of woodland walking on salivary stress markers cortisol and chromogranin A. Complement. Ther. Med. 2013, 21, 29–34, doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2012.11.004.
  69. Ochiai, H.; Ikei, H.; Song, C.; Kobayashi, M.; Takamatsu, A.; Miura, T.; Kagawa, T.; Li, Q.; Kumeda, S.; Imai, M.; et al. Physiological and psychological effects of forest therapy on middle-aged males with high-normal blood pressure. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 2532–2542, doi:10.3390/ijerph120302532.
  70. Ochiai, H.; Ikei, H.; Song, C.; Kobayashi, M.; Miura, T.; Kagawa, T.; Li, Q.; Kumeda, S.; Imai, M.; Miyazaki, Y.; et al. Physiological and psychological effects of forest therapy on middle-aged Female. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 15222–15232, doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121214984.
  71. Kobayashi, H.; Song, C.; Ikei, H.; Park, B.J.; Lee, J.; Kagawa, T.; Miyazaki, Y. Population-based study on the effect of a forest environment on salivary cortisol concentration. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, doi:10.3390/ijerph14080931.
  72. Sung, J.; Woo, J.M.; Kim, W.; Lim, S.K.; Chung, E.J. The effect of cognitive behavior therapy-based “forest therapy” program on blood pressure, salivary cortisol level, and quality of life in elderly hypertensive patients. Clin. Exp. Hypertens. 2012, 34, 1–7, doi:10.3109/10641963.2011.618195.
  73. Mao, G.X.; Lan, X.G.; Cao, Y.B.; Chen, Z.M.; He, Z.H.; Lv, Y.D.; Wang, Y.Z.; Hu, X.L.; Wang, G.F.; Yan, J. Effects of short-term forest bathing on human health in a broad-leaved evergreen forest in Zhejiang Province, China. Biomed. Environ. Sci. 2012, 25, 317–324, doi:10.3967/0895-3988.2012.03.010.
  74. Wu, Q.; Cao, Y.; Mao, G.; Wang, S.; Fang, Y.; Tong, Q.; Huang, Q.; Wang, B.; Yan, J.; Wang, G. Effects of forest bathing on plasma endothelin-1 in elderly patients with chronic heart failure: Implications for adjunctive therapy. Geriatr. Gerontol. Int. 2017, 17, 2627–2629, doi:10.1111/ggi.13114.
  75. Mao, G.-X.; Cao, Y.-B.; Lan, X.-G.; He, Z.-H.; Chen, Z.-M.; Wang, Y.-Z.; Hu, X.-L.; Lv, Y.-D.; Wang, G.-F.; Yan, J. Therapeutic effect of forest bathing on human hypertension in the elderly. J. Cardiol. 2012, 60, 495–502, doi:10.1016/j.jjcc.2012.08.003.
  76. Li, Q.; Morimoto, K.; Nakadai, A.; Inagaki, H.; Katsumata, M.; Shimizu, T.; Hirata, Y.; Hirata, K.; Suzuki, H.; Miyazaki, Y.; et al. Forest bathing enhances human natural killer activity and expression of anti-cancer proteins. Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol. 2007, 20, 3–8.
  77. Li, Q.; Morimoto, K.; Kobayashi, M.; Inagaki, H.; Katsumata, M.; Hirata, Y.; Hirata, K.; Suzuki, H.; Li, Y.J.; Wakayama, Y.; et al. Visiting a forest, but not a city, increases human natural killer activity and expression of anti-cancer proteins. Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol. 2008, 21, 117–127, doi:10.1177/039463200802100113.
  78. Park, B.-J.; Tsunetsugu, Y.; Ishii, H.; Furuhashi, S.; Hirano, H.; Kagawa, T.; Miyazaki, Y. Physiological effects of Shinrin-yoku (taking in the atmosphere of the forest) in a mixed forest in Shinano Town, Japan. Scand. J. For. Res. 2008, 23, 278–283, doi:10.1080/02827580802055978.
  79. Li, Q.; Morimoto, K.; Kobayashi, M.; Inagaki, H.; Katsumata, M.; Hirata, Y.; Hirata, K.; Shimizu, T.; Li, Y.J.; Wakayama, Y.; et al. A forest bathing trip increases human natural killer activity and expression of anti-cancer proteins in female subjects. J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents 2008, 22, 45–55.
  80. Lyu, B.; Zeng, C.; Deng, S.; Liu, S.; Jiang, M.; Li, N.; Wei, L.; Yu, Y.; Chen, Q. Bamboo forest therapy contributes to the regulation of psychological responses. J. For. Res. 2019, 24, 61–70, doi:10.1080/13416979.2018.1538492.
  81. Garland, M.; Doherty, D.; Golden-Mason, L.; Fitzpatrick, P.; Walsh, N.; O’Farrelly, C. Stress-related hormonal suppression of natural killer activity does not show menstrual cycle variations: implications for timing of surgery for breast cancer. Anticancer Res. 2003, 23, 2531–2535.
  82. Yokota, T.; Uehara, K.; Nomoto, Y. Addition of noradrenaline to intrathecal morphine augments the postoperative suppression of natural killer cell activity. J. Anesth. 2004, 18, 190–195, doi:10.1007/s00540-004-0247-3.
  83. Kim, B.J.; Jeong, H.; Park, S.; Lee, S. Forest adjuvant anti-cancer therapy to enhance natural cytotoxicity in urban women with breast cancer: A preliminary prospective interventional study. Eur. J. Integr. Med. 2015, 7, 474–478, doi:10.1016/j.eujim.2015.06.004.
  84. Meneguzzo, F.; Albanese, L.; Bartolini, G.; Zabini, F. Temporal and spatial variability of volatile organic compounds in the forest atmosphere. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, doi:10.3390/ijerph16244915.
  85. Song, C.; Ikei, H.; Miyazaki, Y. Sustained effects of a forest therapy program on the blood pressure of office workers. Urban. For. Urban. Green. 2017, 27, 246–252, doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2017.08.015.
  86. Song, X.; Li, H.; Li, C.; Xu, J.; Hu, D. Effects of VOCs from leaves of Acer truncatum Bunge and Cedrus deodara on human physiology and psychology. Urban. For. Urban. Green. 2016, 19, 29–34, doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2016.06.021.
  87. Lee, J.Y.; Lee, D.C. Cardiac and pulmonary benefits of forest walking versus city walking in elderly women: A randomised, controlled, open-label trial. Eur. J. Integr. Med. 2014, 6, 5–11, doi:10.1016/j.eujim.2013.10.006.
  88. Kawada, T.; Li, Q.; Nakadai, A.; Inagaki, H.; Katsumata, M.; Shimizu, T.; Hirata, Y.; Hirata, K.; Suzuki, H. Effect of Forest Bathing on Sleep and Physical Activity. In Forest Medicine; Nova Science Publisher: Hauppauge NY, USA, 2012, pp. 105-110, ISBN: 978-1-62100-000-6.
  89. Morita, E.; Imai, M.; Okawa, M.; Miyaura, T.; Miyazaki, S. A before and after comparison of the effects of forest walking on the sleep of a community-based sample of people with sleep complaints. Biopsychosoc. Med. 2011, 5, doi:10.1186/1751-0759-5-13.
  90. Li, Q.; Kobayashi, M.; Kumeda, S.; Ochiai, T.; Miura, T.; Kagawa, T.; Imai, M.; Wang, Z.; Otsuka, T.; Kawada, T. Effects of Forest Bathing on Cardiovascular and Metabolic Parameters in Middle-Aged Males. Evidence-based Complement. Altern. Med. 2016, 2016, doi:10.1155/2016/2587381.
  91. Bang, K.S.; Lee, I.; Kim, S.; Lim, C.S.; Joh, H.K.; Park, B.J.; Song, M.K. The effects of a campus Forest-Walking program on undergraduate and graduate students’ physical and psychological health. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, doi:10.3390/ijerph14070728.
  92. Bang, K.S.; Kim, S.; Song, M.K.; Kang, K.I.; Jeong, Y. The effects of a health promotion program using urban forests and nursing student mentors on the perceived and psychological health of elementary school children in vulnerable populations. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, doi:10.3390/ijerph15091977.
  93. Lee, H.J.; Son, Y.H.; Kim, S.; Lee, D.K. Healing experiences of middle-aged women through an urban forest therapy program. Urban. For. Urban. Green. 2019, 38, 383–391, doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2019.01.017.
  94. Oh, K.H.; Shin, W.S.; Khil, T.G.; Kim, D.J. Six-step model of nature-based therapy process. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, doi:10.3390/ijerph17030685.
  95. França, K.; Lotti, T.M. Psycho-neuro-endocrine-immunology: A psychobiological concept. In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology; Springer New York LLC: New York, NY, USA, 2017; Volume 996, pp. 123–134.
  96. González-Díaz, S.N.; Arias-Cruz, A.; Elizondo-Villarreal, B.; Monge-Ortega, O.P. Psychoneuroimmunoendocrinology: clinical implications. World Allergy Organ. J. 2017, 10, 19.
  97. Kaplan, S. The restorative benefits of nature: Toward an integrative framework. J. Environ. Psychol. 1995, 15, 169–182, doi:10.1016/0272-4944(95)90001-2.
  98. Daniel, R. The Effects of the Natural Environment On Attention Restoration; Appalachian State University: Boone, NC, USA, 2014.
  99. Shin, Y.K.; Kim, D.J.; Jung-Choi, K.; Son, Y.J.; Koo, J.W.; Min, J.A.; Chae, J.H. Differences of psychological effects between meditative and athletic walking in a forest and gymnasium. Scand. J. For. Res. 2013, 28, 64–72, doi:10.1080/02827581.2012.706634.
  100. Yi, J.; Ku, B.; Kim, S.G.; Khil, T.; Lim, Y.; Shin, M.; Jeon, S.; Kim, J.; Kang, B.; Shin, J.; et al. Traditional korean medicine-based forest therapy programs providing electrophysiological benefits for elderly individuals. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, doi:10.3390/ijerph16224325.
  101. Kang, B.; Kim, T.; Kim, M.J.; Lee, K.H.; Choi, S.; Lee, D.H.; Kim, H.R.; Jun, B.; Park, S.Y.; Lee, S.J.; et al. Relief of chronic posterior neck pain depending on the type of forest therapy: Comparison of the therapeutic effect of forest bathing alone versus forest bathing with exercise. Ann. Rehabil. Med. 2015, 39, 957–963, doi:10.5535/arm.2015.39.6.957.
  102. Jeon, J.Y.; Yeon, P.S.; Shin, W.S. The influence of indirect nature experience on human system. Forest Sci. Technol. 2018, 14, 29–32, doi:10.1080/21580103.2017.1420701.
  103. Morita, E.; Naito, M.; Hishida, A.; Wakai, K.; Mori, A.; Asai, Y.; Okada, R.; Kawai, S.; Hamajima, N. No association between the frequency of forest walking and blood pressure levels or the prevalence of hypertension in a cross-sectional study of a Japanese population. Environ. Health Prev. Med. 2011, 16, 299–306, doi:10.1007/s12199-010-0197-3.
  104. Jung, W.H.; Woo, J.M.; Ryu, J.S. Effect of a forest therapy program and the forest environment on female workers’ stress. Urban. For. Urban. Green. 2015, 14, 274–281, doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2015.02.004.
  105. Mao, G.X.; Cao, Y.B.; Yang, Y.; Chen, Z.M.; Dong, J.H.; Chen, S.S.; Wu, Q.; Lyu, X.L.; Jia, B.B.; Yan, J.; et al. Additive Benefits of Twice Forest Bathing Trips in Elderly Patients with Chronic Heart Failure. Biomed. Environ. Sci. 2018, 31, 159–162, doi:10.3967/bes2018.020.
  106. Poulsen, D.V.; Stigsdotter, U.K.; Djernis, D.; Sidenius, U. ‘Everything just seems much more right in nature’: How veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder experience nature-based activities in a forest therapy garden. Heal. Psychol. Open 2016, 3, doi:10.1177/2055102916637090.
  107. Shanahan, D.F.; Bush, R.; Gaston, K.J.; Lin, B.B.; Dean, J.; Barber, E.; Fuller, R.A. Health Benefits from Nature Experiences Depend on Dose. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, doi:10.1038/srep28551.
  108. White, M.P.; Alcock, I.; Grellier, J.; Wheeler, B.W.; Hartig, T.; Warber, S.L.; Bone, A.; Depledge, M.H.; Fleming, L.E. Spending at least 120 minutes a week in nature is associated with good health and wellbeing. Sci. Rep. 2019, 9, doi:10.1038/s41598-019-44097-3.
  109. Ohe, Y.; Ikei, H.; Song, C.; Miyazaki, Y. Evaluating the relaxation effects of emerging forest-therapy tourism: A multidisciplinary approach. Tour. Manag. 2017, 62, 322–334, doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2017.04.010.
  110. Bielinis, E.; Omelan, A.; Boiko, S.; Bielinis, L. The restorative effect of staying in a broad-leaved forest on healthy young adults in winter and spring. Balt. For. 2018, 24, 218–227.
  111. Wang, X.; Shi, Y.; Zhang, B.; Chiang, Y. The influence of forest resting environments on stress using virtual reality. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, doi:10.3390/ijerph16183263.
  112. Saito, H.; Horiuchi, M.; Takayama, N.; Fujiwara, A. Effects of managed forest versus unmanaged forest on physiological restoration from a stress stimulus, and the relationship with individual traits. J. For. Res. 2019, 24, 77–85, doi:10.1080/13416979.2019.1586300.
  113. Lee, K.J.; Hur, J.; Yang, K.-S.; Lee, M.-K.; Lee, S.-J. Acute Biophysical Responses and Psychological Effects of Different Types of Forests in Patients With Metabolic Syndrome. Environ. Behav. 2018, 50, 298–323, doi:10.1177/0013916517700957.
  114. Takayama, N.; Fujiwara, A.; Saito, H.; Horiuchi, M. Management effectiveness of a secondary coniferous forest for landscape appreciation and psychological restoration. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, doi:10.3390/ijerph14070800.
  115. Takayama, N.; Saito, H.; Fujiwara, A.; Horiuchi, M. The effect of slight thinning of managed coniferous forest on landscape appreciation and psychological restoration. Prog. Earth Planet. Sci. 2017, 4, 17, doi:10.1186/s40645-017-0129-6.
  116. Zhou, C.; Yan, L.; Yu, L.; Wei, H.; Guan, H.; Shang, C.; Chen, F.; Bao, J. Effect of Short-term Forest Bathing in Urban Parks on Perceived Anxiety of Young-adults: A Pilot Study in Guiyang, Southwest China. Chinese Geogr. Sci. 2019, 29, 139–150, doi:10.1007/s11769-018-0987-x.
  117. López-Pousa, S.; Bassets Pagès, G.; Monserrat-Vila, S.; De Gracia Blanco, M.; Hidalgo Colomé, J.; Garre-Olmo, J. Sense of Well-Being in Patients with Fibromyalgia: Aerobic Exercise Program in a Mature Forest - A Pilot Study. Evidence-based Complement. Altern. Med. 2015, 2015, doi:10.1155/2015/614783.
  118. Tyrväinen, L.; Ojala, A.; Korpela, K.; Lanki, T.; Tsunetsugu, Y.; Kagawa, T. The influence of urban green environments on stress relief measures: A field experiment. J. Environ. Psychol. 2014, 38, 1–9, doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2013.12.005.
  119. An, B.Y.; Wang, D.; Liu, X.J.; Guan, H.M.; Wei, H.X.; Ren, Z. Bin The effect of environmental factors in urban forests on blood pressure and heart rate in university students. J. For. Res. 2019, 24, 27–344, doi:10.1080/13416979.2018.1540144.
  120. Park, B.-J.; Furuya, K.; Kasetani, T.; Takayama, N.; Kagawa, T.; Miyazaki, Y. Relationship between psychological responses and physical environments in forest settings. Landsc. Urban. Plan. 2011, 102, 24–32, doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.03.005.
  121. Bielinis, E.; Takayama, N.; Boiko, S.; Omelan, A.; Bielinis, L. The effect of winter forest bathing on psychological relaxation of young Polish adults. Urban. For. Urban. Green. 2018, 29, 276–283, doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2017.12.006.
  122. Bielinis, E.; Łukowski, A.; Omelan, A.; Boiko, S.; Takayama, N. The Effect of Recreation in a Snow-Covered Forest Environment on the Psychological Relaxation of Young Females. Forests 2019, 10, 1–15, doi:10.20944/preprints201908.0059.v1.
  123. Song, C.; Ikei, H.; Igarashi, M.; Takagaki, M.; Miyazaki, Y. Physiological and psychological effects of a walk in Urban parks in fall. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 14216–14228, doi:10.3390/ijerph121114216.
  124. Joung, D.; Kim, G.; Choi, Y.; Lim, H.; Park, S.; Woo, J.-M.; Park, B.-J. The prefrontal cortex activity and psychological effects of viewing forest landscapes in Autumn season. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 7235–7243, doi:10.3390/ijerph120707235.
  125. Song, C.; Ikei, H.; Igarashi, M.; Miwa, M.; Takagaki, M.; Miyazaki, Y. Physiological and psychological responses of young males during spring-time walks in urban parks. J. Physiol. Anthropol. 2014, 33, doi:10.1186/1880-6805-33-8.
  126. Pálsdóttir, A.M.; The Role of Nature in Rehabilitation for Individuals with Stress-Related Mental Disorders : Alnarp Rehabilitation Garden as Supportive Environment. Doctoral Thesis, Dept. of Work Science, Business Economics and Environmental Psychology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 22 May 2014: 45; ISBN 9789157680389.
  127. Tsutsumi, M.; Nogaki, H.; Shimizu, Y.; Stone, T.E.; Kobayashi, T. Individual reactions to viewing preferred video representations of the natural environment: A comparison of mental and physical reactions. Japan J. Nurs. Sci. 2017, 14, 3–12, doi:10.1111/jjns.12131.
  128. Hofmann, M.; Gerstenberg, T.; Gillner, S. Predicting tree preferences from visible tree characteristics. Eur. J. For. Res. 2017, 136, 421–432, doi:10.1007/s10342-017-1042-7.
  129. Gundersen, V.; Frivold, L.H. Naturally dead and downed wood in Norwegian boreal forests: Public preferences and the effect of information. Scand. J. For. Res. 2011, 26, 110–119, doi:10.1080/02827581.2010.536567.
  130. Morris, J.; O’Brien, E.; Ambrose-Oji, B.; Lawrence, A.; Carter, C.; Peace, A. Access for all? Barriers to accessing woodlands and forests in Britain. Local Environ. 2011, 16, 375–396, doi:10.1080/13549839.2011.576662.
  131. Daniel, T.C. Public Preferences for Future Conditions in Disturbed and Undisturbed Northern Forest Sites. In The Public and Wildland Fire Management: Social Science Findings for Managers; McCaffrey, S., Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station: Newtown Square, PA, USA, 2006.
  132. Gundersen, V.S.; Frivold, L.H. Public preferences for forest structures: A review of quantitative surveys from Finland, Norway and Sweden. Urban. For. Urban. Green. 2008, 7, 241–258, doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2008.05.001.
  133. Gatersleben, B.; Andrews, M. When walking in nature is not restorative-The role of prospect and refuge. Heal. Place 2013, 20, 91–101, doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2013.01.001.
  134. Lobovikov, M.; Ball, L.; Paudel, S.; Guardia, M.; Piazza, M.; Russo, L.; Wu, J.; Ren, H. World Bamboo Resources A Thematic Study Prepared in the Framework of the World Bamboo Resources A Thematic Study Prepared in the framEwork of the Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005; Food and agriculture Organization: Rome, Italy, 2007.
  135. Hassan, A.; Tao, J.; Li, G.; Jiang, M.; Aii, L.; Zhihui, J.; Zongfang, L.; Qibing, C. Effects of Walking in Bamboo Forest and City Environments on Brainwave Activity in Young Adults. Evidence-Based Complement. Altern. Med. 2018, 2018, 1–9, doi:10.1155/2018/9653857.
  136. Barkmann, J.; Glenk, K.; Keil, A.; Leemhuis, C.; Dietrich, N.; Gerold, G.; Marggraf, R. Confronting unfamiliarity with ecosystem functions: The case for an ecosystem service approach to environmental valuation with stated preference methods. Ecol. Econ. 2008, doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.12.002.
  137. Horiuchi, M.; Endo, J.; Takayama, N.; Murase, K.; Nishiyama, N.; Saito, H.; Fujiwara, A. Impact of viewing vs. Not viewing a real forest on physiological and psychological responses in the same setting. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014, 11, 10883–10901, doi:10.3390/ijerph111010883.
  138. Song, C.; Ikei, H.; Miyazaki, Y. Physiological effects of visual stimulation with forest imagery. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, doi:10.3390/ijerph15020213.
  139. Ikei, H.; Song, C.; Miyazaki, Y. Physiological effects of touching wood. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, doi:10.3390/ijerph14070801.
  140. Ikei, H.; Song, C.; Miyazaki, Y. Physiological effect of olfactory stimulation by Hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) leaf oil. J. Physiol. Anthropol. 2015, 34, doi:10.1186/s40101-015-0082-2.
  141. Song, C.; Ikei, H.; Miyazaki, Y. Physiological effects of forest-related visual, olfactory, and combined stimuli on humans: An additive combined effect. Urban. For. Urban. Green. 2019, 44, doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2019.126437.
  142. Park, B.-J.; Morikawa, T.; Ogata, T.; Washida, K.; Iwamoto, M.; Nakamura, H.; Miyazaki, Y. Physiological Effects of Ingesting Eucalyptus Essential Oil with Milk Casein Peptide. Sliva Fenn 2009, 43, 173–179.
  143. Elsadek, M.; Sun, M.; Sugiyama, R.; Fujii, E. Cross-cultural comparison of physiological and psychological responses to different garden styles Cross-cultural comparison of physiological and psychological responses to different garden styles. Urban. For. Urban. Green. 2018, 38, 74–83, doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2018.11.007.
  144. Song, C.; Ikei, H.; Lee, J.; Park, B.-J.; Kagawa, T.; Miyazaki, Y. Individual differences in the physiological effects of forest therapy based on Type A and Type B behavior patterns. J. Physiol. Anthropol. 2013, 32, doi:10.1186/1880-6805-32-14.
  145. Takayama, N.; Morikawa, T.; Bielinis, E. Relation between psychological restorativeness and lifestyle, quality of life, resilience, and stress-coping in forest settings. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, doi:10.3390/ijerph16081456.
  146. Park, B.-J.B.J.; Furuya, K.; Kasetani, T.; Takayama, N.; Kagawa, T.; Miyazaki, Y. Psychological evaluations of forest environment and the physical variables. For. Med. 2013, 37–54, ISBN: 978-162618462-6
  147. Shin, W.S.; Shin, C.S.; Yeoun, P.S. The influence of forest therapy camp on depression in alcoholics. Environ. Health Prev. Med. 2012, 17, 73–76, doi:10.1007/s12199-011-0215-0.
  148. Song, C.; Ikei, H.; Kobayashi, M.; Miura, T.; Taue, M.; Kagawa, T.; Li, Q.; Kumeda, S.; Imai, M.; Miyazaki, Y. Effect of forest walking on autonomic nervous system activity in middle-aged hypertensive individuals: A pilot study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 2687–2699, doi:10.3390/ijerph120302687.
  149. Mao, G.; Cao, Y.; Wang, B.; Wang, S.; Chen, Z.; Wang, J.; Xing, W.; Ren, X.; Lv, X.; Dong, J.; et al. The Salutary Influence of Forest Bathing on Elderly Patients with Chronic Heart Failure. 2017, doi:10.3390/ijerph14040368.
  150. Savoia, C.; Schiffrin, E.L. Inflammation in hypertension. Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens. 2006, 15, 152–158.
  151. Jia, B.B.; Yang, Z.X.; Mao, G.X.; Lyu, Y.D.; Wen, X.L.; Xu, W.H.; Lyu, X.L.; Cao, Y.B.; Wang, G.F. Health Effect of Forest Bathing Trip on Elderly Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Biomed. Environ. Sci. 2016, 29, 212–218, doi:10.3967/bes2016.026.
  152. Han, J.-W.; Choi, H.; Jeon, Y.-H.; Yoon, C.-H.; Woo, J.-M.; Kim, W. The effects of forest therapy on coping with chronic widespread pain: Physiological and psychological differences between participants in a forest therapy program and a control group. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, doi:10.3390/ijerph13030255.
  153. Yu, Y.-M.; Lee, Y.-J.; Kim, J.-Y.; Yoon, S.-B.; Shin, C.-S. Effects of forest therapy camp on quality of life and stress in postmenopausal women. Forest Sci. Technol. 2016, 12, 125–129, doi:10.1080/21580103.2015.1108248.
  154. 167. Markevych, I.; Schoierer, J.; Hartig, T.; Chudnovsky, A.; Hystad, P.; Dzhambov, A.M.; de Vries, S.; Triguero-Mas, M.; Brauer, M.; Nieuwenhuijsen, M.J.; et al. Exploring pathways linking greenspace to health: Theoretical and methodological guidance. Environ. Res. 2017, 158, 301–317, doi:10.1016/j.envres.2017.06.028.
  155. Park, B.-J.; Morikawa, T.; Ogata, T.; Washida, K.; Iwamoto, M.; Nakamura, H.; Miyazaki, Y. Physiological Effects of Ingesting Eucalyptus Essential Oil with Milk Casein Peptide. Sliva Fenn 2009, 43, 173–179.
  156. Elsadek, M.; Sun, M.; Sugiyama, R.; Fujii, E. Cross-cultural comparison of physiological and psychological responses to different garden styles Cross-cultural comparison of physiological and psychological responses to different garden styles. Urban. For. Urban. Green. 2018, 38, 74–83, doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2018.11.007.
  157. Song, C.; Ikei, H.; Lee, J.; Park, B.-J.; Kagawa, T.; Miyazaki, Y. Individual differences in the physiological effects of forest therapy based on Type A and Type B behavior patterns. J. Physiol. Anthropol. 2013, 32, doi:10.1186/1880-6805-32-14.
  158. Takayama, N.; Morikawa, T.; Bielinis, E. Relation between psychological restorativeness and lifestyle, quality of life, resilience, and stress-coping in forest settings. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, doi:10.3390/ijerph16081456.
  159. Park, B.-J.B.J.; Furuya, K.; Kasetani, T.; Takayama, N.; Kagawa, T.; Miyazaki, Y. Psychological evaluations of forest environment and the physical variables. For. Med. 2013, 37–54, ISBN: 978-162618462-6
  160. Shin, W.S.; Shin, C.S.; Yeoun, P.S. The influence of forest therapy camp on depression in alcoholics. Environ. Health Prev. Med. 2012, 17, 73–76, doi:10.1007/s12199-011-0215-0.
  161. Song, C.; Ikei, H.; Kobayashi, M.; Miura, T.; Taue, M.; Kagawa, T.; Li, Q.; Kumeda, S.; Imai, M.; Miyazaki, Y. Effect of forest walking on autonomic nervous system activity in middle-aged hypertensive individuals: A pilot study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 2687–2699, doi:10.3390/ijerph120302687.
  162. Mao, G.; Cao, Y.; Wang, B.; Wang, S.; Chen, Z.; Wang, J.; Xing, W.; Ren, X.; Lv, X.; Dong, J.; et al. The Salutary Influence of Forest Bathing on Elderly Patients with Chronic Heart Failure. 2017, doi:10.3390/ijerph14040368.
  163. Savoia, C.; Schiffrin, E.L. Inflammation in hypertension. Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens. 2006, 15, 152–158.
  164. Jia, B.B.; Yang, Z.X.; Mao, G.X.; Lyu, Y.D.; Wen, X.L.; Xu, W.H.; Lyu, X.L.; Cao, Y.B.; Wang, G.F. Health Effect of Forest Bathing Trip on Elderly Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Biomed. Environ. Sci. 2016, 29, 212–218, doi:10.3967/bes2016.026.
  165. Han, J.-W.; Choi, H.; Jeon, Y.-H.; Yoon, C.-H.; Woo, J.-M.; Kim, W. The effects of forest therapy on coping with chronic widespread pain: Physiological and psychological differences between participants in a forest therapy program and a control group. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, doi:10.3390/ijerph13030255.
  166. Yu, Y.-M.; Lee, Y.-J.; Kim, J.-Y.; Yoon, S.-B.; Shin, C.-S. Effects of forest therapy camp on quality of life and stress in postmenopausal women. Forest Sci. Technol. 2016, 12, 125–129, doi:10.1080/21580103.2015.1108248.
  167. 167. Markevych, I.; Schoierer, J.; Hartig, T.; Chudnovsky, A.; Hystad, P.; Dzhambov, A.M.; de Vries, S.; Triguero-Mas, M.; Brauer, M.; Nieuwenhuijsen, M.J.; et al. Exploring pathways linking greenspace to health: Theoretical and methodological guidance. Environ. Res. 2017, 158, 301–317, doi:10.1016/j.envres.2017.06.028.
More
ScholarVision Creations