Acanthaceae

Rostellularia procumbens (L.) Nees

[Justicia procumbens L.]

Whole plant

Anti-inflammatory (anti-osteoarthritic):

–decreasing the interleukin (IL)-1β-stimulated expression of MMP-3 and MMP-13;

–inhibition of the IL-1β-induced expression of iNOS and COX-2, and the production of PGE2 and NO; inhibition of IL-1β-induced NF-κB activation

In vitro

Human Articular Chondrocyte Culture

80% Ethanol

^[94][97]

^[23][51]

Aphloiaceae

Anti-inflammatory:

–inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2) production by inhibiting iNOS and COX-2 expression;

–inhibition of LPS-stimulated production of TNF-α and IL-1β;

–activation of LXRα (liver X receptor α) and inhibition of LPS-induced NF-κB activation

Aphloia theiformis (Vahl) Benn.

Leaves

In vitro

BV2 microglial cells

Methanol

^[95][98]

^[24][52]

Aphloiaceae

Antioxidative and anti-inflammatory:

–decreasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation;

–inhibition of the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and NADPH oxidase (NOX);

–decreasing the production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and IL-1β;

–preventing phosphorylation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) subunit p65 and degradation of NF-κB inhibitor α (IκBα)

Aphloia theiformis (Vahl) Benn.

In vitro

Leaves

Rat vascular smooth muscle cells (RVSMCs);

70% Ethanol

^[96]

^[25][53]

Betulaceae

Anti-inflammatory:

–decreasing paw edema;

–increasing the activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in liver tissue;

–attenuating the level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in the edematous paw;

–decreasing the nitric oxide (NO) levels at the serum level and diminishing the serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α);

–decreasing the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)

Betula schmidtii Regel

Twigs

80% Methanol

Ex vivo and in vivo

RAW264.7 macrophages and λ-carrageenin-induced hind paw edema model in mice

^[12][15]

^[57][37]

Bignoniaceae

Anti-inflammatory:

–reducing the production of NO, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) induced by LPS;

–suppressing the LPS-induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and TNF-α at the mRNA and protein levels;

–decreasing DNA binding of nuclear factor kappa B(NF-kB) and nuclear translocation of the p65 and p50 subunits of NF-kB;

–suppressing degradation and phosphorylation of inhibitor of kappa B-Alpha

Markhamia obtusifolia (Baker) Sprague

Leaves

Acetone

In vitro

LPS stimulated RAW264.7 cells

^[97][

^[26][54]

100

]

Bignoniaceae

Anti-inflammatory/antinociceptive (20–30 mg/kg)

Markhamia platycalyx (Baker) Sprague

[Markhamia lutea

In vivo

(Benth.) K.Schum.]

Writhing Assay;Leaves

Hot-Plate Test;

Carrageenan-Induced Edema in Sprague–Dawley Rats

95% Ethanol

^[75][32]

^[27][55]

Bignoniaceae

Anti-inflammatory:

–inhibition of the production of interleukin-6 and interleukin-8;

–inhibition of TLR4 (Toll-like receptor 4) expression;

–inhibition of activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB);

–inhibition of activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs)

Markhamia tomentosa (Benth) K. Schum ex Engl.

Leaves

In vitro

LPS-stimulated human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs)Ethanol

^[

^[9816][19]

^]

[

101]

Boraginaceae

Anchusa italica Retz.

[

Anti-inflammatory:

–inhibition of LPS-induced NO production

Anchusa azurea

Mill.]

Aerial parts

75% Ethanol

In vitro

^[52][69]

^[15][18]

Boraginaceae

Arnebia euchroma (Royle) I.M.Johnst.

Roots

Methanol

Anti-inflammatory:

–inhibitory effect on IFN-γ secretion

–inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2

–apoptosis-inducing effect

In vitro

LPS-stimulated Raw 264.7 macrophage

^[34][61]

^[28][56]

Caprifoliaceae

–Anti-inflammatory;

–Potent inhibitory effect on

Epstein-Barr virus early antigen (EBV-EA) activation;

–Antitumor-promoting activity (strong)

Cephalaria tuteliana Kuș & Göktürk

Not specified

In vivo:

–TPA-induced ear edema inflammation in mice;

–two-stage carcinogenesis test of mouse tumor;

In vitro

EBV-EA activation experiment

Methanol

^[37][42]

^[17][20]

[

Caryophyllaceae

Psammosilene tunicoides

–Cytotoxic activity against the HeLa cell line;

–Antidiabetic activity

–Inhibition of PTP1B (Protein tyrosine phosphate)

W.C. Wu & C. Y. Wu.

Roots

In vitro

80% Ethanol

^[47][29]

^[29][57]

Compositae

Cytotoxic to sensitive and multidrug resistant leukemia cell lines;

Active toward a multidrug resistant (MDR) leukemia cell line overexpressing glycoprotein-P (P-gp)

Kleinia pendula (Forssk.) DC.

Fresh aerial parts

Methanol

In vitro

(anti-MDR activity in Lucena-1, a leukemia cell line that overexpresses P-gp and presents cross resistance to several unrelated cytotoxic drugs)

^[13][16]

[3]

Ericaceae

Rhododendron websterianum Rehder & E.H. Wilson

Fruits

95% Ethanol

Cytotoxic

In vitro

HCT-8, A549, P-388, L-1210 tumor cell lines

^[30][58]

^[18][21]

Lamiaceae

Hyptis capitata Jacq.

Leaves and stems

Methanol

–Cytotoxicity in human oral tumor cell lines: human salivary gland tumor and human oral squamous cell carcinoma

–Inhibition of the activation of Epstein–Barr virus early antigen (EBV-EA)

In vivo

EBV genome-carrying lymphoblastoid cells

In vitro

human oral squamous cell carcinoma (HSC-2), human salivary gland tumor (HSG)

^[[30][58]

⁵⁸

^]

[38]

Lamiaceae

Isodon rubescens (Hemsl.) H.Hara

Whole plant

-

^[31][59]

Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic:

–Antihyperlipidemic: decreasing gene expressions of fatty acids, increasing the content of phosphorylated AMPK-α in liver and adipose tissue, inhibition of DGAT 1 expression, and decreasing the level of triglycerides in blood

–Antidiabetic: down-regulation of phosphenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), improving insulin sensitization (at 1.0 g/kg), and decreasing the expression of the hepatic and adipose 11-β-hydroxysteroid dehydroxygenase (11β-HSD1) gene

In vivo

high-fat fed C57BL/6J mice

[4]

Lamiaceae

Lavandula luisieri (Rozeira) Riv.-Mart.

[Lavandula stoechas subsp. luisieri (Rozeira) Rozeira]

Flowering plant

Hypoglycemic: decreasing the blood glucose level (at 10 mg/kg)

Ethanol

^[32][41]

Lamiaceae

Leptohyptis macrostachys (L’H’erit.), Harley and J.F.B. Pastore (previously Hyptis macrostachys Benth.)

Aerial parts

95% Ethanol

^[33][60]

–induction of cell cycle arrest via changing the cyclin D1 and cyclin-dependent kinase 4 mRNA expression levels;

–down-regulation of the NF-kappa-B cell survival pathway and the expression level of phosphorylated ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase)

In vitro

Cancer cell lines: human hepatoma cells HepG-2 and Bel-7402, lung cancer cell A549, breast cancer cell MCF-7

Normal LO2 cell line

^[105][108]

Antiproliferative

In vitro

^[79][85]

Anti-cancer (anti-hepatocellular carcinoma activity):

–decreasing cell viability, colony formation, and cell migration;

–induction of apoptosis;

–changing the levels of caspase-3 and poly ADP-ribose polymerase expression

In vitro

Hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2, Bel-7405, Sk-hep-1)

^[59][39]

Anti-cancer:

–induction of cell cycle arrest;

–enhancement of ROS production;

–targeting the mTOR/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in cisplatin-resistant human cervical cancer cells

In vitro

Cisplatin-resistant human cervical cancer cells (HeLa cells)

^[92][95]

Anti-osteoarthritic (inhibition of IL-1β-induced chondrocyte apoptosis by activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway):

–inhibition of IL-1β induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in chondrocytes;

–increasing B-cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2 expression;

–decreasing capsase-3 activity and Bax expression;

–increasing the expression of p-PI3K and p-Akt in IL-1β-induced chondrocytes

In vitro

IL-1β-treated human osteoarthritic chondrocytes

^[93][96]

Antinociceptive (anti-allodynic)

In vivo

-induced apoptosis;

–inhibiting intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS);

–protecting from neuronal death through reversing the inhibition of the PI3-K/Akt/GSK3b pathway

In vitro

Parkinson’s disease cellular model: MPP⁺-induced neurotoxicity in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells

^[106][109]

Neuroprotective:

–decreasing amyloid plaque deposition;

–reducing microglial activation and decreasing the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors;

–suppressing the production of pro-inflammatory markers and the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB);

–reducing inhibited neurotoxicity and improving neuron survival

In vivo

Amyloid β precursor protein (APP)/presenilin 1 (PS1) transgenic mice

In vitro

BV2 microglia cells

^[91][94]

In vivo

normoglycemic Wistar rats

^[

⁷¹

^]

[

79

]

Hypoglycemic effect (at 30 mg/kg):

–decreasing glucose levels in normal rats;

–increasing fasting plasma insulin levels

Acute toxicity not observed (at 600 mg/kg, intraperitoneally)

In vivo

normoglycemic, hyperglycemic,

and streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats

^[72][80]

Lamiaceae

Hypoglycemic effect:

–direct stimulation of insulin secretion by pancreatic islets of Langerhans

Ocimum gratissimum L.

Aerial parts

In vitro

pancreatic islets of Langerhans

isolated from fed Wistar rats

Methanol

^[99][102]

^[34][61]

Lamiaceae

Perilla frutescens L. Britton

Antidiabetic:

–inhibition of alfa-glucosidase

Cell culture from leaves

In vitro

Methanol

^[70][78]

^[35][45]

99

]

Lamiaceae

Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activity:

–lowering blood glucose, triglycerides, free fatty acids, leptin levels;

–decreasing the area of adipocytes and ballooning degeneration of hepatocytes;

Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton var. acuta Kudo

Fresh leaves

–reducing visceral fat mass, reducing hepatic triacylglycerol contents;

–enhancing skeletal muscular Akt phosphorylation and increasing insulin sensitivity;

–decreasing blood triglycerides by down-regulation of the hepatic sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) and apolipoprotein C-III (apo C-III) and increasing the expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR)-α

Methanol

In vivo

C57BL/6J mice with induced type 2 diabetes and hyperlipidemia

^[100][103]

^[36][47]

Lamiaceae

Influencing the processes present in vasculoproliferative diseases (diseases related to vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) abnormal proliferation):

–increasing apoptosis of serum-deprived A7r5 cells and inhibiting A7r5 cell proliferation;

–rapid induction of significant modifications in the vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) phenotype;

–inhibition of VSMC proliferation and VSMC cell death

Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton

Leaves

In vitro

Clonal rat embryonic VSMCs (A7r5) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC)

Ethanol

^[90][93]

^[37][38][42,46]

Lamiaceae

Anti-melanogenesis effect (melanin synthesis inhibitory activity with less cytotoxicity)

Antibacterial activity against Propionibacterium acnes

Promotion of skin collagen synthesis

Platostoma rotundifolium (Briq.) A. J. Paton

Aerial parts

In vitro

Mouse melanoma cell line B16;Ethyl acetate

Propionibacterium acnes

(NBRC 107605)

^[39][62]

^[

^101][104]

Lamiaceae

Salvia judaica Boiss.

Aerial parts

Ethanol

Hepatoprotective (preventing fulminant hepatic failure):

–blocking the NF-κB signaling pathway for anti-inflammatory response (alleviating the pro-inflammatory cytokines, e.g., TNF-α and NO/iNOS by inhibiting nuclear factor-κB activity);

–inhibition of hepatic lipid peroxidation;

–decreasing serum aminotransferase and total bilirubin activities;

–attenuating hepatocellular apoptosis

In vivo

lipopolysaccharide/d-galactosamine-induced acute hepatic failure in male C57BL/6 mice

^[69][77^[40][43]

]

Lamiaceae

Hepatoprotective:

–inhibition of the production of pro-inflammatory factors such as: tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), and IL-6;

–inhibition of inducible NO synthetase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2);

–inhibition of nuclear factor –κB (NF-κB) activation;

–inhibition of the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs);

Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge

Roots and aerial parts

Ethanol

–retention of enzymes (essential for the antioxidative properties of liver): superoxidase dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT)

^[41][

In vivo44]

Acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in male ICR mice

^[102][105]

Leguminosae

Protective effect against liver fibrosis:

–inhibition of the activation of hepatic stellate cells;

–reducing aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and total bilirubin activity;

–inhibition of expression of collagen type I and III; alleviation of collagen-based extracellular matrix deposition;

–promoting cell apoptosis via blocking of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR and NF-κB signaling pathways

Campylotropis hirtella (Franch.) Schindl.

Roots

In vitro

Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) stimulated with platelet-derived growth factor-BB-

^[103][106]

^[42][63]

Malvaceae

Cardioprotective

(protective effects on hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)-induced cardiomyocyte injury)

Triumfetta cordifolia A.Rich.

Stems

Methylene: methanol (1:1)

^[43

In vitro

Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes subjected to hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) insult

^][

^[64]

¹⁵

^]

[18]

Myrtaceae

Acca sellowiana (O.Berg) Burret

Anti-hypoxic

(protecting vascular endothelial cells against hypoxia-induced damage via the PI3K/AKT and ERK 1/2 signaling pathway)

Callus culture from fruit pulp

Methanol

In vitro

(EA.hy926 cells)

^[44][65]

^[

^104][107]

Myrtaceae

Antiproliferative:

–causing apoptosis and G0/G1 phase arrest in cancer cell lines;

Callistemon citrinus (Curtis) Skeels

Leaves

Dichloromethane: Methanol (50:50, v/v)

Water: Ethanol (50:50, v/v)

^[45][66]

Oleaceae

Ligustrum robustum (Roxb.) Blume

Not specified

70% Methanol

^[19][22]

Oleaceae

Olea europaea L.

Cell-suspension cultures (callus induced from leaf stalk)

Methanol

^[20][23]

Oleaceae

Olea europaea L.

(varieties Manzanilo, Picual, Koroneiki, and Coratina)

Fruits

Methanol

^[46][67]

Oleaceae

Osmanthus fragrans Lour

Fruits

Methanol

[7]

Polygonaceae

Rumex japonicus Houtt.

Stems

two models of chronic pain (neuropathic pain and inflammatory pain) in mice

80% Ethanol

^[89][92]

^[21][24]

Rosaceae

Antibacterial

Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb.

Aerial parts

In vitro

80% Ethanol

^[23][51]

^[47][29]

Rosaceae

Antibacterial and antibiofilm effect:

–inhibition of growth of P. aeruginosa;

–depolarization of bacterial P. aeruginosa membrane;

–inhibition of biofilm formation due to suppressed secretion of pyoverdine and suppressed secretion of protease and swarming motility of P. aeruginosa

Alchemilla faeroensis (J. Lange) Buser

Aerial parts

Ethanol

^[48]

In vivo

Mouse model of catheter infection for evaluation of antibiofilm activity and BALB/c mouse model for determination of in vivo toxicity

In vitro

P. aeruginosa[26]

cultures; murine macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7) for cytotoxicity assay

^[88][91]

Rosaceae

Antibacterial against S. aureus

Antifungal against

Cotoneaster simonsii hort. ex Baker

Aerial parts (leaves and twigs)

Chloroform

C. albicans

^[49][68]

In vitro

^[64][28]

Rosaceae

Antibacterial against S. aureus

Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge

Leaves

80% Ethanol

In vitro

^[73][81]

^[50][30]

Rosaceae

Bacteriostatic against S. aureus:

–inhibition of extracellular protease production resulting in inhibition of S. aureus growth

Cydonia oblonga Mill.

Seeds

Methanol

In vitro

^[

^[45][66]^51][34]

Rosaceae

Eriobotrya deflexa f. buisanesis

[Eriobotrya deflexa (Hemsl.) Nakai.]

Leaves

Antivirus: inhibition of virus HIV-1 protease

Methanol

In vitro

^[62]

^[52][69]

[

71

]

Rosaceae

Eriobotrya fragrans Champ. ex Benth

Leaves

95% Ethanol

^[53][70]

Insect antifeedant

In vivo

Spodoptera littoralis L6 larvae

^[32][41]

Rosaceae

Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb) Lindl.

Leaves

80% Methanol

^[54][36]

Rosaceae

Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.

Leaves

95% Ethanol

Neuroprotective:

–protecting against neurotoxicity (preventing neuronal loss);

^[55][56][31,35]

Rosacae

Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl

Cell suspension culture (callus induced from leaves)

Ethanol

^[57][37]

Rosaceae

Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.

Callus cultures induced from an axenic leaf

Ethanol

^[58][38]

Rosaceae

Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb) Lindl.

Cell suspension culture (obtained from immature embryos)

95% Ethanol

^[59][39]

Rosaceae

Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.

Cell suspension culture (callus induced from leaves)

95% Ethanol

[4]

–blocking MPP

⁺

Rosaceae

Fragaria × ananassa Duch. var ‘Falandi’

Fresh fruit

95% Ethanol

^[60][33]

Rosaceae

Fragaria × ananassa Duch. var ‘Hokouwase’

Green unripe fresh fruit

Methanol

^[61][14]

Rosaceae

Geum japonicum auct.

[Geum macrophyllum Willd.]

Whole plant

Methanol

^[62][71]

Rosaceae

Geum rivale L.

Flowering aerial parts

Chloroform: Methanol (9:1)

^[63][72]

Rosaceae

Geum urbanum L.

Roots and aerial parts

Methanol

^[64][28]

Rosaceae

Malus domestica Borkh varieties “Mela Rosa Marchigiana” and “Golden Delicious”

Pulp callus culture

Methanol

^[65][73]

Rosaceae

Margyricarpus setosus Ruiz & Pav.

[Margyricarpus pinnatus (Lam.) Kuntze]

Aerial parts

Methanol

^[66][74]

Rosaceae

Potentilla anserina L.

Roots

-

^[67][75]

Rosaceae

Potentilla anserina L.

Roots

70% Ethanol

^[68][76]

Rosaceae

Potentilla chinensis Ser.

Whole plant

95% Ethanol

^[69][77]

Rosaceae

Potentilla fulgens

[Potentilla lineata Trevir.]

Roots

Methanol

^[70][78]

Rosaceae

Poterium ancistroides Desf.

[Sanguisorba ancistroides (Desf.) Ces.]

Aerial parts

Ethyl acetate

^[71][79]

Rosaceae

Poterium ancistroides Desf.

[Sanguisorba ancistroides (Desf.) Ces.]

Herb

Methanol

^[72][80]

Rosaceae

Rosa nutkana C.Presl

Fruits

Methanol

^[73][81]

Rosaceae

Rosa roxburghii

-

^[74][82]

Rosaceae

Rosa rugosa Thunb.

Roots

Methanol

^[75][32]

Rosaceae

Rubus chingii Hu

Roots and rhizomes

Ethanol

^[76][83]

Rosaceae

Rubus crataegifolius Bunge

Leaves

Methanol

^[77][27]

Rosaceae

Sanguisorba officinalis L.

Root

Cold water

Hot water

Methanol

^[78][84]

Rosaceae

Sarcopoterium spinosum (L.) Spach.

Aerial parts

-

^[79][85]

Rubiaceae

Knoxia valerianoides Thorel ex Pit.

[Knoxia roxburghii subsp. brunonis (Wall. ex G.Don) R.Bhattacharjee & Deb]

Roots

Ethanol

^[80][86]

Sapotaceae

Tridesmostemon omphalocarpoides Engl.

Wood and stem bark

Dichloromethane: Methanol (1:1)

^[81][87]

Saxifragaceae

Tiarella polyphylla D. Don

Whole plant

Methanol

^[14][17]

Staphyleaceae

Euscaphis konishii Hayata

[Euscaphis japonica (Thunb.) Kanitz]

Twigs

95% Ethanol

^[82][88]

Urticaceae

Cecropialyratiloba Miq.

[Cecropia pachystachya Trécul.)]

Roots

Methanol

^[13][16]

Urticaceae

Cecropia pachystachya Trécul

Roots, root bark, stem and stem bark

Ethanol

^[22][25]

Urticaceae

Debregeasia salicifolia D. Don.

[Debregeasia saeneb (Forssk.) Hepper & J.R.I.Wood]

Stems

Methanol

[5]

Urticaceae

Myrianthus arboreus P.Beauv

Stem bark

Methylated ethyl acetate

^[83][50]

Urticaceae

Myrianthus arboreus P.Beauv

Root wood

Methylated spirit

^[84][48]

Urticaceae

Myrianthus arboreus P.Beauv

Stems

Chloroform

^[85][49]

Urticaceae

Myrianthus serratus (Trecul) Benth.

Trunk wood

Ethyl acetate

^[86][89]

Urticaceae

Pourouma guianensis Aubl.

Leaves

Methanol

^[87][90]

Urticaceae

Sarcochlamys pulcherrima (Roxb.) Gaudich.

Aerial parts

Methanol

^[88][91]

Vochysiaceae

Vochysia divergens Pohl.

Stem bark

Ethanol

^[89][90][92,93]