Ridker et al., 2009 [111] | Ridker et al., 2009 [49] |
Rosuvastatin vs. placebo |
HMG-CoA inhibitor, pleiotropic effects |
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial including 15,548 initially healthy men and women |
Cardiovascular death, non-fatal stroke, non-fatal AMI, hospitalization due to unstable angina, revascularization |
↓ risk of adverse outcomes (HR = 0.35; 95% CI: 0.23–0.54; | p | < 0.0001) |
Thomas et al., 2015 [112] | Thomas et al., 2015 [50] |
Ticagrelor vs. clopidogrel vs. placebo |
Inhibition of P2Y12 receptor |
Randomized injection of | E. coli | endotoxins to 30 healthy volunteers (10-ticagrelor, 10-clopidogrel, 10-placeboes) |
Concentrations of inflammatory biomarkers |
Ticagrelor and clopidogrel:
↓ IL6, TNF-α, CCL2
Only ticagrelor:
↓ G-CSF, IL-8; ↑ IL-10;
↔ hsCRP |
McMurray et al., 2006 [113] | McMurray et al., 2006 [51] |
Valsartan vs. captopril |
ARB or ACE inhibition |
Randomized 14,703 high-risk patients with acute MI to receive captopril or valsartan or the combination of the two |
All-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, non-fatal cardiovascular events |
↓ risk of adverse outcomes; similar effect of ARBs and ACE-I (HR = 0.97; 95% CI:0.91–1.03; | p | = 0.286) |
Tardif et al., 2020 [114] | Tardif et al., 2020 [52] |
Colchicine 0.5 mg daily vs. placebo |
NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor |
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial including 4745 patients with recent AMI (~2 weeks before) |
Cardiovascular death, resuscitated cardiac arrest, AMI, stroke, coronary revascularization |
↓ risk of adverse outcomes (HR = 0.77; 95% CI: 0.61–0.96; | p | = 0.02) |
Nidorf et al., 2019 [115] | Nidorf et al., 2019 [53] |
Colchicine 0.5 mg daily vs. placebo |
NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor |
A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial including 5522 patients with chronic coronary syndrome |
Cardiovascular death, MI, ischemic stroke, coronary revascularization |
↓ risk of adverse outcomes (HR = 0.69; 95% CI: 0.57–0.83; | p | < 0.001) |
Nidorf et al., 2013 [116] | Nidorf et al., 2013 [54] |
Colchicine 0.5 mg daily vs. placebo |
NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor |
A prospective, randomized, observer-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial including 532 patients with stable coronary disease |
Acute coronary syndrome, out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, ischemic stroke |
↓ risk of adverse outcomes (HR = 0.33; 95% CI: 0.18–0.59; | p | < 0.001) |
Ridker et al., 2017 [117] | Ridker et al., 2017 [55] |
Canakinumab 150 mg every 3 months vs. placebo |
Monoclonal anti-IL-1β antibody |
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial including 10,061 patients with previous AMI and hsCRP ≥ 2 mg/L |
Non-fatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, cardiovascular death |
↓ risk of adverse outcomes HR = 0.85 (95% CI: 0.74–0.98; | p | = 0.021) |
Greenberg et al., 2010 [118] | Greenberg et al., 2010 [56] |
TNF-α antagonists vs. DMARDs |
TNF-α inhibition |
A longitudinal cohort study of 10,156 rheumatoid arthritis patients enrolled in the US-based CORRONA database |
Non-fatal MI, transient ischemic attack, stroke, cardiovascular death |
↓ risk of adverse outcomes by TNF-α (HR = 0.39; 95% CI 0.19–0.82) |
Ridker et al., 2019 [119] | Ridker et al., 2019 [57] |
Methotrexate 15–20 mg/week vs. placebo |
Antimetabolite, immune-system suppressant |
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial including 4786 patients with previous MI or multivessel coronary disease, additionally with type 2 diabetes or metabolic syndrome |
Nonfatal MI, nonfatal stroke, cardiovascular death, unstable angina |
↔ adverse outcomes (HR = 0.96; 95% CI: 0.79–1.16; | p | = 0.67)
↔ hsCRP, IL-1β, IL-6
↑ ALT, AST |