The concept of the circular economy (CE) has gained importance worldwide recently since it offers a wider perspective in terms of promoting sustainable production and consumption with limited resources. However, few studies have investigated the barriers to CE in circular food supply chains.
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CE DIMENSIONS | INDUSTRY 4.0 TECHNOLOGIES |
---|---|
Reuse | CPS, BDA, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Nanotechnologies, Blockchain |
Recycle | IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI,3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Blockchain |
Reduce | IoT, 3DP |
Remanufacturing | IoT, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Robotics |
Repair | IoT, CPS, BDA, 3DP |
Recover | CC |
Refurbish | CPS, AI |
Repurpose | Machine Learning |
Rethink | AGV, Machine Learning |
Redesign | Iot, AGV, Machine Learning |
Main Barriers | Sub-Barriers | Author(s) | CE Dimensions | Industry 4.0 Technologies | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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Cultural | (B1) Lacking consumer awareness and interest | [114,116,119,122,132,136,138,139] | [113][114][115][116][117][118][119][120] | [28][29][30 | 33, | ] | 34,35, | [31][32][33][34][ | 45, | ][23 | 46, | ][24 | 36,37, | 35 | 38, | ][36 | 39, | ] | 40,47, | ][37][38][39][40] | 48, | [41][42][43 | 49, | [][44][45] | 50, | [46][47][48][49][50]. |
Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Rethink, Remanufacturing, Redesign, Repair, Refurbish | IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Robotics, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning, Nanotechnology | (B2) Hesitant Company Culture | [13,29,30,31,32,53] | [13][27][28 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
(B2) Hesitant company culture | [121,130,132,134,138,140] | [121][122] | ] | [117] | [29] | [123] | [30] | [119 | [51] | |||||||||||||||||
] | [124] | Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Remanufacturing, Repair, Refurbish | IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Robotics, Blockchains, Nanotechnology | (B3) Inadequate Knowledge About CE | [13,62] | [ | 29, | 13][ | 30, | 27 | 37,40, | ] | 41,44, | [ | 45,47, | 28][35][38][39][42 | 48, | ][43][45][ | 49, | 46 | 53,54, | ][47 | 55, | ][ | ||
(B3) Inadequate knowledge about CE | 51 | 56, | [118,127,132 | ][52 | 57, | ] | 58, | ,138 | 59, | [ | 60,61, | ,141 | 53 | ] | [125][126 | ][54][55][56][57][58][59][60] | ||||||||||
] | [117][119][127] | Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Remanufacturing, Repair, Refurbish, Rethink | IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Robotics, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning, Nanotechnology | (B4) Currently Operating in a Linear System | [63,64] | [61][62] | ||||||||||||||||||||
(B4) Currently operating in a linear system | [123,,140] | [128 | 129, | ][129 | 132, | ][117] | 135 | [130][124] | Reuse, Reduce, Rethink | IoT, CPS, BDA, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning, Nanotechnology | Business and Business Finance | (B5) Weak Economic Incentives | [ | |||||||||||||
Business and Business Finance | 27 | , | (B5) Weak economic incentives | 41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,60,65,66] | [25] | [121,128,132,136,138,139] | [121] | [39][131][40][117][41][118][42][119][43][120][44][45][46][58][63][64] | ||||||||||||||||||
Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Remanufacturing, Repair, Refurbish, Rethink, Redesign | IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Robotics, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning, Nanotechnology | (B6) Major Investment Costs | [43,44,47,48,67,68] | [41][42][45][ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
(B6) Major investment costs | [129,139] | [129][120] | 46][65][66] | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Repurpose, Rethink | AGV, Machine Learning | (B7) High Cost of Receiving Recycling Product | [30 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
(B7) High cost of receiving recycling product | ,31,41,45,47,48,66] | [28][ | [128,140] | [131] | 29][124][39][43][45][46][64] | |||||||||||||||||||||
Rethink | AGV, Machine Learning | (B8) Mismatch between Return and Profit | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
(B8) Mismatch between return and profit | [128,129] | [131][129] | Rethink | AGV, Machine Learning | (B9) Increased Research Cost | [40,43,47,48] | [38][41][45][46 | |||||||||||||||||||
(B9) Increased research cost | [128,141 | ] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
] | [131][127] | Repurpose, Rethink | AGV, Machine Learning | (B10) Limited Business Model Applications | [68] | [66] | ||||||||||||||||||||
(B10) Limited business model applications | [132,135,137,141] | [117][130][132][127] | Repair, Rethink | IoT, CPS, BDA, 3DP, AGV, Machine learning | [44,46] | [42][44] | ||||||||||||||||||||
Regulatory and Governmental | (B11) Lack of conductive legal systems | [108,117,120,128,130,132,138] | [107][133][134][131][122][117][119] | Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Remanufacturing, Repair, Refurbish, Rethink | IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Robotics, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning, Nanotechnology | Regulatory and Governmental | (B11) Lack of Conductive Legal Systems | [14,24,30 | ||||||||||||||||||
(B12) Policy challenges | [116,119,] | [114] | 125, | [115] | 131, | [ | 132,133, | 135][136][117] | ,39,41,42,46,47,48,54] | [14][22][28][37][39][40][44][45][46][52] | ||||||||||||||||
[ | 137] | 138 | [119] | Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Remanufacturing, Repair, Recover, Refurbish, Rethink, Redesign | IoT, CPS, BDA, AI, 3DP, CC, Blockchains, Robotics, AGV, Machine Learning | (B12) Policy Challenges | [11,13,24,25,26, | 129 | 27, | ,132,136,138] | [138][114][126][131][129][117] | 28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,52]. | [11][13][22][23][24][25][26][118][27][119][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][50]. | |||||||||||||
(B13) Taxation and incentives | [115,116, | Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Rethink | IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Robotics, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning, Nanotechnology | [14, | ||||||||||||||||||||||
(B14) Existing loose environmental regulations | 41,45,47, | [116,126,131 | 48] | [14][39][43] | ,132,134,138,139] | [114][139][136] | [45] | [117] | [46] | |||||||||||||||||
[ | 123][119][120] | Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Recover, Rethink | IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Robotics, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning, Nanotechnology | (B13) Taxation and Incentives | [25,27,36,61,69] | [23][25][34][59][67] | ||||||||||||||||||||
127 | ,128, | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
(B15) Different focuses between central and local governments | [116, | 114 | 124, | ][140 | 129, | ][129 | 132, | ] | 135,138] | [[117][130][119] | Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Remanufacturing, Repair, Rethink | IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, Robotics, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning | (B14) Existing Loose Environmental Regulations | |||||||||||||
(B16) Lack of proper waste infrastructure | [116,129,137] | [114][129][132] | Rethink, Reduce | IoT, AGV, 3DP, Machine learning | (B15) Different Focuses between Central and Local Governments | [38, | [ | 52, | 36 | 70] | ][50][68] | |||||||||||||||
(B17) Lack of standard system for CE performance | [116,120,123,129,132,135,138] | [114][134][128][129][117][130][119] | Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Remanufacturing, Recover, Refurbish, Rethink | (B16) Lack of Proper Waste Infrastructure | ||||||||||||||||||||||
IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Robotics, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning, Nanotechnology | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Technological | (B18) Technical limitations of recycling | [121,132,137,138,139] | [121][117][132][119][120] | Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Remanufacturing, Repair, Refurbish, Rethink, Redesign | IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Robotics, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning, Nanotechnology | (B17) Lack of Standard System for CE performance | [38,42,56, | 36 | 58,59, | ][40 | 71, | ][54 | 72, | ] | 73,74] | [[56][57][69][70][71][72] | ||||||||||
(B19) Need for data integration | [132,133,134,141] | [117][137][123][127] | Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Rethink | IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning, Nanotechnology | [25,32,38,44,74,75,76,77] | [23][30][36][42] | 47, | [45] | 48, | [46] | 53, | [51] | 55, | [53] | 56, | [54] | 58, | [56] | 59, | [ | 71,72, | 57 | 73, | ][69][70][71][72][73][74][75] | ||
(B20) Lack of eco-efficiency of the technological processes | [120,123,129,132,137,138] | [134][128][129][117][132][119] | Reuse, Recycle, Remanufacturing, Rethink | IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Robotics, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning, Nanotechnology | Technological | (B18) Technical Limitations of Recycling | [13,30,31,41,44,46, | |||||||||||||||||||
Managerial | (B21) Poor leadership and management | [116 | [29][39][42 | 47, | ] | ,132 | 48,54, | [44] | 61,65, | ,136 | 67] | [13][ | ,138,140] | [114] | 28][117] | [118][119][124] | [45][46][52][59][63][65] | |||||||||
Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Remanufacturing, Repair, Recover, Rethink | IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Robotics, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning, Nanotechnology | (B19) Need for Data Integration | [26, | [24 | 78] | ][76] | ||||||||||||||||||||
(B22) Missing information exchange | [115,116,132,138,140] | [138][114][117][119][124] | Reuse, Recycle, Remanufacturing, Repair | IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Robotics, Blockchains, Nanotechnology | (B20) Lack of Eco-efficiency of the Technological Processes | [16,41,47,48,54,79] | [16 | |||||||||||||||||||
(B23) Lack of collaboration | ][39] | [108,114,116,132,138] | [107][113][45][114][46][117][52][119][77] | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Rethink, Redesign | IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning, Nanotechnology | Managerial | (B21) Poor Leadership and Management | |||||||||||||||||||||||
(B24) Higher priority of other issues | [128,129,141] | [131][129][127] | [11,12,25,28,31,32, | [11][12][23 | 34, | ] | 42,44, | [26] | 47, | [29]][40][ | 48, | [30]42][45] | 80, | [ | 81,82, | 32[46][78][79][80] | 83] | [81] | ||||||||
Rethink | (B22) Missing Information Exchange | [11,47,48] | [11][45][46] | |||||||||||||||||||||||
AGV, Machine learning | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(B25) Ineffective labor | [131,132,139] | [136][117][120] | Repurpose, Rethink | AGV, Machine learning | (B23) Lack of Collaboration | [12,15,24,34,41, | [12][15][22 | 44, | ] | 45,47, | [32] | 61, | [ | 76,77, | 39][42][43][45 | |||||||||||
Supply chain management | ][59 | 78, | ] | 80,83] | [74][75][76][78][81] | |||||||||||||||||||||
(B26) Lack of eco-literacy among supply-chain partners | [ | 129,132,141] | [129][117][127] | Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Rethink | IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning, Nanotechnology | (B24) Higher priority of other issues | [47,84] | [45][ | ||||||||||||||||||
(B27) Need for a high-level supply chain integration | 82] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
[ | 114,132,135,138,141] | [113][117][130][119][127] | Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Remanufacturing, Repair, Recover, Rethink | IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Robotics, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning, Nanotechnology | (B25) Ineffective labor | [18,68] | [83][66] | |||||||||||||||||||
Supply Chain Management | (B26) Lack of Eco-Literacy Among Supply Chain Partners | [41,85,86] | [39][84][85] | |||||||||||||||||||||||
(B27) Need for a High-Level Supply Chain Integration | [11,12,25,28,32,34,35,41,44,47,48,52,71,76,77,81,82,84,85,87,88,89,90,91,,97] | [ | 92, | 11][ | 93, | 12 | 94,95, | ][23][26][30][32][33][39][42][45][46][50][69][74][75][79][80][82][84][86 | ||||||||||||||||||
(B28) Unavailable effective framework adaptation | [132,133,135,140] | [117][137][130][124] | Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Rethink | IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning, Nanotechnology | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Knowledge and Skills | (B29) Difficulty in defining CE | [132,138,140] | [117][119][124] | Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Remanufacturing, Refurbish, Repurpose, Rethink | IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Robotics, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning, Nanotechnology | |||||||||||||||||||||
(B30) Difficulties in implementation of CE | [123,132,134,136,138] | [128][117][123][118][119] | ][87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94] | 96 | [95][96] | |||||||||||||||||||||
Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Remanufacturing, Refurbish, Rethink | IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Robotics, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning, Nanotechnology | (B28) Unavailable Effective Framework Adaptation | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
[48,80,98] | [46][78][97] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Knowledge and Skills | (B29) Difficulty in Defining CE | [32,44,99,100] | [30][42][98][99] | |||||||||||||||||||||||
(B30) Difficulties in implementation of CE | [32,44,47,99,100,101,102,103] | [30][42][45][98][99][100][101][102] |