The concept of the circular economy (CE) has gained importance worldwide recently since it offers a wider perspective in terms of promoting sustainable production and consumption with limited resources. However, few studies have investigated the barriers to CE in circular food supply chains.
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-To investigate the key barriers when implementing CE dimensions in the food supply chain;
-To systematically categorize CE dimensions for the food supply chain to overcome challenges;
-To analyze interaction effects between CE dimensions and food supply chain stages and between CE dimensions and sub-sectors of the food industry;
-To determine the benefits of digital technologies to overcome CE challenges in the food supply chain.
CE DIMENSIONS | INDUSTRY 4.0 TECHNOLOGIES |
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Reuse | CPS, BDA, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Nanotechnologies, Blockchain |
Recycle | IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI,3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Blockchain |
Reduce | IoT, 3DP |
Remanufacturing | IoT, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Robotics |
Repair | IoT, CPS, BDA, 3DP |
Recover | CC |
Refurbish | CPS, AI |
Repurpose | Machine Learning |
Rethink | AGV, Machine Learning |
Redesign | Iot, AGV, Machine Learning |
Main Barriers | Sub-Barriers | Author(s) | CE Dimensions | Industry 4.0 Technologies | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cultural | (B1) Lacking consumer awareness and interest | [113][114][115][116][117][118][119][120] | 30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50]. | ||||||
Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Rethink, Remanufacturing, Redesign, Repair, Refurbish | IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Robotics, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning, Nanotechnology | (B2) Hesitant Company Culture | [ | ||||||
(B2) Hesitant company culture | 13] | [121] | [27][122][28][117][29][123][30][51] | ||||||
[ | 119][124] | Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Remanufacturing, Repair, Refurbish | IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Robotics, Blockchains, Nanotechnology | (B3) Inadequate Knowledge About CE | [13][27 | ||||
(B3) Inadequate knowledge about CE | [125] | ] | [126] | [28][117][35][119][38][127][39][42][43][45][46][47][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60] | |||||
Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Remanufacturing, Repair, Refurbish, Rethink | IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Robotics, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning, Nanotechnology | (B4) Currently Operating in a Linear System | [ | ||||||
(B4) Currently operating in a linear system | 61][62] | ||||||||
[ | 128][129][117][130][124] | Reuse, Reduce, Rethink | IoT, CPS, BDA, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning, Nanotechnology | Business and Business Finance | (B5) Weak Economic Incentives | [25][ | |||
Business and Business Finance | (B5) Weak economic incentives | [121] | 39][131][40][117][41][118][42][119][43][120][44][45][46][58][63][64] | ||||||
Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Remanufacturing, Repair, Refurbish, Rethink, Redesign | IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Robotics, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning, Nanotechnology | (B6) Major Investment Costs | [41][42][ | ||||||
(B6) Major investment costs | [129][120] | 45][46][65][66] | |||||||
Repurpose, Rethink | AGV, Machine Learning | (B7) High Cost of Receiving Recycling Product | [28][29] | ||||||
(B7) High cost of receiving recycling product | [131][124] | [39][43][45][46][64] | |||||||
Rethink | (B8) Mismatch between Return and Profit | ||||||||
AGV, Machine Learning | (B9) Increased Research Cost | [38][41][45][46] | |||||||
(B10) Limited Business Model Applications | [66] | ||||||||
[42][44] | |||||||||
(B8) Mismatch between return and profit | [131][129] | Rethink | AGV, Machine Learning | ||||||
(B9) Increased research cost | [131][127] | Repurpose, Rethink | AGV, Machine Learning | ||||||
(B10) Limited business model applications | [117][130][132][127] | Repair, Rethink | IoT, CPS, BDA, 3DP, AGV, Machine learning | ||||||
Regulatory and Governmental | (B11) Lack of conductive legal systems | [107][133][134][131][122][117][119] | Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Remanufacturing, Repair, Refurbish, Rethink | IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Robotics, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning, Nanotechnology | Regulatory and Governmental | (B11) Lack of Conductive Legal Systems | |||
(B12) Policy challenges | [114][115][135][136][117][137][119] | [14][22][28][37][39][40][44][45][46][52] | |||||||
Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Remanufacturing, Repair, Recover, Refurbish, Rethink, Redesign | IoT, CPS, BDA, AI, 3DP, CC, Blockchains, Robotics, AGV, Machine Learning | (B12) Policy Challenges | [11] | ||||||
(B13) Taxation and incentives | [138] | [13][114][22][126][23][131][24][129][25][117][26][118][27][119][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][50]. | |||||||
Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Rethink | IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Robotics, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning, Nanotechnology | [14 | |||||||
(B14) Existing loose environmental regulations | ] | [114] | [39][139][43][136][45][117][46] | ||||||
[ | 123][119][120] | Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Recover, Rethink | IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Robotics, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning, Nanotechnology | (B13) Taxation and Incentives | [23][25 | ||||
(B15) Different focuses between central and local governments | [114] | ] | [140] | [34][129][59][117][67] | |||||
[ | 130][119] | Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Remanufacturing, Repair, Rethink | IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, Robotics, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning | (B14) Existing Loose Environmental Regulations | |||||
(B16) Lack of proper waste infrastructure | [114][129][132] | Rethink, Reduce | IoT, AGV, 3DP, Machine learning | (B15) Different Focuses between Central and Local Governments | [36] | ||||
(B17) Lack of standard system for CE performance | [114] | [50][134][68] | |||||||
[ | 128][129][117][130][119] | Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Remanufacturing, Recover, Refurbish, Rethink | (B16) Lack of Proper Waste Infrastructure | ||||||
IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Robotics, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning, Nanotechnology | |||||||||
Technological | (B18) Technical limitations of recycling | [121][117][132][119][120] | Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Remanufacturing, Repair, Refurbish, Rethink, Redesign | IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Robotics, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning, Nanotechnology | (B17) Lack of Standard System for CE performance | [36][40][54][56][57][69][70][71][72] | |||
[ | |||||||||
(B19) Need for data integration | [117][137][123][127] | Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Rethink | IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning, Nanotechnology | 23][30] | |||||
(B20) Lack of eco-efficiency of the technological processes | [134][128] | [36][129][42][117][45][132][46][119][51][53][54][56][57][69][70][71][72][73][74][75] | |||||||
Reuse, Recycle, Remanufacturing, Rethink | IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Robotics, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning, Nanotechnology | Technological | (B18) Technical Limitations of Recycling | [13][28][ | |||||
Managerial | (B21) Poor leadership and management | [114][117] | 29] | [118] | [39] | [119] | [42] | [124] | [44][45][46][52][59][63][65] |
Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Remanufacturing, Repair, Recover, Rethink | IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Robotics, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning, Nanotechnology | (B19) Need for Data Integration | [24][76] | ||||||
(B22) Missing information exchange | [138][114][117][119][124] | Reuse, Recycle, Remanufacturing, Repair | IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Robotics, Blockchains, Nanotechnology | (B20) Lack of Eco-efficiency of the Technological Processes | [16 | ||||
(B23) Lack of collaboration | ] | [107][39][113][45][114][46][117][52][[77] | |||||||
119 | ] | Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Rethink, Redesign | IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning, Nanotechnology | Managerial | |||||
(B24) Higher priority of other issues | (B21) Poor Leadership and Management | [131][129][127][11][12][23] | [26][29][30][32][40][42][45][46][78][79][80][81] | ||||||
Rethink | AGV, Machine learning | (B22) Missing Information Exchange | [11] | ||||||
(B25) Ineffective labor | [136] | [45][117[46] | |||||||
] | [120] | Repurpose, Rethink | AGV, Machine learning | (B23) Lack of Collaboration | [12][ | ||||
Supply chain management | 15][22][32][39][42][43][45][59][74][75][76][78][81] | ||||||||
(B26) Lack of eco-literacy among supply-chain partners | [ | 129][117][127] | Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Rethink | IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning, Nanotechnology | (B24) Higher priority of other issues | [45][82] | |||
(B25) Ineffective labor | [83 | ||||||||
(B27) Need for a high-level supply chain integration | [113][117][130][119][127] | Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Remanufacturing, Repair, Recover, Rethink | IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Robotics, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning, Nanotechnology | ][66] | |||||
(B28) Unavailable effective framework adaptation | [117][137][130][124] | Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Rethink | IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning, Nanotechnology | Supply Chain Management | (B26) Lack of Eco-Literacy Among Supply Chain Partners | [39][84 | |||
Knowledge and Skills | (B29) Difficulty in defining CE | [117] | ] | [119] | [85] | ||||
[ | 124 | ] | Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Remanufacturing, Refurbish, Repurpose, Rethink | IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Robotics, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning, Nanotechnology | (B27) Need for a High-Level Supply Chain Integration | [11] | |||
(B30) Difficulties in implementation of CE | [128] | [12][117][23][123][26][118][30][119][32][33][39][42][45][46][50][69][74][75][79][80][82][84][86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95][96] | |||||||
Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Remanufacturing, Refurbish, Rethink | (B28) Unavailable Effective Framework Adaptation | ||||||||
IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Robotics, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning, Nanotechnology | [46][78][97] | ||||||||
Knowledge and Skills | (B29) Difficulty in Defining CE | [30][42][98][99] |