Human Milk Microbiota and Oligosaccharides: Comparison
Please note this is a comparison between Version 2 by Bruce Ren and Version 1 by carole Ayoub Moubareck.

Human milk represents a cornerstone for growth and development of infants, with extensive array of benefits. In addition to exceptionally nutritive and bioactive components, human milk encompasses a complex community of signature bacteria that helps establish infant gut microbiota, contributes to maturation of infant immune system, and competitively interferes with pathogens. Among bioactive constituents of milk, human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are particularly significant. 

  • human milk
  • breastfeeding
  • human milk benefits
  • milk microbiota
  • human milk oligosaccharides
  • maternal diet
Please wait, diff process is still running!

References

  1. Mosca, F.; Giannì, M.L. Human Milk: Composition and Health Benefits. Pediatr. Med. Chir. 2017, 39, 155.
  2. Johnson, A.; Kirk, R.; Rosenblum, K.L.; Muzik, M. Enhancing Breastfeeding Rates among African American Women: A Systematic Review of Current Psychosocial Interventions. Breastfeed Med. 2015, 10, 45–62.
  3. Westerfield, K.L.; Koenig, K.; Oh, R. Breastfeeding: Common Questions and Answers. Am. Fam. Phys. 2018, 98, 368–373.
  4. Bagci Bosi, A.T.; Eriksen, K.G.; Sobko, T.; Wijnhoven, T.M.A.; Breda, J. Breastfeeding Practices and Policies in WHO European Region Member States. Public Health Nutr. 2016, 19, 753–764.
  5. World Breastfeeding Week 2020 Message. Available online: (accessed on 19 September 2020).
  6. Section on Breastfeeding. Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk. Pediatrics 2012, 129, e827–e841.
  7. Ojo-Okunola, A.; Cacciatore, S.; Nicol, M.P.; du Toit, E. The Determinants of the Human Milk Metabolome and Its Role in Infant Health. Metabolites 2020, 10, 77.
  8. Ballard, O.; Morrow, A.L. Human Milk Composition: Nutrients and Bioactive Factors. Pediatr. Clin. 2013, 60, 49–74.
  9. Gidrewicz, D.A.; Fenton, T.R. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Nutrient Content of Preterm and Term Breast Milk. BMC Pediatr. 2014, 14, 216.
  10. Dror, D.K.; Allen, L.H. Overview of Nutrients in Human Milk. Adv. Nutr. 2018, 9, 278S–294S.
  11. Picciano, M.F. Representative Values for Constituents of Human Milk. Pediatr. Clin. N. Am. 2001, 48, 263–264.
  12. Gay, M.C.L.; Koleva, P.T.; Slupsky, C.M.; Toit, E.D.; Eggesbo, M.; Johnson, C.C.; Wegienka, G.; Shimojo, N.; Campbell, D.E.; Prescott, S.L.; et al. Worldwide Variation in Human Milk Metabolome: Indicators of Breast Physiology and Maternal Lifestyle? Nutrients 2018, 10, 1151.
  13. Musilova, S.; Rada, V.; Vlkova, E.; Bunesova, V. Beneficial Effects of Human Milk Oligosaccharides on Gut Microbiota. Benef. Microbes 2014, 5, 273–283.
  14. Bhandari, N.; Prajapati, R. Prevalence of Exclusive Breast Feeding and Its Associated Factors among Mothers. Kathmandu Univ. Med. J. KUMJ 2018, 16, 166–170.
  15. Gertosio, C.; Meazza, C.; Pagani, S.; Bozzola, M. Breastfeeding and Its Gamut of Benefits. Minerva. Pediatr. 2016, 68, 201–212.
  16. Binns, C.; Lee, M.; Low, W.Y. The Long-Term Public Health Benefits of Breastfeeding. Asia Pac. J. Public Health 2016, 28, 7–14.
  17. Horta, B.L.; Victora, C.G. Short-Term Effects of Breastfeeding. A Systematic Review on the Benefits of Breastfeeding on Diarrhoea and Pneumonia Mortality; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2013.
  18. Sankar, M.J.; Sinha, B.; Chowdhury, R.; Bhandari, N.; Taneja, S.; Martines, J.; Bahl, R. Optimal Breastfeeding Practices and Infant and Child Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Acta Paediatr. 2015, 104, 3–13.
  19. Lamberti, L.M.; Fischer Walker, C.L.; Noiman, A.; Victora, C.; Black, R.E. Breastfeeding and the Risk for Diarrhea Morbidity and Mortality. BMC Public Health 2011, 11 (Suppl. 3), S15.
  20. Santos, F.S.; Santos, F.C.S.; dos Santos, L.H.; Leite, A.M.; de Mello, D.F. Breastfeeding and Protection against Diarrhea: An Integrative Review of Literature. Einstein Sao Paulo 2015, 13, 435–440.
  21. Rouw, E.; von Gartzen, A.; Weißenborn, A. The importance of breastfeeding for the infant. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundh. Gesundh. 2018, 61, 945–951.
  22. Lamberti, L.M.; Zakarija-Grković, I.; Fischer Walker, C.L.; Theodoratou, E.; Nair, H.; Campbell, H.; Black, R.E. Breastfeeding for Reducing the Risk of Pneumonia Morbidity and Mortality in Children under Two: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis. BMC Public Health 2013, 13 (Suppl. 3), S18.
  23. Quigley, M.A.; Carson, C.; Sacker, A.; Kelly, Y. Exclusive Breastfeeding Duration and Infant Infection. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2016, 70, 1420–1427.
  24. Bowatte, G.; Tham, R.; Allen, K.J.; Tan, D.J.; Lau, M.; Dai, X.; Lodge, C.J. Breastfeeding and Childhood Acute Otitis Media: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Acta Paediatr. 2015, 104, 85–95.
  25. Christensen, N.; Bruun, S.; Søndergaard, J.; Christesen, H.T.; Fisker, N.; Zachariassen, G.; Sangild, P.T.; Husby, S. Breastfeeding and Infections in Early Childhood: A Cohort Study. Pediatrics 2020, 146.
  26. Zivich, P.; Lapika, B.; Behets, F.; Yotebieng, M. Implementation of Steps 1–9 to Successful Breastfeeding Reduces the Frequency of Mild and Severe Episodes of Diarrhea and Respiratory Tract Infection Among 0–6 Month Infants in Democratic Republic of Congo. Matern. Child Health J. 2018, 22, 762–771.
  27. Davanzo, R.; Moro, G.; Sandri, F.; Agosti, M.; Moretti, C.; Mosca, F. Breastfeeding and Coronavirus Disease-2019: Ad Interim Indications of the Italian Society of Neonatology Endorsed by the Union of European Neonatal & Perinatal Societies. Matern. Child Nutr. 2020, 16, e13010.
  28. World Health Organization Breastfeeding and COVID-19. Available online: (accessed on 30 January 2021).
  29. CDC Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) and Breastfeeding. Available online: (accessed on 30 January 2021).
  30. Fernández-Carrasco, F.J.; Vázquez-Lara, J.M.; González-Mey, U.; Gómez-Salgado, J.; Parrón-Carreño, T.; Rodríguez-Díaz, L. Coronavirus Covid-19 Infection and Breastfeeding: An Exploratory Review. Available online: (accessed on 20 September 2020).
  31. Greer, F.R.; Sicherer, S.H.; Burks, A.W.; Committee on Nutrition; Section on Allergy and Immunology. The Effects of Early Nutritional Interventions on the Development of Atopic Disease in Infants and Children: The Role of Maternal Dietary Restriction, Breastfeeding, Hydrolyzed Formulas, and Timing of Introduction of Allergenic Complementary Foods. Pediatrics 2019, 143.
  32. Matsumoto, N.; Yorifuji, T.; Nakamura, K.; Ikeda, M.; Tsukahara, H.; Doi, H. Breastfeeding and Risk of Food Allergy: A Nationwide Birth Cohort in Japan. Allergol. Int. 2020, 69, 91–97.
  33. Carlin, R.F.; Moon, R.Y. Risk Factors, Protective Factors, and Current Recommendations to Reduce Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: A Review. JAMA Pediatr. 2017, 171, 175–180.
  34. Alm, B.; Wennergren, G.; Möllborg, P.; Lagercrantz, H. Breastfeeding and Dummy Use Have a Protective Effect on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. Acta Paediatr. 2016, 105, 31–38.
  35. Horne, R.S.C. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: Current Perspectives. Intern. Med. J. 2019, 49, 433–438.
  36. Adams, S.M.; Ward, C.E.; Garcia, K.L. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. Am. Fam. Phys. 2015, 91, 778–783.
  37. Hauck, F.R.; Thompson, J.M.D.; Tanabe, K.O.; Moon, R.Y.; Vennemann, M.M. Breastfeeding and Reduced Risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis. Pediatrics 2011, 128, 103–110.
  38. Franco, P.; Scaillet, S.; Wermenbol, V.; Valente, F.; Groswasser, J.; Kahn, A. The Influence of a Pacifier on Infants’ Arousals from Sleep. J. Pediatr. 2000, 136, 775–779.
  39. Horne, R.S.C.; Parslow, P.M.; Ferens, D.; Watts, A.-M.; Adamson, T.M. Comparison of Evoked Arousability in Breast and Formula Fed Infants. Arch. Dis. Child. 2004, 89, 22–25.
  40. Horta, B.L.; Loret de Mola, C.; Victora, C.G. Long-Term Consequences of Breastfeeding on Cholesterol, Obesity, Systolic Blood Pressure and Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Acta Paediatr. 2015, 104, 30–37.
  41. Marseglia, L.; Manti, S.; D’Angelo, G.; Cuppari, C.; Salpietro, V.; Filippelli, M.; Trovato, A.; Gitto, E.; Salpietro, C.; Arrigo, T. Obesity and Breastfeeding: The Strength of Association. Women Birth 2015, 28, 81–86.
  42. Yan, J.; Liu, L.; Zhu, Y.; Huang, G.; Wang, P.P. The Association between Breastfeeding and Childhood Obesity: A Meta-Analysis. BMC Public Health 2014, 14, 1267.
  43. Ortega-García, J.A.; Kloosterman, N.; Alvarez, L.; Tobarra-Sánchez, E.; Cárceles-Álvarez, A.; Pastor-Valero, R.; López-Hernández, F.A.; Sánchez-Solis, M.; Claudio, L. Full Breastfeeding and Obesity in Children: A Prospective Study from Birth to 6 Years. Child Obes. 2018, 14, 327–337.
  44. Ak, V. Does Breastfeeding Shape Food Preferences? Links to Obesity. Available online: (accessed on 20 September 2020).
  45. Dahiya, D.K.; Puniya, M.; Shandilya, U.K.; Dhewa, T.; Kumar, N.; Kumar, S.; Puniya, A.K.; Shukla, P. Gut Microbiota Modulation and Its Relationship with Obesity Using Prebiotic Fibers and Probiotics: A Review. Front. Microbiol. 2017, 8, 563.
  46. Patel, A.L.; Kim, J.H. Human Milk and Necrotizing Enterocolitis. Semin. Pediatr. Surg. 2018, 27, 34–38.
  47. Cotten, C.M. Modifiable Risk Factors in Necrotizing Enterocolitis. Clin. Perinatol. 2019, 46, 129–143.
  48. Maffei, D.; Schanler, R.J. Human Milk Is the Feeding Strategy to Prevent Necrotizing Enterocolitis! Semin. Perinatol. 2017, 41, 36–40.
  49. Lindoso, L.; Mondal, K.; Venkateswaran, S.; Somineni, H.K.; Ballengee, C.; Walters, T.D.; Griffiths, A.; Noe, J.D.; Crandall, W.; Snapper, S.; et al. The Effect of Early-Life Environmental Exposures on Disease Phenotype and Clinical Course of Crohn’s Disease in Children. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2018, 113, 1524–1529.
  50. Silano, M.; Agostoni, C.; Sanz, Y.; Guandalini, S. Infant Feeding and Risk of Developing Celiac Disease: A Systematic Review. BMJ Open 2016, 6, e009163.
  51. Murff, H.J.; Edwards, T.L. Endogenous Production of Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Metabolic Disease Risk. Curr. Cardiovasc. Risk Rep. 2014, 8.
  52. Amitay, E.L.; Keinan-Boker, L. Breastfeeding and Childhood Leukemia Incidence: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. JAMA Pediatr. 2015, 169, e151025.
  53. Küçükçongar, A.; Oğuz, A.; Pınarlı, F.G.; Karadeniz, C.; Okur, A.; Kaya, Z.; Çelik, B. Breastfeeding and Childhood Cancer: Is Breastfeeding Preventative to Childhood Cancer? Pediatric Hematol. Oncol. 2015, 32, 374–381.
  54. Bar, S.; Milanaik, R.; Adesman, A. Long-Term Neurodevelopmental Benefits of Breastfeeding. Curr. Opin. Pediatr. 2016, 28, 559–566.
  55. Kramer, M.S.; Aboud, F.; Mironova, E.; Vanilovich, I.; Platt, R.W.; Matush, L.; Igumnov, S.; Fombonne, E.; Bogdanovich, N.; Ducruet, T.; et al. Breastfeeding and Child Cognitive Development: New Evidence from a Large Randomized Trial. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2008, 65, 578–584.
  56. Holme, A.; MacArthur, C.; Lancashire, R. The Effects of Breastfeeding on Cognitive and Neurological Development of Children at 9 Years. Child Care Health Dev. 2010, 36, 583–590.
  57. Koletzko, B.; Rodriguez-Palmero, M. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Human Milk and Their Role in Early Infant Development. J. Mammary Gland Biol. Neoplasia 1999, 4, 269–284.
  58. Bernard, J.Y.; Armand, M.; Peyre, H.; Garcia, C.; Forhan, A.; De Agostini, M.; Charles, M.-A.; Heude, B.; EDEN Mother-Child Cohort Study Group (Etude des Déterminants pré- et postnatals précoces du développement et de la santé de l’Enfant). Breastfeeding, Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Levels in Colostrum and Child Intelligence Quotient at Age 5–6 Years. J. Pediatr. 2017, 183, 43–50.e3.
  59. Hadley, K.B.; Ryan, A.S.; Forsyth, S.; Gautier, S.; Salem, N. The Essentiality of Arachidonic Acid in Infant Development. Nutrients 2016, 8, 216.
  60. Ghozy, S.; Tran, L.; Naveed, S.; Quynh, T.T.H.; Helmy Zayan, A.; Waqas, A.; Sayed, A.K.H.; Karimzadeh, S.; Hirayama, K.; Huy, N.T. Association of Breastfeeding Status with Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review, Dose-Response Analysis and Meta-Analysis. Asian J. Psychiatr. 2020, 48, 101916.
  61. Kielbratowska, B.; Kazmierczak, M.; Michalek, J.; Preis, K. Temperament and the Mother-Infant Dyad: Associations with Breastfeeding and Formula Feeding with a Bottle. Infant Ment. Health J. 2015, 36, 243–250.
  62. Shelton, K.H.; Collishaw, S.; Rice, F.J.; Harold, G.T.; Thapar, A. Using a Genetically Informative Design to Examine the Relationship between Breastfeeding and Childhood Conduct Problems. Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 2011, 20, 571–579.
  63. Schwarz, E.B.; Nothnagle, M. The Maternal Health Benefits of Breastfeeding. Am. Fam. Phys. 2015, 91, 603–604.
  64. Victora, C.G.; Bahl, R.; Barros, A.J.D.; França, G.V.A.; Horton, S.; Krasevec, J.; Murch, S.; Sankar, M.J.; Walker, N.; Rollins, N.C.; et al. Breastfeeding in the 21st Century: Epidemiology, Mechanisms, and Lifelong Effect. Lancet 2016, 387, 475–490.
  65. Unar-Munguía, M.; Torres-Mejía, G.; Colchero, M.A.; González de Cosío, T. Breastfeeding Mode and Risk of Breast Cancer: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis. J. Hum. Lact. 2017, 33, 422–434.
  66. Pan, H.; He, Z.; Ling, L.; Ding, Q.; Chen, L.; Zha, X.; Zhou, W.; Liu, X.; Wang, S. Reproductive Factors and Breast Cancer Risk among BRCA1 or BRCA2 Mutation Carriers: Results from Ten Studies. Cancer Epidemiol. 2014, 38, 1–8.
  67. Manrique Tejedor, J.; Figuerol Calderó, M.I.; Cuéllar De Frutos, A. Breastfeeding as a method of breast cancer prevention. Rev. Enferm. 2015, 38, 32–38.
  68. Modugno, F.; Goughnour, S.L.; Wallack, D.; Edwards, R.P.; Odunsi, K.; Kelley, J.L.; Moysich, K.; Ness, R.B.; Brooks, M.M. Breastfeeding Factors and Risk of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer. Gynecol. Oncol. 2019, 153, 116–122.
  69. Sung, H.K.; Ma, S.H.; Choi, J.-Y.; Hwang, Y.; Ahn, C.; Kim, B.-G.; Kim, Y.-M.; Kim, J.W.; Kang, S.; Kim, J.; et al. The Effect of Breastfeeding Duration and Parity on the Risk of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J. Prev. Med. Public Health 2016, 49, 349–366.
  70. Rajaei, S.; Rigdon, J.; Crowe, S.; Tremmel, J.; Tsai, S.; Assimes, T.L. Breastfeeding Duration and the Risk of Coronary Artery Disease. J. Womens Health Larchmt 2019, 28, 30–36.
  71. Peters, S.A.; van der Schouw, Y.T.; Wood, A.M.; Sweeting, M.J.; Moons, K.G.; Weiderpass, E.; Arriola, L.; Benetou, V.; Boeing, H.; Bonnet, F.; et al. Parity, Breastfeeding and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: A Pan-European Case-Cohort Study. Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol. 2016, 23, 1755–1765.
  72. Stuebe, A.M.; Michels, K.B.; Willett, W.C.; Manson, J.E.; Rexrode, K.; Rich-Edwards, J.W. Duration of Lactation and Incidence of Myocardial Infarction in Middle-to-Late Adulthood. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2009, 200, 138.e1–138.e8.
  73. Poudel, R.R.; Shrestha, D. Breastfeeding for Diabetes Prevention. J. Pak. Med. Assoc. 2016, 66, S88–S90.
  74. Park, S.; Choi, N.-K. Breastfeeding and Maternal Hypertension. Am. J. Hypertens. 2018, 31, 615–621.
  75. Qu, G.; Wang, L.; Tang, X.; Wu, W.; Sun, Y. Association Between Duration of Breastfeeding and Maternal Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Breastfeed Med. 2018, 13, 318–326.
  76. Kirkegaard, H.; Bliddal, M.; Støvring, H.; Rasmussen, K.M.; Gunderson, E.P.; Køber, L.; Sørensen, T.I.A.; Nohr, E.A. Breastfeeding and Later Maternal Risk of Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease—The Role of Overall and Abdominal Obesity. Prev. Med. 2018, 114, 140–148.
  77. Jäger, S.; Jacobs, S.; Kröger, J.; Fritsche, A.; Schienkiewitz, A.; Rubin, D.; Boeing, H.; Schulze, M.B. Breast-Feeding and Maternal Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Prospective Study and Meta-Analysis. Diabetologia 2014, 57, 1355–1365.
  78. Luo, J.; Hendryx, M.; LeBlanc, E.S.; Shadyab, A.H.; Qi, L.; Sealy-Jefferson, S.; Manson, J.E. Associations Between Parity, Breastfeeding, and Risk of Maternal Type 2 Diabetes Among Postmenopausal Women. Obstet. Gynecol. 2019, 134, 591–599.
  79. Stuebe, A.M.; Rich-Edwards, J.W. The Reset Hypothesis: Lactation and Maternal Metabolism. Am. J. Perinatol. 2009, 26, 81–88.
  80. Wang, T.; Xu, Y.; Xu, M.; Ning, G.; Lu, J.; Dai, M.; Xu, B.; Sun, J.; Sun, W.; Lai, S.; et al. Circulating Prolactin and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Prospective Study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2016, 184, 295–301.
  81. Bobrow, K.L.; Quigley, M.A.; Green, J.; Reeves, G.K.; Beral, V.; Million Women Study Collaborators. Persistent Effects of Women’s Parity and Breastfeeding Patterns on Their Body Mass Index: Results from the Million Women Study. Int. J. Obes. 2013, 37, 712–717.
  82. Groër, M.W. Differences between Exclusive Breastfeeders, Formula-Feeders, and Controls: A Study of Stress, Mood, and Endocrine Variables. Biol. Res. Nurs. 2005, 7, 106–117.
  83. Doan, T.; Gardiner, A.; Gay, C.L.; Lee, K.A. Breast-Feeding Increases Sleep Duration of New Parents. J. Perinat. Neonatal. Nurs. 2007, 21, 200–206.
  84. Figueiredo, B.; Dias, C.C.; Brandão, S.; Canário, C.; Nunes-Costa, R. Breastfeeding and Postpartum Depression: State of the Art Review. J. Pediatr. Rio J. 2013, 89, 332–338.
  85. Da Silva Tanganhito, D.; Bick, D.; Chang, Y.-S. Breastfeeding Experiences and Perspectives among Women with Postnatal Depression: A Qualitative Evidence Synthesis. Women Birth 2020, 33, 231–239.
  86. Lara-Cinisomo, S.; McKenney, K.; Di Florio, A.; Meltzer-Brody, S. Associations Between Postpartum Depression, Breastfeeding, and Oxytocin Levels in Latina Mothers. Breastfeed Med. 2017, 12, 436–442.
  87. Diez-Sampedro, A.; Flowers, M.; Olenick, M.; Maltseva, T.; Valdes, G. Women’s Choice Regarding Breastfeeding and Its Effect on Well-Being. Nurs. Womens Health 2019, 23, 383–389.
  88. Silva, C.S.; Lima, M.C.; Sequeira-de-Andrade, L.A.S.; Oliveira, J.S.; Monteiro, J.S.; Lima, N.M.S.; Santos, R.M.A.B.; Lira, P.I.C. Association between Postpartum Depression and the Practice of Exclusive Breastfeeding in the First Three Months of Life. J. Pediatr. Rio J. 2017, 93, 356–364.
  89. Cooklin, A.R.; Amir, L.H.; Nguyen, C.D.; Buck, M.L.; Cullinane, M.; Fisher, J.R.W.; Donath, S.M.; CASTLE Study Team. Physical Health, Breastfeeding Problems and Maternal Mood in the Early Postpartum: A Prospective Cohort Study. Arch. Womens Ment. Health 2018, 21, 365–374.
  90. Lyons, K.E.; Ryan, C.A.; Dempsey, E.M.; Ross, R.P.; Stanton, C. Breast Milk, a Source of Beneficial Microbes and Associated Benefits for Infant Health. Nutrients 2020, 12, 39.
  91. Rantasalo, I.; Kauppinen, M.A. The Occurrence of Staphylococcus Aureus in Mother’s Milk. Ann. Chir. Gynaecol. Fenn. 1959, 48, 246–258.
  92. Ojo-Okunola, A.; Nicol, M.; du Toit, E. Human Breast Milk Bacteriome in Health and Disease. Nutrients 2018, 10, 1643.
  93. Martín, R.; Langa, S.; Reviriego, C.; Jimínez, E.; Marín, M.L.; Xaus, J.; Fernández, L.; Rodríguez, J.M. Human Milk Is a Source of Lactic Acid Bacteria for the Infant Gut. J. Pediatr. 2003, 143, 754–758.
  94. Civardi, E.; Garofoli, F.; Tzialla, C.; Paolillo, P.; Bollani, L.; Stronati, M. Microorganisms in Human Milk: Lights and Shadows. J. Matern. Fetal. Neonatal. Med. 2013, 26 (Suppl. 2), 30–34.
  95. Ruiz, L.; García-Carral, C.; Rodriguez, J.M. Unfolding the Human Milk Microbiome Landscape in the Omics Era. Front. Microbiol. 2019, 10, 1378.
  96. Moossavi, S.; Sepehri, S.; Robertson, B.; Bode, L.; Goruk, S.; Field, C.J.; Lix, L.M.; de Souza, R.J.; Becker, A.B.; Mandhane, P.J.; et al. Composition and Variation of the Human Milk Microbiota Are Influenced by Maternal and Early-Life Factors. Cell Host Microbe 2019, 25, 324–335.e4.
  97. Damaceno, Q.S.; Souza, J.P.; Nicoli, J.R.; Paula, R.L.; Assis, G.B.; Figueiredo, H.C.; Azevedo, V.; Martins, F.S. Evaluation of Potential Probiotics Isolated from Human Milk and Colostrum. Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins 2017, 9, 371–379.
  98. Rodríguez, J.M. The Origin of Human Milk Bacteria: Is There a Bacterial Entero-Mammary Pathway during Late Pregnancy and Lactation? Adv. Nutr. 2014, 5, 779–784.
  99. Perez, P.F.; Doré, J.; Leclerc, M.; Levenez, F.; Benyacoub, J.; Serrant, P.; Segura-Roggero, I.; Schiffrin, E.J.; Donnet-Hughes, A. Bacterial Imprinting of the Neonatal Immune System: Lessons from Maternal Cells? Pediatrics 2007, 119, e724–e732.
  100. Rescigno, M.; Urbano, M.; Valzasina, B.; Francolini, M.; Rotta, G.; Bonasio, R.; Granucci, F.; Kraehenbuhl, J.P.; Ricciardi-Castagnoli, P. Dendritic Cells Express Tight Junction Proteins and Penetrate Gut Epithelial Monolayers to Sample Bacteria. Nat. Immunol. 2001, 2, 361–367.
  101. Geddes, D.T. The Use of Ultrasound to Identify Milk Ejection in Women—Tips and Pitfalls. Int. Breastfeed J. 2009, 4, 5.
  102. Hunt, K.M.; Foster, J.A.; Forney, L.J.; Schütte, U.M.E.; Beck, D.L.; Abdo, Z.; Fox, L.K.; Williams, J.E.; McGuire, M.K.; McGuire, M.A. Characterization of the Diversity and Temporal Stability of Bacterial Communities in Human Milk. PLoS ONE 2011, 6, e21313.
  103. Pannaraj, P.S.; Li, F.; Cerini, C.; Bender, J.M.; Yang, S.; Rollie, A.; Adisetiyo, H.; Zabih, S.; Lincez, P.J.; Bittinger, K.; et al. Association Between Breast Milk Bacterial Communities and Establishment and Development of the Infant Gut Microbiome. JAMA Pediatr. 2017, 171, 647–654.
  104. Demmelmair, H.; Jiménez, E.; Collado, M.C.; Salminen, S.; McGuire, M.K. Maternal and Perinatal Factors Associated with the Human Milk Microbiome. Curr. Dev. Nutr. 2020, 4, nzaa027.
  105. Urbaniak, C.; Cummins, J.; Brackstone, M.; Macklaim, J.M.; Gloor, G.B.; Baban, C.K.; Scott, L.; O’Hanlon, D.M.; Burton, J.P.; Francis, K.P.; et al. Microbiota of Human Breast Tissue. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2014, 80, 3007–3014.
  106. Hieken, T.J.; Chen, J.; Hoskin, T.L.; Walther-Antonio, M.; Johnson, S.; Ramaker, S.; Xiao, J.; Radisky, D.C.; Knutson, K.L.; Kalari, K.R.; et al. The Microbiome of Aseptically Collected Human Breast Tissue in Benign and Malignant Disease. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 30751.
  107. Chan, A.A.; Bashir, M.; Rivas, M.N.; Duvall, K.; Sieling, P.A.; Pieber, T.R.; Vaishampayan, P.A.; Love, S.M.; Lee, D.J. Characterization of the Microbiome of Nipple Aspirate Fluid of Breast Cancer Survivors. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 28061.
  108. Going, J.J.; Moffat, D.F. Escaping from Flatland: Clinical and Biological Aspects of Human Mammary Duct Anatomy in Three Dimensions. J. Pathol. 2004, 203, 538–544.
  109. Le Doare, K.; Holder, B.; Bassett, A.; Pannaraj, P.S. Mother’s Milk: A Purposeful Contribution to the Development of the Infant Microbiota and Immunity. Front. Immunol. 2018, 9, 361.
  110. Jeurink, P.V.; van Bergenhenegouwen, J.; Jiménez, E.; Knippels, L.M.J.; Fernández, L.; Garssen, J.; Knol, J.; Rodríguez, J.M.; Martín, R. Human Milk: A Source of More Life than We Imagine. Benef. Microbes 2013, 4, 17–30.
  111. Jost, T.; Lacroix, C.; Braegger, C.P.; Rochat, F.; Chassard, C. Vertical Mother-Neonate Transfer of Maternal Gut Bacteria via Breastfeeding. Environ. Microbiol. 2014, 16, 2891–2904.
  112. Togo, A.; Dufour, J.-C.; Lagier, J.-C.; Dubourg, G.; Raoult, D.; Million, M. Repertoire of Human Breast and Milk Microbiota: A Systematic Review. Future Microbiol. 2019, 14, 623–641.
  113. Latuga, M.S.; Stuebe, A.; Seed, P.C. A Review of the Source and Function of Microbiota in Breast Milk. Semin. Reprod. Med. 2014, 32, 68–73.
  114. Fitzstevens, J.L.; Smith, K.C.; Hagadorn, J.I.; Caimano, M.J.; Matson, A.P.; Brownell, E.A. Systematic Review of the Human Milk Microbiota. Nutr. Clin. Pract. 2017, 32, 354–364.
  115. Cabrera-Rubio, R.; Collado, M.C.; Laitinen, K.; Salminen, S.; Isolauri, E.; Mira, A. The Human Milk Microbiome Changes over Lactation and Is Shaped by Maternal Weight and Mode of Delivery. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2012, 96, 544–551.
  116. Amir, L.H.; Donath, S.M.; Garland, S.M.; Tabrizi, S.N.; Bennett, C.M.; Cullinane, M.; Payne, M.S. Does Candida and/or Staphylococcus Play a Role in Nipple and Breast Pain in Lactation? A Cohort Study in Melbourne, Australia. BMJ Open 2013, 3.
  117. Jiménez, E.; de Andrés, J.; Manrique, M.; Pareja-Tobes, P.; Tobes, R.; Martínez-Blanch, J.F.; Codoñer, F.M.; Ramón, D.; Fernández, L.; Rodríguez, J.M. Metagenomic Analysis of Milk of Healthy and Mastitis-Suffering Women. J. Hum. Lact. 2015, 31, 406–415.
  118. Moossavi, S.; Fehr, K.; Derakhshani, H.; Sbihi, H.; Robertson, B.; Bode, L.; Brook, J.; Turvey, S.E.; Moraes, T.J.; Becker, A.B.; et al. Human Milk Fungi: Environmental Determinants and Inter-Kingdom Associations with Milk Bacteria in the CHILD Cohort Study. BMC Microbiol. 2020, 20, 146.
  119. Dinleyici, M.; Pérez-Brocal, V.; Arslanoglu, S.; Aydemir, O.; Ozumut, S.S.; Tekin, N.; Vandenplas, Y.; Moya, A.; Dinleyici, E.C. Human Milk Mycobiota Composition: Relationship with Gestational Age, Delivery Mode, and Birth Weight. Benef. Microbes 2020, 11, 151–162.
  120. Liang, G.; Zhao, C.; Zhang, H.; Mattei, L.; Sherrill-Mix, S.; Bittinger, K.; Kessler, L.R.; Wu, G.D.; Baldassano, R.N.; DeRusso, P.; et al. The Stepwise Assembly of the Neonatal Virome Is Modulated by Breastfeeding. Nature 2020, 581, 470–474.
  121. Pannaraj, P.S.; Ly, M.; Cerini, C.; Saavedra, M.; Aldrovandi, G.M.; Saboory, A.A.; Johnson, K.M.; Pride, D.T. Shared and Distinct Features of Human Milk and Infant Stool Viromes. Front. Microbiol. 2018, 9, 1162.
  122. Mohandas, S.; Pannaraj, P.S. Beyond the Bacterial Microbiome: Virome of Human Milk and Effects on the Developing Infant. Milk Mucosal Immun. Microbiome Impact Neonate 2020, 94, 86–93.
  123. Khodayar-Pardo, P.; Mira-Pascual, L.; Collado, M.C.; Martínez-Costa, C. Impact of Lactation Stage, Gestational Age and Mode of Delivery on Breast Milk Microbiota. J. Perinatol. 2014, 34, 599–605.
  124. Decker, E.; Engelmann, G.; Findeisen, A.; Gerner, P.; Laass, M.; Ney, D.; Posovszky, C.; Hoy, L.; Hornef, M.W. Cesarean Delivery Is Associated with Celiac Disease but Not Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Children. Pediatrics 2010, 125, e1433–e1440.
  125. Urbaniak, C.; Angelini, M.; Gloor, G.B.; Reid, G. Human Milk Microbiota Profiles in Relation to Birthing Method, Gestation and Infant Gender. Microbiome 2016, 4, 1.
  126. Chu, D.M.; Ma, J.; Prince, A.L.; Antony, K.M.; Seferovic, M.D.; Aagaard, K.M. Maturation of the Infant Microbiome Community Structure and Function across Multiple Body Sites and in Relation to Mode of Delivery. Nat. Med. 2017, 23, 314–326.
  127. Gérard, P. Gut Microbiota and Obesity. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 2016, 73, 147–162.
  128. Olivares, M.; Albrecht, S.; De Palma, G.; Ferrer, M.D.; Castillejo, G.; Schols, H.A.; Sanz, Y. Human Milk Composition Differs in Healthy Mothers and Mothers with Celiac Disease. Eur. J. Nutr. 2015, 54, 119–128.
  129. Valitutti, F.; Cucchiara, S.; Fasano, A. Celiac Disease and the Microbiome. Nutrients 2019, 11, 2403.
  130. Hermansson, H.; Kumar, H.; Collado, M.C.; Salminen, S.; Isolauri, E.; Rautava, S. Breast Milk Microbiota Is Shaped by Mode of Delivery and Intrapartum Antibiotic Exposure. Front. Nutr. 2019, 6, 4.
  131. Browne, P.D.; Aparicio, M.; Alba, C.; Hechler, C.; Beijers, R.; Rodríguez, J.M.; Fernández, L.; de Weerth, C. Human Milk Microbiome and Maternal Postnatal Psychosocial Distress. Front. Microbiol. 2019, 10, 2333.
  132. Kumar, H.; du Toit, E.; Kulkarni, A.; Aakko, J.; Linderborg, K.M.; Zhang, Y.; Nicol, M.P.; Isolauri, E.; Yang, B.; Collado, M.C.; et al. Distinct Patterns in Human Milk Microbiota and Fatty Acid Profiles Across Specific Geographic Locations. Front. Microbiol. 2016, 7, 1619.
  133. Boix-Amorós, A.; Puente-Sánchez, F.; du Toit, E.; Linderborg, K.M.; Zhang, Y.; Yang, B.; Salminen, S.; Isolauri, E.; Tamames, J.; Mira, A.; et al. Mycobiome Profiles in Breast Milk from Healthy Women Depend on Mode of Delivery, Geographic Location, and Interaction with Bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2019, 85.
  134. Ayoub Moubareck, C.; Lootah, M.; Tahlak, M.; Venema, K. Profiles of Human Milk Oligosaccharides and Their Relations to the Milk Microbiota of Breastfeeding Mothers in Dubai. Nutrients 2020, 12, 1727.
  135. Soto, A.; Martín, V.; Jiménez, E.; Mader, I.; Rodríguez, J.M.; Fernández, L. Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria in Human Breast Milk: Influence of Antibiotherapy and Other Host and Clinical Factors. J. Pediatric Gastroenterol. Nutr. 2014, 59, 78–88.
  136. Zimmermann, P.; Curtis, N. Breast Milk Microbiota: A Review of the Factors That Influence Composition. J. Infect. 2020, 81, 17–47.
  137. Williams, J.E.; Carrothers, J.M.; Lackey, K.A.; Beatty, N.F.; York, M.A.; Brooker, S.L.; Shafii, B.; Price, W.J.; Settles, M.L.; McGuire, M.A.; et al. Human Milk Microbial Community Structure Is Relatively Stable and Related to Variations in Macronutrient and Micronutrient Intakes in Healthy Lactating Women. J. Nutr. 2017, 147, 1739–1748.
  138. Carrothers, J.M.; York, M.A.; Brooker, S.L.; Lackey, K.A.; Williams, J.E.; Shafii, B.; Price, W.J.; Settles, M.L.; McGuire, M.A.; McGuire, M.K. Fecal Microbial Community Structure Is Stable over Time and Related to Variation in Macronutrient and Micronutrient Intakes in Lactating Women123. J. Nutr. 2015, 145, 2379–2388.
  139. Padilha, M.; Danneskiold-Samsøe, N.B.; Brejnrod, A.; Hoffmann, C.; Cabral, V.P.; Iaucci, J.d.M.; Sales, C.H.; Fisberg, R.M.; Cortez, R.V.; Brix, S.; et al. The Human Milk Microbiota Is Modulated by Maternal Diet. Microorganisms 2019, 7, 502.
  140. Miyake, Y.; Sasaki, S.; Tanaka, K.; Hirota, Y. Consumption of Vegetables, Fruit, and Antioxidants during Pregnancy and Wheeze and Eczema in Infants. Allergy 2010, 65, 758–765.
  141. Coakley, M.; Ross, R.P.; Nordgren, M.; Fitzgerald, G.; Devery, R.; Stanton, C. Conjugated Linoleic Acid Biosynthesis by Human-Derived Bifidobacterium Species. J. Appl. Microbiol. 2003, 94, 138–145.
  142. Shively, C.A.; Register, T.C.; Appt, S.E.; Clarkson, T.B.; Uberseder, B.; Clear, K.Y.J.; Wilson, A.S.; Chiba, A.; Tooze, J.A.; Cook, K.L. Consumption of Mediterranean versus Western Diet Leads to Distinct Mammary Gland Microbiome Populations. Cell Rep. 2018, 25, 47–56.e3.
  143. Zhang, Z.; Lv, J.; Pan, L.; Zhang, Y. Roles and Applications of Probiotic Lactobacillus Strains. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2018, 102, 8135–8143.
  144. Bäckhed, F.; Roswall, J.; Peng, Y.; Feng, Q.; Jia, H.; Kovatcheva-Datchary, P.; Li, Y.; Xia, Y.; Xie, H.; Zhong, H.; et al. Dynamics and Stabilization of the Human Gut Microbiome during the First Year of Life. Cell Host Microbe 2015, 17, 690–703.
  145. Babakobi, M.D.; Reshef, L.; Gihaz, S.; Belgorodsky, B.; Fishman, A.; Bujanover, Y.; Gophna, U. Effect of Maternal Diet and Milk Lipid Composition on the Infant Gut and Maternal Milk Microbiomes. Nutrients 2020, 12, 2539.
  146. Turroni, F.; Milani, C.; Duranti, S.; Mancabelli, L.; Mangifesta, M.; Viappiani, A.; Lugli, G.A.; Ferrario, C.; Gioiosa, L.; Ferrarini, A.; et al. Deciphering Bifidobacterial-Mediated Metabolic Interactions and Their Impact on Gut Microbiota by a Multi-Omics Approach. ISME J. 2016, 10, 1656–1668.
  147. Simpson, M.R.; Avershina, E.; Storrø, O.; Johnsen, R.; Rudi, K.; Øien, T. Breastfeeding-Associated Microbiota in Human Milk Following Supplementation with Lactobacillus Rhamnosus GG, Lactobacillus Acidophilus La-5, and Bifidobacterium Animalis Ssp. Lactis Bb-12. J. Dairy Sci. 2018, 101, 889–899.
  148. Rautava, S. Early Microbial Contact, the Breast Milk Microbiome and Child Health. J. Dev. Orig. Health Dis. 2016, 7, 5–14.
  149. Gueimonde, M.; Laitinen, K.; Salminen, S.; Isolauri, E. Breast Milk: A Source of Bifidobacteria for Infant Gut Development and Maturation? Neonatology 2007, 92, 64–66.
  150. Pacheco, A.R.; Barile, D.; Underwood, M.A.; Mills, D.A. The Impact of the Milk Glycobiome on the Neonate Gut Microbiota. Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci. 2015, 3, 419–445.
  151. Turroni, F.; Peano, C.; Pass, D.A.; Foroni, E.; Severgnini, M.; Claesson, M.J.; Kerr, C.; Hourihane, J.; Murray, D.; Fuligni, F.; et al. Diversity of Bifidobacteria within the Infant Gut Microbiota. PLoS ONE 2012, 7, e36957.
  152. Turroni, F.; Foroni, E.; Pizzetti, P.; Giubellini, V.; Ribbera, A.; Merusi, P.; Cagnasso, P.; Bizzarri, B.; de’Angelis, G.L.; Shanahan, F.; et al. Exploring the Diversity of the Bifidobacterial Population in the Human Intestinal Tract. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2009, 75, 1534–1545.
  153. Chong, C.Y.L.; Bloomfield, F.H.; O’Sullivan, J.M. Factors Affecting Gastrointestinal Microbiome Development in Neonates. Nutrients 2018, 10, 274.
  154. Solís, G.; de Los Reyes-Gavilan, C.G.; Fernández, N.; Margolles, A.; Gueimonde, M. Establishment and Development of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Bifidobacteria Microbiota in Breast-Milk and the Infant Gut. Anaerobe 2010, 16, 307–310.
  155. Bergmann, H.; Rodríguez, J.M.; Salminen, S.; Szajewska, H. Probiotics in Human Milk and Probiotic Supplementation in Infant Nutrition: A Workshop Report. Br. J. Nutr. 2014, 112, 1119–1128.
  156. Jiao, X.; Fu, M.-D.; Wang, Y.-Y.; Xue, J.; Zhang, Y. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus for Preventing Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Very-Low-Birth-Weight Preterm Infants: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. World J. Pediatr. 2020, 16, 135–142.
  157. Jiménez, E.; Delgado, S.; Maldonado, A.; Arroyo, R.; Albújar, M.; García, N.; Jariod, M.; Fernández, L.; Gómez, A.; Rodríguez, J.M. Staphylococcus Epidermidis: A Differential Trait of the Fecal Microbiota of Breast-Fed Infants. BMC Microbiol. 2008, 8, 143.
  158. Landete, J.M.; Peirotén, Á.; Medina, M.; Arqués, J.L.; Rodríguez-Mínguez, E. Virulence and Antibiotic Resistance of Enterococci Isolated from Healthy Breastfed Infants. Microb. Drug Resist. 2018, 24, 63–69.
  159. Martín, V.; Maldonado, A.; Fernández, L.; Rodríguez, J.M.; Connor, R.I. Inhibition of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 by Lactic Acid Bacteria from Human Breastmilk. Breastfeed Med. 2010, 5, 153–158.
  160. Milani, C.; Duranti, S.; Bottacini, F.; Casey, E.; Turroni, F.; Mahony, J.; Belzer, C.; Delgado Palacio, S.; Arboleya Montes, S.; Mancabelli, L.; et al. The First Microbial Colonizers of the Human Gut: Composition, Activities, and Health Implications of the Infant Gut Microbiota. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 2017, 81.
  161. FAO/WHO. Expert Consultation on Evaluation of Health and Nutritional Properties of Probiotics in Food Including Powder Milk with Live Lactic Acid Bacteria. In Proceedings of the Health and Nutritional Properties of Probiotics in Food Including Powder Milk with Live Lactic Acid Bacteria, Cordoba, Argentina, 1–4 October 2001.
  162. Hill, C.; Guarner, F.; Reid, G.; Gibson, G.R.; Merenstein, D.J.; Pot, B.; Morelli, L.; Canani, R.B.; Flint, H.J.; Salminen, S.; et al. Expert Consensus Document. The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics Consensus Statement on the Scope and Appropriate Use of the Term Probiotic. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2014, 11, 506–514.
  163. Bozzi Cionci, N.; Baffoni, L.; Gaggìa, F.; Di Gioia, D. Therapeutic Microbiology: The Role of Bifidobacterium Breve as Food Supplement for the Prevention/Treatment of Paediatric Diseases. Nutrients 2018, 10, 1723.
  164. Halloran, K.; Underwood, M.A. Probiotic Mechanisms of Action. Early Hum. Dev. 2019, 135, 58–65.
  165. Bermudez-Brito, M.; Plaza-Díaz, J.; Muñoz-Quezada, S.; Gómez-Llorente, C.; Gil, A. Probiotic Mechanisms of Action. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 2012, 61, 160–174.
  166. Montalban-Arques, A.; De Schryver, P.; Bossier, P.; Gorkiewicz, G.; Mulero, V.; Gatlin, D.M.; Galindo-Villegas, J. Selective Manipulation of the Gut Microbiota Improves Immune Status in Vertebrates. Front. Immunol. 2015, 6, 512.
  167. Mu, Q.; Tavella, V.J.; Luo, X.M. Role of Lactobacillus Reuteri in Human Health and Diseases. Front. Microbiol. 2018, 9, 757.
  168. Li, L.; Fang, Z.; Liu, X.; Hu, W.; Lu, W.; Lee, Y.-K.; Zhao, J.; Zhang, H.; Chen, W. Lactobacillus Reuteri Attenuated Allergic Inflammation Induced by HDM in the Mouse and Modulated Gut Microbes. PLoS ONE 2020, 15, e0231865.
  169. Li, S.; Qi, C.; Zhu, H.; Yu, R.; Xie, C.; Peng, Y.; Yin, S.-W.; Fan, J.; Zhao, S.; Sun, J. Lactobacillus Reuteri Improves Gut Barrier Function and Affects Diurnal Variation of the Gut Microbiota in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet. Food Funct. 2019, 10, 4705–4715.
  170. Savino, F.; Ceratto, S.; Poggi, E.; Cartosio, M.E.; Cordero di Montezemolo, L.; Giannattasio, A. Preventive Effects of Oral Probiotic on Infantile Colic: A Prospective, Randomised, Blinded, Controlled Trial Using Lactobacillus Reuteri DSM 17938. Benef. Microbes 2015, 6, 245–251.
  171. López-Huertas, E. Safety and Efficacy of Human Breast Milk Lactobacillus Fermentum CECT 5716. A Mini-Review of Studies with Infant Formulae. Benef. Microbes 2015, 6, 219–224.
  172. Asan-Ozusaglam, M.; Gunyakti, A. Lactobacillus Fermentum Strains from Human Breast Milk with Probiotic Properties and Cholesterol-Lowering Effects. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 2019, 28, 501–509.
  173. Pérez-Cano, F.J.; Dong, H.; Yaqoob, P. In Vitro Immunomodulatory Activity of Lactobacillus Fermentum CECT5716 and Lactobacillus Salivarius CECT5713: Two Probiotic Strains Isolated from Human Breast Milk. Immunobiology 2010, 215, 996–1004.
  174. Riaz Rajoka, M.S.; Zhao, H.; Lu, Y.; Lian, Z.; Li, N.; Hussain, N.; Shao, D.; Jin, M.; Li, Q.; Shi, J. Anticancer Potential against Cervix Cancer (HeLa) Cell Line of Probiotic Lactobacillus Casei and Lactobacillus Paracasei Strains Isolated from Human Breast Milk. Food Funct. 2018, 9, 2705–2715.
  175. Riaz Rajoka, M.S.; Zhao, H.; Mehwish, H.M.; Li, N.; Lu, Y.; Lian, Z.; Shao, D.; Jin, M.; Li, Q.; Zhao, L.; et al. Anti-Tumor Potential of Cell Free Culture Supernatant of Lactobacillus Rhamnosus Strains Isolated from Human Breast Milk. Food Res. Int. 2019, 123, 286–297.
  176. Guarino, A.; Guandalini, S.; Lo Vecchio, A. Probiotics for Prevention and Treatment of Diarrhea. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 2015, 49 (Suppl. 1), S37–S45.
  177. Maldonado, J.; Gil-Campos, M.; Maldonado-Lobón, J.A.; Benavides, M.R.; Flores-Rojas, K.; Jaldo, R.; Jiménez Del Barco, I.; Bolívar, V.; Valero, A.D.; Prados, E.; et al. Evaluation of the Safety, Tolerance and Efficacy of 1-Year Consumption of Infant Formula Supplemented with Lactobacillus Fermentum CECT5716 Lc40 or Bifidobacterium Breve CECT7263: A Randomized Controlled Trial. BMC Pediatr. 2019, 19, 361.
  178. Fahmy, C.A.; Gamal-Eldeen, A.M.; El-Hussieny, E.A.; Raafat, B.M.; Mehanna, N.S.; Talaat, R.M.; Shaaban, M.T. Bifidobacterium Longum Suppresses Murine Colorectal Cancer through the Modulation of OncomiRs and Tumor Suppressor MiRNAs. Nutr. Cancer 2019, 71, 688–700.
  179. Park, M.S.; Kwon, B.; Ku, S.; Ji, G.E. The Efficacy of Bifidobacterium Longum BORI and Lactobacillus Acidophilus AD031 Probiotic Treatment in Infants with Rotavirus Infection. Nutrients 2017, 9, 887.
  180. Khalkhali, S.; Mojgani, N. In Vitro and in Vivo Safety Analysis of Enterococcus Faecium 2C Isolated from Human Breast Milk. Microb. Pathog. 2018, 116, 73–77.
  181. Khalkhali, S.; Mojgani, N. Bacteriocinogenic Potential and Virulence Traits of Enterococcus Faecium and E. Faecalis Isolated from Human Milk. Iran. J. Microbiol. 2017, 9, 224–233.
  182. Hassan, Z.; Mustafa, S.; Rahim, R.A.; Isa, N.M. Anti-Breast Cancer Effects of Live, Heat-Killed and Cytoplasmic Fractions of Enterococcus Faecalis and Staphylococcus Hominis Isolated from Human Breast Milk. Cell. Dev. Biol. Anim. 2016, 52, 337–348.
More
ScholarVision Creations