Open educational resources (OER) are teaching, learning, and research materials in any medium that are either in the public domain or released under an open license permitting free access, use, adaptation, and redistribution with minimal or no restrictions ^[1][2][3]. They include textbooks, lesson plans, courseware, modules, multimedia, assessments, and other educational content that can be retained, revised, remixed, reused, and redistributed according to licensing terms ^[2]. OER are characterized by legal openness (clear permissions), technical openness (formats that support adaptation), and educational openness (capacity for contextualization and sharing across settings) ^[2][3]. In policy and practice, the term denotes openly licensed educational content ecosystems and related practices, not merely free-to-read resources that lack adaptation and redistribution rights .