Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer among women. Diet significantly influences the development, progression, and prevention of breast cancer.
Author (Year) [Ref] |
Food/Intervention under Investigation | Type of Study | Participants | Assessment of Dietary Intake | Main Results | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mullie P et al. (2016) [26][19] |
GI and GL | Meta-analysis | 773,971 women | FFQ | Women with a high GI or GL have a 5–6% increased risk of breast cancer | |||
Schlesinger S et al. (2017) [27][20] |
Carbohydrate GI, GL diet | Systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis | 892,403 women | FFQ | GL and carbohydrate intake were associated with an increased risk of breast cancer only among hormone receptor–negative tumors, particularly ER-negative. | |||
Hodge AM et al. (2018) [28][21] |
Artificially sweetened soft drinks | Prospective cohort study | 35,593 participants | FFQ | The highest risk of breast cancer was associated with 1–6 sweetened soft drinks/week in post-menopausal women. | |||
Debras C et al. (2020) [29][23] |
Added sugar intake | Prospective cohort study | 101,279 participants | Repeated 24-h dietary records | Total sugar intake was positively associated with high overall cancer risk, including breast cancer. | |||
Li Y et al. (2021) [21][22] |
Sugar-sweetened beverages and fruit juice | Systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis | 8465 cases and 119,153 controls | Meta-analysisFFQ | The highest level of sugar-sweetened beverage consumption showed an increased breast cancer risk. | |||
8112 participants | n.d. | Different kinds of soy foods were inversely associated with breast cancer risk in both pre-menopausal and post-menopausal women. | Long T et al. (2022) [25][18] |
GI and GL | Meta-analysis | 15,839 cases and 577,538 participants | FFQ | A positive association between breast cancer development and GI was observed only in the post-menopausal setting. |
Debras C et al. (2022) [30][24] |
Artificial sweeteners | Prospective cohort study | 102,865 adults | Repeated 24-h dietary records | Artificial sweeteners (aspartame and acesulfameK) were associated with increased breast cancer incidence. |
Author (Year) [Ref] |
Food/Intervention under Investigation | Type of Study | Participants | Assessment of Dietary Intake | Main Results |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Couto E et al. (2013) [33][27] |
Mediterranean diet | Prospective cohort study | 44,840 women | FFQ | A statistically significant inverse association was reported between dairy consumption and breast cancer risk in all pre-menopausal and post-menopausal women. |
Genkinger JM et al. (2013) [37][31] |
Dairy, Ca, Vit D, and meat consumption | Prospective cohort study | 52,062 African American women | FFQ | The authors observed no significant association between breast cancer and dairy intake. A negative association was shown between milk consumption and hormone receptor-negative subtypes. |
Bahadoran Z et al. (2013) [38][33] |
Dairy products | Case-control study | 275 Iranian women | FFQ | An inverse correlation between breast cancer and dairy intake was found, especially for low-fat and fermented dairy products. |
Li J et al. (2013) [41][36] |
Calcium | Prospective cohort study | 34,028 women | FFQ | A lack of association between calcium intake and breast cancer risk was observed, independently of the source of consumption. |
Zang J et al. (2015) [32][26] |
Dairy products | Systematic review and meta-analysis | 1,600,312 participants | FFQ, diet questionnaires, and 24-h recall data interview | High and moderate dairy intake reduced breast cancer risk compared to low consumption. |
Farvid MS et al. (2018) [36][30] |
Dairy products | Observational study | 90,503 pre-menopausal women for early adulthood and 44,264 women for adolescent | FFQ | A positive correlation emerged between dairy intake and hormone receptor-negative breast cancer in contrast to the negative one observed for hormone receptor-positive breast cancer subtypes. |
Shin WK et al. (2019) [31][25] |
Milk | Prospective cohort study | 78,320 participants | Interviewer-administered semi-quantitive FFQ | In the pre-menopausal setting, a negative association between high daily intake of milk (≥1 serving/day) and breast cancer risk was observed compared to women with low milk consumption (<1 serving/week). |
Marcondes LH et al. (2019) [35][29] |
Animal food (red meat, poultry, fish, dairy, and egg) | Prospective cohort study | 3209 participants | FFQ and physical examination | No association was observed between breast cancer and dairy consumption in post-menopausal women. |
Key TJ et al. (2019) [40][35] |
Alcohol, fruit, dietary fiber, meat, fish, milk, cheese, yogurt, eggs, vegetables, dairy protein, fat, carbohydrates, and free sugars | Prospective cohort study | 691,571 post-menopausal UK women without previous cancer history | FFQ | The authors found no association between the consumption of different kinds of dairy products and breast cancer risk. |
Fraser GE et al. (2020) [34][28] |
Dairy and soy | Prospective cohort study | 52,795 North American women | FFQ and structured 24-h dietary recalls for calibration study subjects | Increased risk of developing breast cancer in the 90th and 10th percentile of consumption of dairy products in both pre- and post-menopausal women. Increased risk of the development of hormone receptor-positive subtypes. |
He Y et al. (2021) [22][32] |
Dairy products (fermented, non-fermented, low-fat, and high-fat dairy products) | Meta-analysis | 1,019,232 participants | FFQ, diet questionnaires, and home visits or in-depth interviews | The statistically significant protection of fermented dairy products was observed only in post-menopausal women. A statistically significant protective effect of low-fat products was shown solely in pre-menopausal women. |
Aguilera-Buenosvinos I et al. (2021) [39][34] |
Dairy products | Prospective cohort study | 10,930 women | FFQ | A moderate consumption of dairy products (2–4 servings per day) was associated with decreased breast cancer incidence in the post-menopausal setting. A low intake (1–2 servings per day) of low-fat dairy products consumption reduced breast cancer risk in the pre-menopausal setting. |
Author (Year) [Ref] |
Food/Intervention under Investigation | Type of Study | Participants | Assessment of Dietary Intake | Main Results |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wada K et al. (2013) [23][47] |
Soy and isoflavones | Prospective cohort study | 15,607 women | FFQ | A negative association between soy and isoflavone intake and breast cancer risk was observed solely in post-menopausal women. |
Li L et al. (2013) [46][41] |
Isoflavone | Case-control study | 1120 controls | FFQ | A protective effect of dietary isoflavone intake on breast cancer development was reported for both hospital outpatient and population controls. |
Ko KP et al. (2013) [55][52] |
Soy, vegetables, fruit, meat, and seafood | Case-control study | 2271 women | FFQ | Negative association between soy consumption and breast cancer risk in BRCA carriers |
Chen M et al. (2014) [51][48] |
Soy and isoflavone | Meta-analysis | 1,391,524 pre-menopausal and 579,33 post-menopausal women | n.d. | An inverse association was found between soy isoflavone intake and breast cancer incidence, independently of menopausal status, solely in Asian women. |
Woo HD et al. (2014) [52][49] |
Soy products, fruits, and vegetables | ||||
Wu J et al. (2016) [45][40] |
Meat, soy, milk, yogurt, poultry, fish, eggs, and nuts | Meta-analysis | 452,916 participants | n.d. | Reduced breast cancer risk with high soy consumption. |
Zhao TT et al. (2017) [48][43] |
Soy and isoflavone | Meta-analysis | 648,913 participants | FFQs, self-administered questionnaires, and mail survey questionnaires | A statistically significant inverse association was shown between high versus low soy consumption and breast cancer risk. |
Tan MM et al. (2018) [42][37] |
Soy, breastfeeding, and PA | Case-control study | 7663 women | Interviews and FFQs | High soy milk and soy product consumption demonstrated an inverse association with breast cancer incidence. |
Wei Y et al. (2020) [43][38] |
Soy and isoflavones | Prospective cohort study and meta-analysis | 30,0852 women for the cohort study and 513,313 participants for the meta-analysis | FFQs, physical measurements, resurveys, 24-h dietary recalls | The cohort study revealed no association between moderate or high soy consumption and breast cancer. The meta-analysis showed a 3% reduced risk of breast cancer development with each 10 mg/day increase in isoflavone intake. |
Wang Q et al. (2020) [49][44] |
Tofu | Meta-analysis | 109,813 participants | n.d. | A protective effect of tofu consumption on breast cancer development was observed independent of menopausal status. |
Okekunle AP et al. (2020) [53][50] |
Soy and isoflavone | Meta-analysis | 29,810 participants | n.d. | Increased soy consumption reduced breast cancer risk, especially in pre-menopausal women and for ER-negative subtype development. |
Lu LW et al. (2022) [24][45] |
Isoflavones versus placebo | Clinical trial | 194 pre-menopausal women | N.A. | The authors found a decrease in breast tissue density with higher isoflavone intake, especially in pre-menopausal women. |
Boutas I et al. (2022) [44][39] |
Soy and isoflavones | Meta-analysis | 485,495 participants | FFQ | High soy consumption reduced the breast cancer risk in pre- and post-menopausal women. |
Cao S et al. (2022) [54][51] |
Vegetable-fruit-soy dietary pattern | Case-control study | 1753 women | FFQ | Higher soy consumption reduced breast cancer development in post-menopausal women, especially ER- and ER-/PgR-negative subtypes. |
Shin S et al. (2023) [47][42] |
Fruits, vegetables, meat, soy, green tea, alcohol | Meta-analysis | 216,216 participants | n.d. | A protective effect of soy protein and isoflavone intake on breast cancer incidence was observed, but no correlation was found with soy food consumption. |
Rajaram N et al. (2023) [50][46] |
Soy isoflavone supplement versus isoflavones from dietary sources | Clinical trial | 90 women | FFQ | Moderate and high intake of soy reduced mammographic density in both pre-menopausal and recently menopausal women. |