Factors Influencing Technological Progress in Citrus-Producing China: Comparison
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Technological progress is the use of a certain amount of input to produce more output, or, conversely, the use of less input to produce a certain amount of output. With the continuous progress in agricultural technology, productivity has greatly improved, and a large number of scholars have emerged in the field of agricultural technological progress research.技术进步是利用一定量的投入来产生更多的产出,或者反过来说,用较少的投入来产生一定量的产出。随着农业技术的不断进步,生产力大大提高,在农业技术进步研究领域涌现出一大批学者。

  • citrus
  • technological progress
  • spatial correlation network structure
  • transcendental logarithmic cost function
  • social network analysis
  1. Introduction

1. 引言

    Citrus is one of the most important cash crops in the world and the largest category of fruits in the world [1]; it is the largest category in China in terms of planted area and production [2]. China’s citrus industry ranks first in the world, and production accounts for about one-third of the world’s production [3]. According to the China Rural Statistical Yearbook, in 2021, China’s citrus planting area was 2.922 million ha and the production was 55.956 million tons, accounting for 22.82% of China’s fruit planting area and 25.81% of the production. China’s citrus industry has been developing rapidly, especially in the past 45 years, since the reform and opening up. In China, citrus varieties have been enriched, the spatial layout of citrus production has been optimized, citrus quality has been improved, farmers’ enthusiasm for planting is high [4], and the promotion of the healthy development of the citrus industry has become one of the most important methods for boosting industrial prosperity and realizing the revitalization of the countryside [5]. According to the UN Comtrade Database, China’s citrus export was 917,700 tons in 2021, accounting for only 5.96% of the world’s total citrus exports. So, some scholars say that though China is the world’s major citrus producer, it is not a powerhouse of citrus production and trade [6,7]. Compared with developed countries, China’s citrus-production efficiency is low [8], and citrus production per unit area is lower than the world average [2]. According to FAO data, China’s citrus production per unit area in 2021 was 15.37 t/ha, which is much lower than Indonesia’s production per unit area, which is the highest in the world, with a production rate of 38.53 t/ha. China’s citrus industry urgently needs to accelerate the innovation-driven transformation of the development mode from “extensive” to “intensive” [1] to improve citrus production per unit area, and the improvement of production per unit area is driven by technological progress [9]. Under the role of factor flow and market and government support mechanisms, technological progress among major citrus-producing provinces does not exist independently but shows a certain spatial correlation [10]. At the same time, in plant taxonomy, mandarins and tangerines belong to the same family and the same genus but are different species of woody plants. Mandarins and tangerines are often collectively referred to as “citrus.” There are differences in the mandarin and tangerine planting areas in China, and mandarins and tangerines differ in terms of scientific and technological strength [11]. So, the rates of technological progress [12] and the characteristics of the spatial network structure are also different. Therefore, what is the level of citrus-production technology progress in China? What kind of changing trends exist in mandarin- and tangerine-production technology progress? What are the differences in the technological advances related to mandarins and tangerines? Are they spatially correlated? What are the characteristics of the spatial association network structure? What are the factors affecting the structural formation of citrus spatial association networks? Answering these questions is of great practical significance for optimizing the allocation of resource factors, promoting the technological progress in mandarin and tangerine production, improving production efficiency, and promoting the high-quality development of the citrus industry.

柑橘是世界上最重要的经济作物之一,也是世界上最大的水果类别[1];就种植面积和产量而言,它是中国最大的类别[2]。我国柑橘产业居世界首位,产量约占世界产量的三分之一[3]。据《中国农村统计年鉴》显示,2021年我国柑橘种植面积为292.2万公顷,产量为5595.6万吨,占我国水果种植面积的22.82%,产量占全国产量的25.81%。中国柑橘产业发展迅速,特别是改革开放以来的45年。在我国,柑橘品种得到丰富,柑橘生产空间布局得到优化,柑橘品质得到改善,农民种植积极性高[4],促进柑橘产业健康发展已成为促进产业繁荣、实现乡村振兴的最重要手段之一[5].根据联合国商品贸易数据库,2021年中国柑橘出口量为91.77万吨,仅占全球柑橘出口总量的5.96%。因此,一些学者认为,尽管中国是世界主要的柑橘生产国,但它并不是柑橘生产和贸易的强国[6,7]。与发达国家相比,我国柑橘生产效率较低[8],单位面积柑橘产量低于世界平均水平[2]。根据粮农组织数据,2021年中国柑橘单位面积产量为15.37吨/公顷,远低于印度尼西亚的单位面积产量,印尼的单面积产量为38.53吨/公顷,位居世界第一。我国柑橘产业亟需加快创新驱动转变,发展方式由“粗放型”向“集约型”转变[1],提高柑橘单位面积产量,而单位面积产量的提升是由技术进步驱动的[9]。在要素流动、市场和政府支持机制的作用下,柑橘主产省份之间的技术进步并非独立存在,而是表现出一定的空间相关性[10]。同时,在植物分类学上,柑橘和橘子属于同一科、同一属,但属于不同种类的木本植物。柑橘和橘子通常统称为“柑橘”。我国柑橘种植面积存在差异,柑橘在科技实力上存在差异[11]。因此,技术进步的速度[12]和空间网络结构的特征也不同。那么,我国柑橘生产技术进步水平如何?柑橘生产技术进步存在什么样的变化趋势?与柑橘和橘子相关的技术进步有什么区别?它们在空间上相关吗?空间关联网络结构有哪些特点?影响柑橘空间关联网络结构形成的因素有哪些?回答这些问题,对于优化资源要素配置,促进柑橘生产技术进步,提高生产效率,促进柑橘产业高质量发展具有重要的现实意义。
  1. Literature Review

2. 文献综述

    Technological progress is the use of a certain amount of input to produce more output, or, conversely, the use of less input to produce a certain amount of output [13]. Theoretical research on technological progress began in the early 19th century. In 1957, Solow created an economic growth accounting model to clarify the contribution of technological progress to economic growth [14]. Scholars at home and abroad began research on economic development and technological progress. Arrow put forward the concept of “learning by doing” and believed that the skills of workers would be continuously improved in production, which led to technological progress, and tried to endogenize technological progress for the first time [15]. Based on the neoclassical investment theory, through the selection of the transcendental logarithmic production function, Christensen et al. concluded that technological progress is the main reason for productivity change [16].

技术进步是利用一定量的投入来产生更多的产出,或者反过来说,用较少的投入来产生一定量的产出[13]。技术进步的理论研究始于19世纪初。1957年,索洛创建了一个经济增长核算模型,以阐明技术进步对经济增长的贡献[14]。国内外学者纷纷开始研究经济发展和技术进步。阿罗提出了“边做边学”的概念,认为工人的技能会在生产中不断提高,从而带来技术进步,并首次尝试将技术进步内生化[15]。Christensen等人基于新古典投资理论,通过先验对数生产函数的选择,得出结论:技术进步是生产率变化的主要原因[16]。

    With the continuous progress in agricultural technology, productivity has greatly improved, and a large number of scholars have emerged in the field of agricultural technological progress research. The methods of measuring agricultural technological progress are mainly divided into two categories: the parametric method and the non-parametric method. Tan believes that the overall technological progress in agriculture can be divided into spontaneous technological progress and induced technological progress, and many scholars have followed suit to conduct separate research on spontaneous technological progress and induced technological progress [17]. Mao et al. used data envelopment analysis (DEA) to analyze the total factor productivity of Chinese agriculture in the period 1984–1993 and found it to be the main reason for the change in productivity [18]. Da Silva et al. measured the technological progress in Brazilian agriculture in 1976–2016 and analyzed the efficiency of factor input use in different periods [19]. Tan et al. investigated the relationship between agricultural technological progress, agricultural insurance, and factor input use and concluded that both agricultural technology progress and agricultural insurance have a positive impact on farmers’ income [20]. Chen et al. measured different types of environmentally friendly technological progress in Chinese agriculture from 2000 to 2010 and analyzed the spatial spillover effect [21].

随着农业技术的不断进步,生产力大大提高,在农业技术进步研究领域涌现出一大批学者。衡量农业技术进步的方法主要分为两大类:参数法和非参数法。谭认为,农业整体技术进步可分为自发技术进步和诱导技术进步,许多学者纷纷效仿,对自发技术进步和诱导技术进步分别进行研究[17]。Mao等利用数据包络分析(DEA)分析了1984—1993年中国农业的全要素生产率,发现它是生产率变化的主要原因[18]。Da Silva等人测量了1976—2016年巴西农业的技术进步,并分析了不同时期要素投入使用效率[19]。Tan等研究了农业技术进步、农业保险和要素投入使用之间的关系,认为农业技术进步和农业保险对农民收入都有正向影响[20]。Chen等对2000—2010年中国农业不同类型的环境友好型技术进步进行了测算,并分析了其空间溢出效应[21]。

    In the study of citrus-production technology progress, He et al. measured citrus technical efficiency and technological progress index in 20 cities in Sichuan, China, from 2009 to 2020 and concluded that it was on the low side, which led to low productivity [22]. Gu et al. measured and decomposed the total factor productivity of citrus in China from 2006 to 2020 using the DEA-Malmquist index method and concluded that technological progress is the main factor affecting the total factor productivity of citrus [2]. Xiang et al. analyzed the technical efficiency of citrus cultivation, the time series development law, and the influencing factors from 2007 to 2015 by using the beyond logarithmic production function and concluded that the overall average technical efficiency of tangerine production is higher than that of citrus, and there are regional differences in the technical efficiency of citrus production and cultivation [23].

在柑橘生产技术进展研究中,何等对2009—2020年四川省20个城市的柑橘技术效率和技术进步指数进行了测算,得出柑橘生产技术效率偏低,导致生产率低下[22]。顾教授等采用DEA-Malmquist指数法对2006—2020年中国柑橘全要素生产率进行测算和分解,得出技术进步是影响柑橘全要素生产率的主要因素[2]。Xiang等利用超越对数生产函数分析了2007—2015年柑橘栽培技术效率、时间序列发展规律及其影响因素,得出柑橘生产总体平均技术效率高于柑橘,柑橘生产栽培技术效率存在区域差异[23]。

    As spatial analysis methods have improved, many scholars have used social network analysis to study the spatial correlation network structure and the factors influencing it, i.e., agricultural total factor productivity [24], agricultural green total factor productivity [25], agro-ecological efficiency [26], and green science and technology innovation efficiency [27]. In the study of the spatial correlation network structure of technological progress, Wang et al. concluded that there are obvious spatial correlation and spillover effects in the development of agricultural science and technology innovation in China and presented the shape of the spatial correlation network structure [28]. He et al. concluded that agricultural location centrality and intermediary centrality have a significant positive moderating effect on technological progress [29].

随着空间分析方法的改进,许多学者利用社会网络分析研究了农业全要素生产率[24]、农业绿色全要素生产率[25]、农业生态效率[26]和绿色科技创新效率[27]等空间关联网络结构及其影响因素].在对技术进步的空间关联网络结构的研究中,Wang等人认为我国农业科技创新发展存在明显的空间关联和溢出效应,并提出了空间关联网络结构的形态[28]。He 等人认为,农业区位中心性和中介中心性对技术进步具有显著的正向调节作用[29]。
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