Speed Breeding for Crop Improvement and Food Security: Comparison
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Amid a rapidly growing global population and increasing threats to crop yields, this review focuses on Speed Breeding (SB) in crop genetics. It traces SB’s development from carbon arc lamp experiments 150 years ago to its modern use with LED technology which significantly accelerates breeding cycles. SB has applications in genetic mapping, genetic modification, and trait stacking, enhancing crop resilience by leveraging allelic diversity. It aligns well with breeding methods like single plant selection and single seed descent. The integration of SB with gene editing, genotyping, and genomic selection holds great promise.

  • genetic gain
  • controlled environment
  • shuttle breeding

1. The History and Development of SB in Enhancing Crop Genetics

Research dating back to 150 years ago, using carbon arc lamps, resulted in the discovery of plants being able to grow and procreate under conditions with artificial lights, speeding up the flowering cycle when subjected to continuous light [17,18][1][2]. Later, Utah State University collaborated with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to develop a dwarf wheat line selected for fast growth and development in a perpetual light environment. Additionally, space mirror utilization was proposed by Russian scientists to improve agricultural productivity [19,20][3][4].
Thereafter, the effects of light-emitting diode (LED) lights on plant development were evaluated in the 1990s by the University of Wisconsin, and improvements in LED technology have made indoor plant propagation systems more affordable, leading to increased crop productivity [21][5]. As a result of NASA’s research efforts, researchers at the University of Queensland named the technology SB (Figure 21), which they utilized in 2003 to hasten wheat breeding without specialized labs [22][6]. Specific protocols for inducing flowering in crops with environmental cues can be used to reduce the space and cost associated with inbred line development. Seed chipping and barcoding can assist marker-assisted selection (MAS), crossing, mapping population development, adult plant phenotyping, trait stacking, and development of Genetic modification (GM) pipelines [11,23][7][8]. This approach holds the potential to substantially accelerate the exploration and utilization of allelic diversity inherent in traditional landraces and the wild progenitors of cultivated crops. Through the application of this method, researchers can uncover and harness previously undiscovered reservoirs of resistance, ultimately contributing to the diversification and enhancement of crop resilience [24][9].
Figure 21.
Evolution of SB techniques over time.
Early studies indicated that growing lettuce under red LEDs and blue fluorescent lamps resulted in growth rates comparable to cool-white fluorescent and incandescent lamps [25][10]. Further research showed that red LEDs promoted the elongation of hypocotyls and cotyledons, while blue LEDs prevented this elongation [26][11]. These findings spurred the development and use of LED illumination systems in plant growth chambers for various plant species, including wheat, Brassica rapa, potato leaf cuttings, Arabidopsis thaliana, and soybeans [27,28,29,30][12][13][14][15]. Comparison with conventional lighting sources revealed similar photosynthetic responses, showcasing the potential of LEDs and combinations of red, green, and blue light at different ratios for studying terrestrial plants [26][11]. Moreover, recent studies have demonstrated that the narrow blue + narrow amber LED light mixture outperforms white LEDs, HPS lamps, and narrow amber light treatments, resulting in the highest tomato mass (479 g). Dry mass and plant height showed only minor variations. Additionally, supplementing narrow amber light with 430 nm blue light increased chlorophyll content by 20%, emphasizing the importance of precise wavelength selection for tomato growth [31][16]. The study also suggests that winter wheat can be successfully grown indoors using various LED lighting configurations. Among these configurations, the treatment employing a 4:1 ratio of red and green LEDs yielded the highest crop production, assimilation rates, and flour quality. Elevated levels of blue light negatively impacted yield [32][17].

2. SB Applications and Selection Methods in Plant Breeding

Due to the lengthy and extended cycles of selection and inbreeding inherent in traditional selection techniques, including pure line, recurrent, bulk, mass, and pedigree selection, they are considered unsuitable for application in SB. These conventional methods do not align with the accelerated breeding demands and precision required by SB in modern agricultural contexts [33][18]. In contrast, it is worth noting that certain breeding methods, such as single plant selection (SPS), and single seed descent (SSD), align exceptionally well with the principles of SB [34][19]. These techniques offer distinct benefits, as they require less cultivation space and labor during initial generations. This streamlined approach enables researchers to efficiently advance offspring under the conditions of HDP within controlled growth chambers and relatively compact nurseries, excluding greenhouse environments. This expedites breeding cycles while optimizing resource allocation for enhanced crop development. Furthermore, this method can be extended to field environments [9][20].
SB using SSD programs is highly efficient, especially for cereal crops like wheat and barley. Higher sowing densities in SB allowed rapid cycling of multiple generations annually. Under specific LED-supplemented glasshouse setups, up to six generations of wheat and barley per year were achieved at a density of 1000 plants/m2. Extending the photoperiod from 16 to 22 h significantly accelerated development [16][21]. Studies revealed that manipulating light quality, specifically the red to far-red ratio, significantly influences the flowering time of cool-season grain legumes such as peas, chickpeas, faba beans, lentils, and lupins. These findings are crucial for expediting SSD in legume breeding, offering practical applications in biotechnological tools for enhancing legume crops [35][22]. In another study, SSD was applied to create recombinant inbred lines in chickpeas, focusing on salinity tolerance. Researchers successfully identified multiple genetic loci (QTLs) associated with salinity tolerance, providing valuable insights for developing salt-tolerant chickpea varieties [10][23]. Similar approaches have been used in peanut breeding research, where controlled conditions, continuous light, optimal temperature, and SSD were combined in a greenhouse setting. These efforts consistently reduced the generation time for full-season maturity peanut cultivars from 145 to 89 days. This innovative speed breeding technique has the potential to significantly expedite peanut variety development, shortening the traditional breeding timeline from the first cross to commercial release to approximately six to seven years [36][24].
By utilization of various methods such as biparental population mapping, phenotyping, and genetic transformation experiments [16[21][25],37], SB stands out as a superior alternative to the doubled haploid (DH) technique, primarily due to its remarkable ability to overcome the hurdles of poor vigor and germination rates [38][26]. The speed breeding technique was applied in the cultivation of durum wheat. The study conducted a phenotypic analysis on a biparental population derived from Outrob 4 and Caoaroi, focusing on various traits such as leaf rust resistance, crown rot susceptibility, plant stature, root angle, and root number. Astonishingly, they managed to complete an entire generation of durum wheat in a mere 77 days [39][27]. In contrast to the DH method, which necessitates specific genotypes and well-equipped facilities, SB is more versatile and does not have these limitations. Nevertheless, the technology must address plant phenology and physiology to accelerate generation times [40][28].
Certain species encounter intricate challenges when employing the double haploid technique, involving factors like haploid production and chromosome doubling, as documented [41][29]. In these species, inadequate responses to tissue culture result in reduced haploid induction rates and significant associated costs [42,43][30][31]. Furthermore, there is a notable prevalence of plant mortality and abnormal development. For species with suboptimal tissue culture performance and no established chromosome doubling methods, these challenges persist. This scenario is exemplified by rye, watermelon, other secondary cucurbit species, tomato, and leguminous species [44,45,46,47][32][33][34][35].
In a harmonious synergy that expands the horizons of agricultural innovation and high-throughput phenotyping, genetic improvement, gene editing, and genotyping, as well as genomic selection can be integrated with emerging methodologies. This collaborative approach not only leverages the capabilities of each technique but also fosters a comprehensive framework for advancing the frontiers of modern plant breeding and crop enhancement. SB helps to reduce the cost and space requirements of HDP [48][36]. The use of recombinant inbred lines developed through self-fertilization can be better for genetic mapping than DH as they have a higher recombination frequency [49,50][37][38].
SSD methods hasten the progression and assessment of segregation generations within a condensed time frame under the accelerated conditions of SB. To increase the turnover rate of plant generations, various approaches include shuttle breeding, physiological stress, embryo rescue, and increasing CO2 concentration. Shuttle breeding involves growing two generations of wheat per year at different altitudes, latitudes, and climates, making it more accessible and less labor-intensive [8,36,51][24][39][40]. Overall, the techniques of SB hold the potential to substantially enhance genetic advancement by facilitating the creation and introduction of innovative cultivars.

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