Oxide and chalcogenide nanoparticles have great potential for use in biomedicine, engineering, agriculture, environmental protection, and other research fields. The myco-synthesis of nanoparticles with fungal cultures, their metabolites, culture liquids, and mycelial and fruit body extracts is simple, cheap and environmentally friendly. The characteristics of nanoparticles, including their size, shape, homogeneity, stability, physical properties and biological activity, can be tuned by changing the myco-synthesis conditions.
NP | Species | Source | Precursors | Shape and Size | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reference | |||||
CuO | Aspergillus flavus | Culture liquid | CuSO4 | Spherical (average size of 32.4 nm) | [15][27] |
CuO | Aspergillus terreus | Culture liquid | |||
] | |||||
NP | Species | Source | Precursors | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NP | Species | Shape and Size | Reference | ||
Source | Precursors | Shape and Size | Reference | ||
Cu | |||||
x | |||||
O | |||||
y | |||||
Penicillium waksmanii | |||||
Culture liquid | CuSO | 4 | Spherical (79–179 nm) | [ | 23][35] |
CuxOy | Pleurotus florida | Bio-mass | CuCl2 | Spherical, partially spherical, oval (22.55–60.09 nm) | [24][36] |
CuSO4 | Hexagonal, partially spherical (12.82–48.86 nm) |
NP | Species | Source | Precursors | Shape and Size | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
α-Fe2O3 | Trichoderma harzianum | Mycelial extract | FeCl3 | Spherical (average size of 207 nm) | [26][37] |
TiO2 | Agaricus bisporus | Spores | CdTeTi(OC3H7)4 | – | [ |
CuSO | 4 | – | |||
40 | ] | ||||
CdS | |||||
Saccharomyces cerevisiae | |||||
Living culture | |||||
CdS solution |
NP | Species | Source | Precursors | Shape and Size | Reference | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
α-Ag2S | Humicola sp. | Mycelial bio-mass | |||||||
Ag2Se | AgNO | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | 3, Na | Living culture2SO3 | Fusarium oxysporumAgNOSpherical (15–40 nm) | 3, Na2SeO3[54] | |||
γ-Fe2O3 | [ | 16 | ] | [ | 17] | Penicillium expansum[ | Mycelial extract | FeCl328, | Spherical (15.0–66.0 nm)29] |
[ | |||||||||
TiO2 | 27 | Aspergillus flavus | ] | Bio-mass | TiO2 | Spherical, oval (62–74 nm)[38] | [41] | ||
Sachharomyces cerevisae | |||||||||
Living culture | |||||||||
TiCl | |||||||||
3 | |||||||||
Spherical (average size of 6.7 nm) | |||||||||
[ | |||||||||
54 | ] | [ | 68 | ] | |||||
TiO2 | Tricoderma citrinoviride | Mycelial extract | Ti{OCH(CH3)2}4 | Irregular, triangular, pentagonal, spherical, rod-shaped (10–400 nm) | [55][69] | ||||
TiO2 | Trichoderma viride | Culture liquid | TiO(OH)2 | Spherical (60–86.67 nm) | [56][70] |
NP | Species | Source | Precursors | Shape and Size | Reference | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ZnO | Acremonium potronii | Mycelial extract | ||||||||||||||||||
2O3 | Zn(CH | 3 | CO | Colletotrichum sp.2)2 | Spherical (13–15 nm) | Mycelial extract | AlCl3[60][74] | |||||||||||||
Spherical (average size of 30 nm) | [ | 79 | ] | [ | 94] | [107][121] | ||||||||||||||
Mycelial bio-mass | Average size of 3.9 nm | CdCl | 2, TeCl4 | Spherical (15–20 nm) | [141][ | [158][174] | ZnO | Agarius bisporus | Fruit body extract | Zn(CH | Au2S3CO2)2[ | |||||||||
AgO | Aspergillus terreus | Culture liquid | Spherical (average size of 14.48 nm) | AgNO | Humicola sp.3 | Mycelial bio-mass55 | ||||||||||||||
CdTe | HAuCl | 4 | , Na2SO3 | ] | Spherical (20–30 nm) | [108] | Rhizopus stolonifer | Mycelial bio-mass | CdCl2, TeCl4[61 | Irregular spherical (60–100 nm)][75 | CuO | Aspergillus terreus | ||||||||
] | ||||||||||||||||||||
[ | 80 | ] | [ | 95 | ] | [122] | ||||||||||||||
QDs (average size of 7.6 nm) | [ | 119 | ] | [ | 133] | γ-Fe2Culture liquid | O3/α-Fe2OCuSO4 | Below 100 nm | 3 | Alternaria alternata | Mycelial extract | Fe(NO3)3[18][30] | ||||||||
Cubic (average size of 9 nm) | [ | 28 | ] | [ | 39] | |||||||||||||||
TiO2 | ZnO | Aspergillus aeneus | Mycelial extract | |||||||||||||||||
Bi2 | Aspergillus flavus | OMycelial extract | 3TiO2 | Zn(CH12–15 nm | Fusarium oxysporum | CdS | Aspergillus niger3 | Mycelial bio-massCO2 | Bio-mass) | Bi(NO3) | CdCl232, Na2S[42][56] | Spherical (100–140 nm) | Spherical (2.7–7.5 nm) | [109][123] | ||||||
CdTe | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | Living culture | CdCl2, Na2TeO | [ | 62] | 3Quasi-spherical (5–8 nm)[76] | ||||||||||||||
[ | 81 | ] | [ | 96 | ] | QDs (2.0–3.6 nm) | [159][175 | CuO | Penicillium chrysogenum | |||||||||||
] | Fe2O | Culture liquid | 3 | |||||||||||||||||
TiO2 | Aspergillus niger | CuSO | 4 | Bio-massSpherical (average size of 9.7 nm) | FeCl3[19 | Aspergillus niger | Mycelial extract | TiO2 salt–][31] | ||||||||||||
[ | 29 | Spherical (73.58–106.9 nm) | ] | ZnO | [ | Aspergillus fumigatus40 | Culture liquid | ZnSO4 | Spherical (60–80 nm)] | [ | ||||||||||
CeO2 | 63 | Aspergillus niger | ] | Culture liquid | CeCl3 | Spherical (5–20 nm)[43][57] | [77] | |||||||||||||
[ | 82 | ] | [ | 97 | ] | CdS | Candida glabrata | Living culture | Cd(NO3)2 | – | CuO | |||||||||
InTe | Aspergillus niger | [ | Living culture | InCl3 | Trichoderma asperellum | Mycelial extract | ||||||||||||||
, K | Fe2O | Cu(NO | 3)2 | Spherical (10–190 nm) | 3 | Fusarium incarnatum | Culture liquid | FeCl2 + FeCl | ||||||||||||
TiO2 | 3 | [ | 20 | ] | [32] | |||||||||||||||
2 | TeO | [ | 110 | ] | [124144][160] | Spherical (average size of 30.56 nm) | [30][41] | Aspergillus tubingensis | Mycelial extract | TiO2 salt | Cubic, pentangular (1.5–30 nm) | |||||||||
3 | ] | |||||||||||||||||||
<10 nm | [ | 150 | ] | [ | 166] | ZnO | Aspergillus fumigatus | Mycelial extract | Zn(NO3)2 | Oblate spherical and hexagonal (1.2–6.8 nm) | ||||||||||
CeO2 | Aspergillus terreus | [ | Mycelial extract | Ce(NO3)3 | 44][58[ | CdS | Fusarium oxysporum | Living culture | CdSO464][78] | |||||||||||
Spherical (average size of 28.5 nm) | [ | 83 | 5–20 nm | [ | CdSe][ | Helminthosporum solani | Mycelial bio-mass | CdCl298] | 111][125] | |||||||||||
, SeCl | 4 | Spherical, cubic (average size of 5.5 nm) | [ | 145 | CuO | Trichoderma harzianum | ||||||||||||||
] | ] | [ | 161 | ] | Fe2OMycelial extract | 3 | Phialemoniopsis ocularisCuSO4 | |||||||||||||
TiO2 | Culture liquid | Nano-fibers (38–77 nm in width, 135–320 nm in length) | FeCl2 + FeCl3 | Fomes fomentarius | CdS | Fusarium oxysporum | Mycelial bio-mass | Cd(NO3)2[ | Fruit body extract | Ti{OCH(CH3, sulfur waste | Spherical (average size of 6 nm) | |||||||||
CdSe | Rhodotorula mucilaginosa | Bio-mass | )2}4 | 21 | ][33] | |||||||||||||||
Spherical (average size of 13.13 nm) | [ | 30 | ] | Irregular (80–120 nm) | [41] | ZnO[ | Aspergillus niger45 | Mycelial extract | CdCl] | 2, Na2SeO3 |
Cu2O, CuO | Stereum hirsutum | ||||||||
[ | 59 | ] | [ | 112 | Average size of 3.2 nm][126] | FeMycelial extract | 2O3CuCl2 | Penicillium pimiteouienseSpherical (5–20 nm) | Culture liquid[22] | FeCl2 | ||||||||||
CeO2 | Zn(CH | 3 | CO2)2 | Nanorods (8–38 nm) | Fusarium solani[65][79] | [34] | ||||||||||||||
Culture liquid | CeCl | 3 | + FeCl3 | Spherical (2–16 nm) | ||||||||||||||||
Spherical (20–30 nm) | [ | 84 | ] | [ | 99] | |||||||||||||||
[ | 146 | ]TiO2 | Fomitopsis pinicola | Fruit body extract | Ti{OCH(CH3)2}4[31][42] | Irregular (80–120 nm) | [46][60] | ZnO | Aspergillus niger | Crushed fungal powder | CuxOy | 3Penicillium aurantiogriseum | Culture liquid | CuSO4 | Spherical (89–250 nm) | |||||
Fe2O | [ | Trichoderma asperellum | 23 | Culture liquid | FeCl2 + FeCl3 | |||||||||||||||
CeO2 | ZnCl | Humicola sp. | ] | [ | Spherical (average size of 25 nm)35] | |||||||||||||||
[ | ||||||||||||||||||||
TiO | Fusarium oxysporum | Bio-mass | K2TiF6 | 30 | ][41] | Cu | ||||||||||||||
Bio-mass | 2 | Ce(NO | 3 | Hexagonal (average size of 66 nm) | )3[66] | Spherical (12–20 nm)[80] | ||||||||||||||
[ | 162 | ] | [ | CdS | 85][100] | Fusarium sp. | Mycelial bio-mass | CdSO4 | Spherical (80–120 nm) | [113][127] | Spherical (6–13 nm) | ZnO | Aspergillus terreus | Culture liquid | ZnSO4[47][61] | xOy | Penicillium citrinum | Culture liquid | CuSO4 | Fe3Spherical (85–295 nm) |
CdSe | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | Living culture | CdCl2, Na2SeO3 | 15–20 nm | [147][163O4 | Aspergillus niger | Mycelial extract | FeCl3 | ||||||||||||
] | TiO | Nanoflakes (20–40 nm) | [ | |||||||||||||||||
CeO | Spherical (28–63 nm) | 2 | Talaromyces prupureogenus | Mycelial extract | Ce(NO3)3[67][81] | |||||||||||||||
Nano-sponges (average size of 21.4 nm) | [ | 83 | ] | [ | 98] | CdS | Phanerochaete chrysosporium | Living culture | Cd(NO3)223][ | ZnOHumicola sp.[32][43] | ||||||||||
2 | Average size of 2.56 nm | [ | 114 | ] | [128] | Bio-mass | Bulk TiO2 | Spherical (5–28 nm)35 | [48] | Aspergillus terreus[62] | Mycelial extract | Fe | ||||||||
CdSe | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | Living culture | CdCl2, Na2SeO3 | Average size of 2.8 nm | [148][164] | 3O4 | Aspergillus terreus | |||||||||||||
Zn(CH | 3 | CO | 2)2 | Spherical (10–45 nm) | [68][82] | |||||||||||||||
ZnO | Aspergillus terreus | Culture liquid | ||||||||||||||||||
Co3O4 | Aspergillus brasiliensis | Mycelial extract | CoSO4 | Quasi-spherical (20–27 nm) | CdS | Pleurotus ostreatus | Mycelial bio-mass | CdSO4, Na | ||||||||||||
CdSe | 2 | S | [ | Spherical (4–5 nm) | 86 | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | Bio-mass | CdCl2, Na2SeO3][101] | [115][129]] | |||||||||||
– | [ | 149 | ] | [ | 165] | TiOCulture liquid | 2 | CdSHypsizygus ulmariusFe(NO3)3 | Fruit body extract | TiCl4Spherical | [ | Rhizopus stolonifer16][17][28,29] | ||||||||
Spherical (average size of 80 nm) | Mycelial bio-mass | ZnC | 4H6O4 | Almost spherical | [49 | [ | ||||||||||||||
Co3O4 | Aspergillus nidulans | Bio-mass | Co(C5H7O2)2 | CdCl2 | ][63] | |||||||||||||||
InSe | , ZnS | 16 | Average size of 8.8 nm | [ | Aspergillus niger | Living culture | InCl3, Na2][17][28,29] | SeO | Fe3O4 | Aspergillus tamarii | Culture liquid | |||||||||
Spherical (average size of 20.29 nm) | [ | 87 | ] | [ | 102] | 116][130] | 3 | <10 nm | [150][166] | TiO2FeSO4 + FeCl3 | Spherical (5–22 nm) | [ | ZnOPleurotus djamor | Cochliobolus geniculatus | Mycelial extract33 | Fruit body extract | ||||
Co3O4 | TiCl | 4 | Zn(CH3CO2 | ] | [ | Spherical (average size of 31 nm)44] | ||||||||||||||
) | 2 | [ | 50 | ] | [ | Quasi-spherical (2–6 nm) | Spherical (average size of 3.57 nm) | |||||||||||||
Nd2 | Aspergillus terreus | [ | SeCulture liquid | 64 | ] | CoSO469] | Spherical[83] | |||||||||||||
[ | 16 | ] | [ | 17 | ][28,29] | 3 | Fusarium oxysporum | Fungal nitrate-dependent reductase | Fe3O4 | Fusarium oxysporum | Bio-mass | K3[Fe(CN)6] + K4[Fe(CN)6] | ZnOQuasi-spherical (20–50 nm) | Cordyceps militaris[ | ||||||
NdCl | 2 | , SeCl | 4 | [ | 117 | GdFruit body extract | 2O3Zn(CH3CO2)234][45] | |||||||||||||
TiO2 | Pleurotus sajor caju | Fruit body extract | TiCl4 | Spherical (average size of 85 nm) | [ | Spherical, irregular (average size of 1.83 nm)51][65 | [70] | Humicola sp. | Bio-mass | GdCl3] | [84] | |||||||||
Spherical (average size of 18 nm) | ] | [ | 131 | ] | ||||||||||||||||
[ | 151 | ] | [ | 167 | ] | Quasi-spherical (3–8 nm) | [88][ | CdS103] | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | Fe3O4 | Fusarium solani | Bio-mass | ||||||||
TiO2 | Sachharomyces cerevisae | Living culture | ZnO | Daedalea sp.Fe2O3 | Fruit body extract | Zn(CH3Cubic, spherical, irregular (55.3–84.2 nm) | TiO(OH)2CO2)2 | Irregular (average size of 14.58 nm) | [71][85] | |||||||||||
MgO | Agaricus bisporus | Fruit body extract | Mg(CH3COO) | [ | 35][46] | |||||||||||||||
Spherical (average size of 12.57 nm) | 2 | [ | 52 | ] | [66] | 29.6–38.6 nm | [89][104] | Fe3O4 | Verticillium sp. | Bio-mass | K3[Fe(CN)6] + K4[Fe(CN)6] | Cubo-octahedral (100–400 nm) | [34][45] | |||||||
TiO2 | Sachharomyces cerevisae | Living culture | TiCl4 | Oval (10–12 nm), mesoporous | [53][ | ZnO | Fusarium keratoplasticum | Mycelial extract | Zn(CH3CO2)67] | 2 | Hexagonal (10–42 nm) | [FexOy | Amanita muscaria | Fruit body extract | FeCl2 + FeCl3 | 2.2–2.5 nm | [36] | |||
65 | ||||||||||||||||||||
MgO | Aspergillus niger | Culture liquid | MgCl2 | ] | [ | Spherical (40–95 nm)79] | TiO2[47] | |||||||||||||
FexOy | Aspergillus japonicus | Bio-mass | K3[Fe(CN) | |||||||||||||||||
[ | 90 | ] | [ | 105 | ] | ZnO | Lentinula edodes | Fruit body extract | Zn(NO3)2 | Cubic, hexagonal (average size of 50 nm) | [72][86] | |||||||||
MgO | Aspergillus tubingensis | Mycelial extract | Mg(NO3)2 | Spherical (average size of 5.8 nm) | [91][106] | 6] + K4[Fe(CN)6] | Cubic (60–70 nm) | ZnO[ | Periconium sp. | Mycelial extract | Zn(NO3)237] | Quasi-spherical (16–78 nm)[48] | ||||||||
FexOy | Pleurotus florida | Bio-mass | FeCl2 | Cubic (11.90–167.63 nm) | [24][36] | |||||||||||||||
FeSO4 | Spherical (11.16–98.81 nm), highly agglomerated |
NP | Species | Source | Precursors | Shape and Size | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[ | ||||||||||||
73 | ||||||||||||
MgO | ||||||||||||
Trichoderma viride | ||||||||||||
] | ||||||||||||
Culture liquid | ||||||||||||
MgCl | ||||||||||||
2 | ||||||||||||
45.12–95.37 nm | ||||||||||||
[ | 87 | ] | ||||||||||
[ | 92 | ] | [ | 107 | ] | ZnO | Pichia kudriavzevii | Fungal extract | Zn(CH3CO2)2 | Hexagonal (average size of 32 nm) | [74][88] | |
MnxOy | Cladosporium halotolerans | Living culture | MnCl2 | Needle-like (2–6 nm in diameter, 0.1–1 μm in length) | [93][108] | ZnO | Pleurotus djamor | |||||
Mn5O | Fruit body extract | 8 | Zn(NO3)2 | Nanorods, clusters (average size of 70–80 nm) | Fusarium oxysporum | Bio-mass | (CH3CO2)2Mn·[50][64] | |||||
Quasi-spherical (8–13 nm) | [ | 94 | ] | [ | 109] | ZnO | Pleurotus florida | |||||
NiO | Aspergillus aculeatus | Bio-mass | ZnCl2 | Semi-spherical (21.27–118.36 nm) | [24][36] | |||||||
Dead bio-mass | NiCl | 2 | Spherical (average size of 5.89 nm) | [ | 95][110] | ZnSO4 | Semi-spherical (9.36–58.13 nm) | |||||
NiO | Aspergillus terreus | Culture liquid | NiSO4 | Spherical | [16][17][28,29] | ZnO | Pleurotus floridanus | Culture liquid | Zn(NO3)2 | Spherical (average size of 34.98 nm) | [ | |
NiO | Hypocrea lixii | 75 | Dead bio-mass | NiCl2 | Average size of 3.8 nm for extracellular and 1.25 nm for intracellular NPs][89] | [96][111 | ZnO | Pleurotus ostreatus | Fruit body extract | Zn(NO3)2 | Spherical (average size of 7.50 nm) | [76][90] |
ZnO | Trichoderma harzianum | Mycelial extract | ZnSO4 | Fan- and bouquet-like structures (27–40 nm in width, 134–200 nm in length) | [21][33] | |||||||
ZnO | Trichoderma harzianum | Mycelial extract | Zn(CH3CO2)2 | Spherical (average size of 30.34 nm) | [77][91] | |||||||
ZnO | Trichoderma viride | Culture liquid | Zn(CH3CO2)2 | Hexagonal (average size of 63.3 nm) | [78][92] |
NP | Species | Source | Precursors | Shape and Size | Reference | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Al | ||||||||||
Bio-mass | ||||||||||
CdCl | ||||||||||
2 | ||||||||||
, Na | ||||||||||
PbSe | ||||||||||
Aspergillus terreus | ||||||||||
– | 2 | S | – | Spherical (average size of 2 nm) | [118][132] | Nanorods (average size of 59 nm) | [152][168] | |||
PbSe | Trichoderma sp. | Mycelial bio-mass | Pb(NO3)2, SeO2 | Cubic (10–30 nm) | [153][169] | |||||
RuO | ||||||||||
2 | ||||||||||
Fusarium oxysporum | ||||||||||
Bio-mass | ||||||||||
RuCl | 3 | Spherical (2–5 nm) | [ | 97 | ][112] | |||||
Sb2O3 | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | Fungal culture | SbCl3 | Spherical (2–10 nm) | [98][113] | |||||
SeO2 | Trichoderma harzianum | Living culture | Na2SeO3 | – | [99][114] | |||||
SiO2 | Fusarium oxysporum | Bio-mass | K2SiF6 | Quasi-spherical (5–15 nm) | [47][61] | |||||
SiO2 | Fusarium oxysporum | Bio-mass | Amorphous silica present in rice husk | Quasi-spherical (2–6 nm) | [100][115] | |||||
SiO2 | Saccharomyces cervisiae | Living culture | Sodium silicate | Spherical (40–70 nm) | [101][116] | |||||
TeO2 | Mortierella humilis | Living culture | Na2TeO3 | – | [99][114] | |||||
TeO2 | Trichoderma harzianum | Living culture | Na2TeO3 | – | [99][114] | |||||
ZrO2 | Fusarium oxysporum | Bio-mass | K2ZrF6 | Quasi-spherical (3–11 nm) | [102][117] | |||||
ZrO2 | Fusarium solani | Culture liquid | zirconyl nitrate | Spherical (40–50 nm) | [103][118] | |||||
ZrO | ||||||||||
CdS | Schizosaccharo-myces pombe | Living culture | CdSO4 | Average size of 1.8 nm | [119][133] | |||||
CdS | Schizosaccharo-myces pombe | Living culture | CdSO4 | 1–1.5 nm | [120][134] | |||||
CdS | Schizosaccharo-myces pombe | Living culture | Cd(NO3)2 | – | [110][124] | |||||
157 | ] | CdS | Termitomyces heimii | Fruit body extract | Cd(NO3)2, Na2S | Spherical (3–5 nm) | [121][135] | |||
CdS | Trametes versicolor | Living culture | Cd(NO3)2 | Spherical (average size of 6 nm) | [122][136] | |||||
CdS | Trichoderma harzianum | Mycelial bio-mass | CdCl2, Na2S | Spherical (3–8 nm) | [123][137] | |||||
CdS | Trichosporon jirovecii | Living culture | CdCl2 | Spherical (6–15 nm) | [124][138] | |||||
CuS | Fusarium oxysporum | Mycelial bio-mass | CuSO4 | Spherical (2–5 nm) | [125][139] | |||||
CuS | Fusarium oxysporum | Mycelial bio-mass | Copper mine wastewaters | 10–40 nm | [126][140] | |||||
PbS | Aspergillus flavus | Living culture | Pb(C2H3O2)2, Na2S | 35–100 nm | [127][141] | |||||
Pb(NO | 3 | ) | 2 | 2–5 nm | [130][144] | |||||
ZnS | Agaricus bisporus | |||||||||
AuSe | Fusarium oxysporum | Mycelial bio-mass | HAuCl4, SeCl4 | Spherical (average size of 52 nm) | [142][158] | |||||
CdSe | Candida utilis | Living culture | CdCl2, Na2SeO3 | Average size of 4.38 nm | [143][159] | |||||
CdSe | Fusarium oxysporum | Mycelial bio-mass | CdCl2, SeCl4 | Average size of 11 nm | PbS | Rhodosporidium diobovatum | Bio-mass | Pb(NO3)2 | Spherical (2–5 nm) | [128][142] |
PbS | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | Living culture | Pb(C2H3O2)2, Na2S | Spherical (0.667–6.95 nm) | [129][143] | |||||
PbS | Torulopsis sp. | Living cultureFruit body extract | ZnCl2, Na2S | Almost spherical (2.1–3.5 nm) | [131][145] | |||||
ZnS | Aspergillus flavus | Mycelial bio-mass | ZnSO4 | Spherical (average size of 18 nm) | [132][133][146,147] | |||||
ZnS:Gd | Aspergillus flavus | Mycelial bio-mass | ZnSO4, Gd(NO3)2 | Spherical (10–18 nm) | [134][148] | |||||
ZnS | Aspergillus sp. | Mycelial bio-mass | ZnSO4 | Spherical (average size of 11.08 nm) | [135][149] | |||||
ZnS | Fusarium oxysporum | Mycelial bio-mass | ZnSO4 | Spherical (average size of 42 nm) | [136][150] | |||||
ZnS | Penicillium sp. | Mycelial bio-mass | ZnSO4 | Spherical (average size of 6.3 nm) | [137][151] | 2 | Penicillium aculeatum | Culture liquid | ZrCl4 | Spherical (average size of 39.32 nm) |
ZnS | Pleurotus ostreatu | Fruit body extract | [ | 104 | ][119] | |||||
ZnCl | 2 | , Na | 2S | Almost spherical (2.1–3.5 nm) | [138][152] | ZrO2 | Penicillium notatum | Culture liquid | ||
ZnS | ZrCl | 4 | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | Spherical (average size of 62.27 nm) | [104] | Bio-mass | ZnSO4[119] | |||
ZrO2 | Penicillium purpurogenome | Culture liquid | ZrCl4 | Spherical (average size of 53.60 nm) | [104][119] |
Spherical (30–40 nm) |
[ |
139 |
] |
[ |
153 |
] |