Synthesis TiO2/ZnO Nanoparticles Based on Plant Extracts

Version	Summary	Created by	Modification	Content Size	Created at	Operation
1		Predrag Putnik	--	2660	2024-05-12 13:55:36	\|
2	format	Jason Zhu	Meta information modification	2660	2024-05-13 08:07:51	\|

This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/nano12020263

Possible eco-friendly synthesis of TiO2, ZnO, as well as a few special nanomaterials, using different plant extracts instead of harmful organic solutions. The main role of the biomolecules in the synthesis of different NPs is the reduction of metal salts, as well as capping and stabilizing them. Hence, the plant-mediated nanomaterials have a variety of different shapes and sizes comparing to the general, chemical-based synthesis processes. Furthermore, these bio-compounds not only reduce the metal salts, but also functionalize the surface of the newly synthesized NPs, which includes synergistic effects for various applications. Furthermore, the pure plant extracts can also act as catalysts. Even though, that these phytochemicals are mainly used as reduction agents, they can also possess photoactivity and can be used as photocatalysts.

TiO2/ZnO plant extract

1. Introduction

Undoubtedly, there are high hopes for the application of nanomaterials not only as photocatalysts in heterogeneous photodegradation but in other scientific fields too. However, the conventional techniques have their limitations, such as expensive equipment, toxic and non-biodegradable precursors, the need for expertise, low yield of product, as well as long reaction times ^[1]^[2].

To this end, green and sustainable methods should be developed, in order to eliminate or at least decrease the application of harmful chemicals, which negatively affect the environment and living organisms. Fortunately, the scientific society noticed the importance and advantages of green techniques. The number of publications about the topic of green synthesis of different nanocomposites with photocatalytic activity has been increasing continuously since 2018 (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Number of publications on the “green synthesis” topic for photocatalytic purposes (Scopus, September 2021).

2. Synthesis TiO2/ZnO Nanoparticles Based on Plant Extracts

One example for the green approaches in the synthesis of TiO₂ nanoparticles is explained in the study by authors Dash et al. ^[1]. In their work the leaf extract of Azadirachta indica was applied. For the preparation of the plant extract, firstly, the fresh, green leaves were collected and washed with tap water. After that, they were also washed using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) solution as well as with distilled water and with 2 M NaOH solution. After washing the leaves, they were dried at ambient temperature. When the drying process was finished, 3 g of the finely cut leaves were mixed with 200 mL distilled water and boiled until the amount of water decreased to 60 mL. Finally, the mixture was filtered and the extract was stored for further use. In order to prepare a mesoporous form of TiO₂, different amounts of plant extract (8, 12, 16 and 20 mL) were mixed with 0.4 mL of titanium tetraisopropoxide. The reaction mixtures were continuously stirred for 12 h at 35 °C. Then, the temperature was step-by-step increased to 70 °C to eliminate the water from the solution. Finally, after evaporating the water, the obtained product was calcined at 400 °C for 3 h. The formation of white powder proved the successful synthesis of TiO₂. The newly synthesized NPs, depending on the amount of the plant extract (8, 12, 16 and 20 mL) were named as MTO-8, MTO-12, MTO-16 and MTO-20, respectively (Figure 2).

For the characterization of the green synthesized NPs, various techniques were applied, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV-Vis spectrometry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis. The FTIR analysis proved the TiO₂ structure. All the investigated samples showed characteristic broad peaks in the region of 480–900 cm⁻¹, which were corresponding to the stretching vibrations of Ti-O-Ti linkage. Additionally, the findings showed that in the samples with higher amount of leaf extract, the stretching vibration decreased. The SEM images determined that the particle size of the newly synthesized NPs were in the range of 240−410 nm. They also confirmed that the initial amount of the plant extract has an effect on the size of the NPs. Namely, increasing the amount of the extract resulted in decreased particle size, which can be explained with the higher amount of the biomolecules present in the reaction system. The XRD analysis confirmed the anatase phase of TiO₂ and also showed that the crystallinity of TiO₂ increased with increasing amount of leaf extract. The average crystal sizes determined by XRD for MTO-8, MTO-12, MTO-16 and MTO-20 were 16.8, 14.5, 13.3 and 12.7 nm, respectively. The UV-Vis results showed absorbance at 335, 322, 304, and 292 nm for the MTO-8, MTO-12, MTO-16 and MTO-20 NPs, respectively. A significant blue shift in the absorbance was observed which is resulted by the higher crystallinity in the samples with higher amount of leaf extract. The bandgaps were also calculated for the newly synthesized NPs, and were 3.08, 2.91, 2.81 and 2.66 eV for MTO-20, MTO-16, MTO-12 and MTO-8, respectively. BET findings showed the surface of MTO-20, MTO-16, MTO-12 and MTO-8 which was found to be 157.35, 91.87, 39.12 and 8.55 m²/g. In addition, the pore volumes were also determined (i.e., they were found to be 0.31, 0.26, 0.17 and 0.14 cm³/g for MTO-20, MTO-16, MTO-12 and MTO-8, respectively) ^[1].

The green synthesis of a triple nanocomposite was also investigated. Namely, Jiang et al. ^[3] applied Cinnamomum camphora leaf extract in the synthesis of Au-Ag/TiO₂ catalyst for photocatalytic purposes. The leaf extract was prepared by grinding and washing the leaves, which were followed by their drying at ambient temperature. Two grams of this powder were dissolved in 100 mL of distilled water and stirred for 4 h. Finally, the mixture was filtered and stored at 4 °C for further use. The leaf extract acted as both reducing and capping agent. Whereas the Au-Ag bimetallic and Au-Ag/TiO₂ NPs were synthesized using the following procedure. First, 0.1 mL of 100 mM AgNO₃ solution was mixed with 20 mL of leaf extract and stirred at 30 °C for one day. After that, 0.2 mL of 50 mM HAuCl₄ was added to this solution and the reaction was carried out at 30 °C for 2 h which ended up with the formation of bimetallic NPs. Afterwards, for the synthesis of Au-Ag/TiO₂ catalyst the previously prepared bimetallic NPs were used. Firstly, 0.5 g TiO₂ was added to the NPs sol at ambient temperature and stirred for 4 h. This was followed by filtration and drying at 60 °C. Following that, 0.5 g of [BMIM]PF₄ was mixed with 0.5 g of dried catalyst and 20 mL of deionized water, stirred for 2 h and dried at 60 °C. Finally, the catalysts were calcined at 350 °C as well as at 400 °C for 4 h. For the characterization, different techniques were used: Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), XRD, FTIR, inductively coupled plasma with mass spectrometry ^[3]. The TEM and STEM results confirmed the successful synthesis of the NPs and the presence of Ag and Au alloyed metals. Additionally, the TEM analysis determined a spherical shape and a uniform size of 12.6 ± 1.7 nm. The FTIR spectra proved the successful green synthesis of these NPs, as well as the oxidants and capping agent ability of the Cinnamomum camphora leaf extract. The XRD analysis proved the anatase phase of TiO₂ without any obvious changes when Au-Ag metals were added. The photocatalytic activity of the green synthesized NPs was also investigated in the photodegradation of methyl orange (MO) under UV-Vis irradiation. Findings showed a high activity of the newly synthesized NPs. Specifically, with the fresh Au-Ag/TiO₂ 89.4% of MO was degraded after 60 min of irradiation. In addition, the photocatalytic activity was also examined in the case of mix dyes (MO; methylene blue, MB; and rhodamine B). The results showed that all of the absorption peaks in the UV-Vis spectra disappeared after 60 min of irradiation, which confirmed the high photodegradation efficiency. In addition, the stability of the NPs was also questioned. According to the results it was concluded that after 5 cycles of photodegradation, there were no changes in the activity of the NPs, which confirmed a possible industrial utilization usage of these NPs ^[3].

Udayabhanu et al. ^[4] investigated the possible use of Euphorbia hirta leaf extract in the synthesis of TiO₂ nanoparticles for photocatalytic application. For the extract preparation the leaves were firstly washed from impurities and the extract was prepared using microwave irradiation. Mass of 20 g of the leaves were cut into small pieces, homogenized and mixed with distilled water. The mixture was boiled under microwave irradiation for 10 min. The extract was cooled down to room temperature and filtrated. The obtained Euphorbia hirta extract acted as both reducing and capping agent for TiO₂ synthesis. For the green synthesis, a mixture of 100 mL of leaf extract and 900 mL of 5 mM TiO₄ solution was prepared and incubated under sunlight for 24 h. To complete the formation of NPs, the reaction mixture was centrifuged at 8000 rpm for 10 min and the formed pellet was dissolved using several drops of hydrofluoric acid (40%) and washed several times. Finally, it was dried at ambient temperature for two days to turn it into powder form. For the characterization the following techniques were used: UV-Vis spectrometry, FTIR, SEM, EDX and XRD ^[4]. The UV-Vis spectrophotometry was used to confirm the reduction of titanium ions. Peak has appeared in the spectra at 420 nm, which was originated from the TiO₂ in the examined samples. The FTIR analysis determined the presence of biologically active compounds that were adsorbed to the surface of green synthesized NPs. It is believed that the bioactive substances may have involved in the bio-reduction of TiO₂ NPs. The XRD patterns confirmed the cubic phase of titanium.

The possibilities of the banana peels extract in the synthesis of ZnO were also investigated by Fernanda et al. ^[5]. For the preparation of the extract, 150 g of banana peel was washed and boiled in 150 mL deionized water. Then, the boiled peels were pounded until smooth and mixed with the earlier used water. After that, the mixture was filtered using a cloth. For the synthesis of ZnO, 500 mL of ZnSO₄ (0.0783 M) was added to 129.47 mL of banana extract. The pH was set to 12 by adding NaOH solution and the mixture was washed using a Buchner funnel until the filtrate showed neutral pH. The product after the filtration was dried in an oven at 60 °C until its weight was constant. For the characterization, XRD analysis was used. The findings showed that the size of crystals was 18.86–20.72 nm which depends on the used type of banana (i.e., on the concentration of secondary metabolites contained in the extracts). The synthesized particles are believed to be useful photocatalysts in water purification ^[5].

The characteristics and efficiency of the green synthesized photoactive nanoparticles are presented in the Table 1.

Table 1. Basic information about the discussed methods of green synthesis and the main characteristics of the synthesized NPs.

Type of Catalyst	Applied Plant Extract in Experiments	Method of Synthesis	Size of the Newly Synthesized Particles	Structure of the Newly Synthesized Particles	Type of Pollutant in the Photocatalytic Experiments	Applied Irradiation	Efficiency of the Photocatalytic Degradation (%)	Reaction Rate Constant	Study
TiO₂	Leaf extract of Azadirachta indica	Plant-mediated synthesis	Average crystal size in the range of 12.7–16.8 nm	Mesoporous structure of TiO₂	Rhodamine 6 G	UV irradiation	64% after 57 min of irradiation	0.0321 min⁻¹	^[1]
TiO₂	Aloe Vera gel from the plant leaf	Hydrothermal synthesis	Size of pure TiO₂ 57 nm, while the Ag@TiO₂ 38 nm	Combination of anatase and rutile phase	Picric acid	Visible irradiation	After 50 min of irradiation a decent amount of PA was removed	Not mentioned	^[6]
TiO₂	Leaf extract of Cinnamomum camphora	Synthesis under ambient conditions	12.6 ± 1.7 nm	Spherical shape and anatase phase of the Au-Ag/TiO₂	methyl orange (MO), rhodamine B and methylene blue	UV-Vis irradiation (Xe lamp)	89.4% of MO after 60 min of irradiation; Complete degradation in the case of mixture dyes after 60 min of irradiation	0.0356 min⁻¹ in the case of MO degradation; For the mixture the constant was not mentioned	^[3]
TiO₂	Leaf extract of Deinbollia pinnata	Sol–gel method	Average crystal size in the range of 19–21 nm	Aggregated, semi-spherical shape with anatase phase	Methyl orange	UV irradiation	97.53% after 150 min of irradiation	Not mentioned	^[7]
TiO₂	Leaf extract of Euphorbia hirta	Plant-mediated synthesis	Avarage crystal size in the range of 20–50 nm	Spherical shape and cubic phase of TiO₂	Methylene blue (MB), MO, alizarin red (AR) and crystal violet (CV)	Direct sunlight	86.8% (CV); 81.3% (AR); 77.5% (MO) after 6 h of irradiation	Not mentioned	^[4].
ZnO	Leaf extract of Syzygium Cumini	Not mentioned	11.35 nm	Agglomerated, well-crystallized hexagonal wurtzite structure	Methylene blue	Sunlight irradiation	91.4% after 180 min of irradiation	Not mentioned	^[8]
ZnO	Pullulan, product of Aureobasidium pullulans fungus	Precipitation method	Average particle size 110.86 nm	Flower-like strucutre	Methyl orange	UV irradiation	97% after 300 min of irradiation	Not mentioned	^[9]^[10]
ZnO	Leaf extract of Cinnamomum tamala	Plant-mediated synthesis	Average particle size 35 nm	Hexagonal wurtzite crystallite structure	Methylene blue	Direct sunlight	98.07% after 90 min of irradiation	Not mentioned	^[11]
ZnO	Plant extract of Gynostemma pentaphyllum	Co-precipitation method	35.41 nm	Hexagonal structure of crystalline nanoparticles	Malachite green	UV irradiation	89% after 180 min of irradiation	Not mentioned	^[12]
ZnO	Peel extract of Cavendish bananas	Plant-mediated synthesis	15.3 nm	Triangular and spherical shaped particles with hexagonal wurtzite structure	BB9 organic dye; Crystal violet (CV) and Congo red (CR)	UV-Vis irradiation (xenon lamp)	100% of BB9 after 90 min of irradiation; 97.79% of CV and 81.70% of CR after 420 min of irradiation	0.5254 h⁻¹ for CV and 0.2837 h⁻¹ for CR	^[13]
ZnO	Leaf extract of Alchornea laxiflora	Plant-mediated synthesis	29–38 nm, depending on the volume of leaf extract	Quasi-hexagonal shape with hexagonal crystallographic phase	Congo red	Direct sunlight	87% after 60 min of irradiation	0.0401 min⁻¹	^[14]
ZnO	Peel extract of banana	Plant-mediated synthesis	18.86–20.72 depending on the type of banana	Nanocrystalline ZnO	Not mentioned	Not mentioned	Believed to be effective in the photodegradation	Not mentioned	^[5]
ZnO	Jujube fruit extract	Plant-mediated synthesis	19 nm	Highly spherical shape with hexagonal wurtzite structure	Methylene blue (MB) and Eriochrome black-T (ECBT)	Direct sunlight	85% of both dyes after 300 min of irradiation	0.0087 min⁻¹ for MB and 0.0067 min⁻¹ for ECBT	^[15]
ZnO	Leaf extract of Prunus cerasifera	Plant-mediated synthesis	Average crystal size 12 nm	Aggregated spheroidal shape with wurtzite hexagonal phase	Bromocresol green (BG), Bromophenol Blue (BB), Methyl red (MR) and Methyl blue (MB)	Direct sunlight	93.12% of BG; 90.54% of BB; 88.49% of MR and 76.76% of MB after 10 min of irradiation	Not mentioned	^[16]
ZnO	Leaf extract of Becium grandiflorum	Biological approach	Average crystal size of 20 nm	Hexagonal wurtzite structure	Methylene blue	UV irradiation	69% after 200 min of irradiation	0.0019 min⁻¹	^[17]
ZnO	Root extract of Codonopsis lanceolata	Modified co-precipitation method	500 nm	Spherical, flower-like shape with hexagonal wurtzite structure of ZnO	Methylene blue	UV irradiation	90.3% after 40 min of irradiation	0.057 min⁻¹	^[18]
ZnO	Leef extract of Peltophorum pterocarpum	Plant-mediated synthesis	11.64 nm	Flowershaped particles with hexagonal wurtzite phase of ZnO	Methylene blue	Sunlight irradiation	95% after 120 min of irradiation	0.021 min⁻¹	^[19]
ZnO	Husk extract of Zea mays (Z-ZnO) and peel extract of Artocarpus heterophyllus (A-ZnO) and Punica granatum (P-ZnO)	Co-precipitation method under low temperature	28 (Z-ZnO), 55 (A-ZnO) and 25 (P-ZnO) nm	Z-ZnO flower-like; A-ZnO cauliflower-like and P-ZnO small nanoflower structure with hexagonal ZnO wurtzite phase	Antibacterial activity	Visible light irradiation	93.2% (Z-ZnO), 85.7% (A-ZnO) and 99.2% (P-ZnO) after 180 min of irradiation	0.0130 (Z-ZnO), 0.0091 (A-ZnO) and 0.0280 (p-ZnO) min⁻¹	^[20]
ZnO	Leaf extract of Sapindus mukorossi	Plant-mediated synthesis	10–1000 nm	Spherical-spiral shape	Methylene blue	Sunlight irradiation	99% (ZnO-PMMA); 98% (N_i2O₃-PMMA); 93% (CuO-PMMA); 90% (Fe₃O₄-PMMA) after 130 min of irradiation	0.1349 (ZnO-PMMA); 0.1321 (N_i2O₃-PMMA); 0.1263 (CuO-PMMA); 0.1231 (Fe₃O₄-PMMA) min⁻¹	^[21]
ZnO	Leaf extract of curry with coconut water	Plant-mediated synthesis	1.80, 1.62 and 1.88 nm with respect to 10-, 15- and 20-mL concentration of extract	Agglomerated, irregular spherical shape	Methylene blue	Sunlight irradiation	98.45% after 60 min of irradiation	0.0579 min⁻¹	^[22]
ZnO	Leaf extract of Stevia rebaudiana	Co-precipitation method	Average crystallite size 4.71 nm	Agglomerated flower-like shape with hexagonal wurtzite structure of the ZnO	Methylene blue	UV irradiation	76% after 30 min of irradiation	Not mentioned	^[23]
ZnO	Root extract of Saponaria officinalis	Precipitation method	42–5500 nm	Sowrd-like shapes with hexagonal wurtzite phase of ZnO	Methylene blue	Visible light irradiation	15–42% depending on the applied catalyst, after 40 min of irradiation	Lower than the used reference value (i.e. lower than 0.0344 min⁻¹)	^[24]
ZnO	Leaf extract of Amaranthus dubius	Plant-mediated synthesis	82–250 nm for ZnO and 71–280 nm for 1% Fe-ZnO	Spherical cubic phase	Naphthalene	UV irradiation	63.5% (ZnO) and 71.7% (Fe-ZnO) after 240 min of irradiation	0.0045 (ZnO) and 0.0054 (Fe-ZnO) min⁻¹	^[25]
ZnO	Leaf extract of Rosemary	Plant-mediated synthesis	Average crystalline size 28.946 ± 0.002 nm	Quasi-hexagonal structure with high degree of agglomeration	Textile effluent	Visible light irradiation	63% after 100 min of irradiation	0.0111 s⁻¹	^[26]
ZnO	Leaf extract of Solanum lycopersicum	Plant-mediated synthesis	Average crystalline size 33 nm	Agglomerated spherical shape with hexagonal wurtzite structure of ZnO	Congo red	Sunlight irradiation	80% after 300 min of irradiation	Not mentioned	^[27]

References

Dash, L.; Biswas, R.; Ghosh, R.; Kaur, V.; Banerjee, B.; Sen, T.; Patil, R.A.; Ma, Y.-R.; Haldar, K.K. Fabrication of mesoporous titanium dioxide using azadirachta indica leaves extract towards visible-light-driven photocatalytic dye degradation. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A Chem. 2020, 400, 112682.
Verma, R.; Pathak, S.; Srivastava, A.K.; Prawer, S.; Tomljenovic-Hanic, S. ZnO nanomaterials: Green synthesis, toxicity evaluation and new insights in biomedical applications. J. Alloys Compd. 2021, 876, 16017.
Jiang, X.; Wang, Z.; Zhang, X.; Jiang, G.; Peng, Y.; Xu, S.; Cao, M.; Dai, X.; Liu, Z.; Ma, J. Enhanced photocatalytic activity of biosynthesized Au-Ag/TiO2 catalyst by removing excess anchored biomolecules. J. Nanopart. Res. 2019, 21, 211.
Udayabhanu, J.; Kannan, V.; Tiwari, M.; Natesan, G.; Giovanni, B.; Perumal, V. Nanotitania crystals induced efficient photocatalytic color degradation, antimicrobial and larvicidal activity. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 2018, 178, 496–504.
Fernanda, O.D.; Putri, T.F.; Marfuah, S.; Aliyatulmuna, A.; Fajaroh, F. Utilization of banana peels extracts in the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles. In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Mathematics and Science Education (ICOMSE) 2020: Innovative Research in Science and Mathematics Education in The Disruptive Era, Malang, Indonesia, 25–26 August 2020.
Hariharan, D.; Thangamuniyandi, P.; Jegatha Christy, A.; Vasantharaja, R.; Selvakumar, P.; Sagadevan, S.; Pugazhendhi, A.; Nehru, L.C. Enhanced photocatalysis and anticancer activity of green hydrothermal synthesized Ag@TiO2 nanoparticles. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 2020, 202, 111636.
Rufai, Y.; Chandren, S.; Basar, N. Influence of Solvents’ Polarity on the Physicochemical Properties and Photocatalytic Activity of Titania Synthesized Using Deinbollia pinnata Leaves. Front. Chem. 2020, 8, 597980.
Sadiq, H.; Sher, F.; Sehar, S.; Lima, E.C.; Zhang, S.; Iqbal, H.M.N.; Zafar, F.; Nuhanović, M. Green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles from Syzygium Cumini leaves extract with robust photocatalysis applications. J. Mol. Liquids 2021, 335.
Mohamed Isa, E.D.; Shameli, K.; Ch’ng, H.J.; Che Jusoh, N.W.; Hazan, R. Photocatalytic degradation of selected pharmaceuticals using green fabricated zinc oxide nanoparticles. Adv. Powder Technol. 2021, 32, 2398–2409.
Mohamed Isa, E.D.; Che Jusoh, N.W.; Hazan, R.; Shameli, K. Photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange using pullulan-mediated porous zinc oxide microflowers. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int. 2021, 28, 5774–5785.
Narath, S.; Koroth, S.K.; Shankar, S.S.; George, B.; Mutta, V.; Waclawek, S.; Cernik, M.; Padil, V.V.T.; Varma, R.S. Cinnamomum tamala Leaf Extract Stabilized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: A Promising Photocatalyst for Methylene Blue Degradation. Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 1558.
Park, J.K.; Rupa, E.J.; Arif, M.H.; Li, J.F.; Anandapadmanaban, G.; Kang, J.P.; Kim, M.; Ahn, J.C.; Akter, R.; Yang, D.C.; et al. Synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles from Gynostemma pentaphyllum extracts and assessment of photocatalytic properties through malachite green dye decolorization under UV illumination-A Green Approach. Optik 2021, 239, 166249.
Abdullah, F.H.; Abu Bakar, N.H.H.; Abu Bakar, M. Comparative study of chemically synthesized and low temperature bio-inspired Musa acuminata peel extract mediated zinc oxide nanoparticles for enhanced visible-photocatalytic degradation of organic contaminants in wastewater treatment. J. Hazard. Mater. 2021, 406, 124779.
Ekennia, A.; Uduagwu, D.; Olowu, O.; Nwanji, O.; Oje, O.; Daniel, B.; Mgbii, S.; Emma-Uba, C. Biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using leaf extracts of Alchornea laxiflora and its tyrosinase inhibition and catalytic studies. Micron 2021, 141, 102964.
Golmohammadi, M.; Honarmand, M.; Ghanbari, S. A green approach to synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using jujube fruit extract and their application in photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes. Spectrochim. Acta A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 2020, 229, 117961.
Jaffri, S.B.; Ahmad, K.S. Neoteric environmental detoxification of organic pollutants and pathogenic microbes via green synthesized ZnO nanoparticles. Environ. Technol. 2019, 40, 3745–3761.
Kahsay, M.H. Synthesis and characterization of ZnO nanoparticles using aqueous extract of Becium grandiflorum for antimicrobial activity and adsorption of methylene blue. Appl. Water Sci. 2021, 11, 45.
Lu, J.; Ali, H.; Hurh, J.; Han, Y.; Batjikh, I.; Rupa, E.J.; Anandapadmanaban, G.; Park, J.K.; Yang, D.-C. The assessment of photocatalytic activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles from the roots of Codonopsis lanceolata synthesized by one-pot green synthesis method. Optik 2019, 184, 82–89.
Pai, S.; Sridevi, H.; Varadavenkatesan, T.; Vinayagam, R.; Selvaraj, R. Photocatalytic zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesis using Peltophorum pterocarpum leaf extract and their characterization. Optik 2019, 185, 248–255.
Quek, J.-A.; Sin, J.-C.; Lam, S.-M.; Mohamed, A.R.; Zeng, H. Bioinspired green synthesis of ZnO structures with enhanced visible light photocatalytic activity. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 2019, 31, 1144–1158.
Rani, M.; Shanker, U. Sun-light driven rapid photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue by poly(methyl methacrylate)/metal oxide nanocomposites. Coll. Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Aspects 2018, 559, 136–147.
Satheshkumar, M.; Anand, B.; Muthuvel, A.; Rajarajan, M.; Mohana, V.; Sundaramanickam, A. Enhanced photocatalytic dye degradation and antibacterial activity of biosynthesized ZnO-NPs using curry leaves extract with coconut water. Nanotechnol. Environ. Eng. 2020, 5.
Hoon Seo, K.; Markus, J.; Soshnikova, V.; Oh, K.H.; Anandapadmanaban, G.; Elizabeth Jimenez Perez, Z.; Mathiyalagan, R.; Kim, Y.J.; Yang, D.C. Facile and green synthesis of zinc oxide particles by Stevia Rebaudiana and its in vitro photocatalytic activity. Inorg. Nano-Metal. Chem. 2019, 49, 1–6.
Tănase, M.A.; Marinescu, M.; Oancea, P.; Răducan, A.; Mihaescu, C.I.; Alexandrescu, E.; Nistor, C.L.; Jinga, L.-I.; Diţu, L.M.; Petcu, C.; et al. Antibacterial and Photocatalytic Properties of ZnO Nanoparticles Obtained from Chemical versus Saponaria officinalis Extract-Mediated Synthesis. Molecules 2021, 26, 2072.
Muthukumar, H.; Gire, A.; Kumari, M.; Manickam, M. Biogenic synthesis of nano-biomaterial for toxic naphthalene photocatalytic degradation optimization and kinetics studies. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegradat. 2017, 119, 587–594.
Noukelag, S.K.; Razanamahandry, L.C.; Ntwampe, S.K.O.; Arendse, C.J.; Maaza, M. Industrial dye removal using bio-synthesized Ag-doped ZnO nanoparticles. Environ. Nanotechnol. Monitor. Manag. 2021, 16, 100463.
Preethi, S.; Abarna, K.; Nithyasri, M.; Kishore, P.; Deepika, K.; Ranjithkumar, R.; Bhuvaneshwari, V.; Bharathi, D. Synthesis and characterization of chitosan/zinc oxide nanocomposite for antibacterial activity onto cotton fabrics and dye degradation applications. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2020, 164, 2779–2787.

© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.

Upload a video for this entry

Information

Subjects: Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :

Szabolcs Bognár

Predrag Putnik

Daniela Šojić Merkulov

View Times: 208

Update Date: 13 May 2024

Table of Contents

Video Upload Options

Confirm

1. Introduction

2. Synthesis TiO2/ZnO Nanoparticles Based on Plant Extracts

References