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Kong, J.; Lyu, H.; Ouyang, Q.; Shi, H.; Zhang, R.; Xiao, S.; Guo, D.; Zhang, Q.; Chen, X.; Zhou, C.; et al. Regulation of NcRNAs on Ferroptosis. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/56133 (accessed on 05 May 2024).
Kong J, Lyu H, Ouyang Q, Shi H, Zhang R, Xiao S, et al. Regulation of NcRNAs on Ferroptosis. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/56133. Accessed May 05, 2024.
Kong, Jinghua, Hao Lyu, Qian Ouyang, Hao Shi, Rui Zhang, Shuai Xiao, Dong Guo, Qi Zhang, Xing-Zhen Chen, Cefan Zhou, et al. "Regulation of NcRNAs on Ferroptosis" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/56133 (accessed May 05, 2024).
Kong, J., Lyu, H., Ouyang, Q., Shi, H., Zhang, R., Xiao, S., Guo, D., Zhang, Q., Chen, X., Zhou, C., & Tang, J. (2024, March 12). Regulation of NcRNAs on Ferroptosis. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/56133
Kong, Jinghua, et al. "Regulation of NcRNAs on Ferroptosis." Encyclopedia. Web. 12 March, 2024.
Regulation of NcRNAs on Ferroptosis
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This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/biology13020122

Ferroptosis is a non-apoptotic mode of cell death driven by membrane lipid peroxidation and is characterized by elevated intracellular levels of Fe2+, ROS, and lipid peroxidation. Studies have shown that ferroptosis is related to the development of multiple diseases, such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and acute myeloid leukemia. Ferroptosis plays a dual role in the occurrence and development of these diseases. Ferroptosis mainly involves iron metabolism, ROS, and lipid metabolism. Various mechanisms, including epigenetic regulation, have been reported to be deeply involved in ferroptosis. Abnormal epigenetic modifications have been reported to promote tumor onset or other diseases and resistance to chemotherapy drugs. 

DNA methylation RNA methylation non-coding RNA histone modification

1. Introduction

Non-coding RNAs (NcRNAs) play a significant role in regulating cellular processes. NcRNAs are non-coding transcripts with limited protein-coding potential and exert essential cellular functions through different molecular mechanisms [1]. In a broad sense, they can be subdivided into short and long ncRNAs and their biological functions, including short-stranded microRNAs (miRNAs), long-stranded non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs) [2][3].
MiRNAs are small ncRNAs, about 22 nucleotides long, widely found in eukaryotes and conserved throughout evolution. Single miRNAs can regulate multiple target genes, and multiple miRNAs can also regulate the same gene. The main function of miRNAs is the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression by binding to complementary target mRNA sequences, leading to translational repression or mRNA degradation that halts protein synthesis [4][5]. It has been shown that miRNAs may also induce gene expression by binding to target sequences and acting as translation activators [6]. Although miRNAs were not known over 30 years ago, they now regulate the expression of over 60% of protein coding genes. [7]. Exosome is a general term for many extracellular vesicles, a type of vesicle actively secreted by the cell and encapsulated by a phospholipid bilayer in which miRNAs are encapsulated. Almost every cell or tissue in the animal body can release exosomes externally, and miRNAs can be transported to various target cells and target organs through exosomal vehicles [8][9]. An abnormal expression of miRNA is often correlated with cardiovascular, autoimmune, infectious, and neurodegenerative diseases [10][11]. MiRNAs are also involved in cancer development, acting as tumor suppressors or oncogenes [12]. Emerging studies have shown that miRNAs participate in the critical regulation of ferroptosis in cancer, but the mechanism of their regulatory role needs to be further investigated.
LncRNAs are a class of heterogeneous ncRNAs that are more than 200 nucleotides in length. They are similar to mRNAs in transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms [13]. According to recent studies, LncRNAs play a crucial role in regulating cellular processes by interacting with other molecules such as DNA, RNA, and proteins. This finding sheds light on the important functions of lncRNAs in cellular processes [14][15]. H19 [16] and Xist [17] were first discovered in lncRNAs in the 1980s and 1990s. In the beginning of the 21st century, when the characteristics of ncRNAs started to exceed protein-coding genes, the role of lncRNAs began to be noticed [18]. Aberrant lncRNA expression involves all hallmarks of cancer, including sustained angiogenesis and dysregulated cellular metabolism [19][20]. In addition, there is growing evidence for their importance in regulating ferroptosis.
CircRNAs are single-stranded, covalently closed ncRNA molecules with different characteristics from other ncRNAs [21]. Initially, they were thought to be simply splicing disturbances and procedural errors produced by irregular splicing. Thus, their biological relevance was ignored. CircRNAs are rich in miRNA-binding sites and act as miRNA sponges, competing with target mRNAs for binding miRNAs, thereby inhibiting the degradation of target mRNAs [22][23]. CircRNAs play essential roles in various biological functions, such as miRNA sponges, transcriptional regulators, and RNA-binding proteins. CircRNAs are associated with developing many normal and pathological cellular processes and diseases [24], and it has been shown that they are implicated in various ferroptosis regulatory mechanisms (Figure 1).
Biology 13 00122 g003
Figure 1. The regulation of ferroptosis by NcRNAs. NcRNAs target metabolizable molecules such as ACSL4 and ALOX15 in lipid metabolism to regulate ferroptosis. NcRNAs regulate ferroptosis in classical and non-classical signaling pathways, such as the p53/NRF2-SLC7A11-GPX4 axis and GCH1. NcRNAs target iron-related proteins such as FTH1 [25], TFRC [26], and IREB2 [27], and regulate ferroptosis in iron metabolism.

2. MiRNAs and Ferroptosis

The long-chain non-coding RNA lncPVT1 directly binds to miR-214-3p to inhibit its expression, whereas miR-214-3p promotes ferroptosis by targeting the degradation of GPX4 [28]. The expression of miR-101-3p was downregulated in lung cancer. MiR-101-3p promotes ferroptosis by targeting TBL1-related protein 1 (TBLR1) to downregulate GPX4 and upregulate prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2). By developing nanomedicines, miR-101-3p can be delivered to tumor cells in vivo for ferroptosis restoration and ultimately inhibit tumor proliferation [29]. MiR-324-3p was significantly downregulated in lung cancer cell lines compared to normal cells. MiR-324-3p induced ferroptosis and enhanced the sensitivity of cisplatin to ferroptosis via targeted GPX4 [30]. MiR-324-3p was upregulated by metformin in breast cancer cell lines and downregulated GPX4 to induce ferroptosis [31]. In colorectal cancer, miR-15a-3p promotes ferroptosis by inhibiting GPX4 and increasing the abundance of ROS, Fe2+, and MDA [32]. MiR-15a inhibited GPX4 expression in pancreatic cancer, leading to increased intracellular levels of lactate dehydrogenase, Fe2+, and ROS, thereby promoting ferroptosis. In conclusion, the induction of ferroptosis by these miRNAs through the regulation of GPX4 provides a basis for investigating therapeutic strategies for various cancers [33].
Exosomes play a crucial role in the communication between proximal and distal organs, regulating diseases through paracrine mechanisms. Cancer-associated fibroblasts inhibit ferroptosis in gastric cancer cells by targeting ALOX15 via the exosomal secretion of miR-522 and preventing lipid ROS accumulation [34]. Emerging studies in melanoma cells showed that miR-137 inhibited lipid peroxidation and iron accumulation by directly targeting solute carrier family 1 member 5 (SLC1A5). The non-Xc-system member SLC1A5 is a neutral amino acid transport protein for alanine, serine, cysteine, and glutamine [35][36]. Recent studies have shown that miR-22-3P expression is significantly upregulated in cardiomyocytes and plasma exosomes from mice with chronic myocardial infarction and patients with heart failure. The overexpression of miR-22-3p abolished erastin-induced ferroptosis in vitro. The ACSL4 is a crucial gene for fatty acid metabolism and a target gene of miR-22-3p in tumor cells. Myocardial infarction (MI) inhibits erastin-induced ferroptosis by releasing miR-22-3p-enriched exosomes derived from cardiomyocytes [37]. Thus, targeting exosome-mediated cardiomyocyte/tumor pathology communication may provide a new avenue for antitumor therapy based on ferroptosis. Previous studies have shown that iron-responsive element-binding protein 2 (IREB2) has been identified as an inducer of ferroptosis. MiR-19a represses ferroptosis by inhibiting IREB2 in colorectal cancer [27]. In summary, miRNAs can regulate ferroptosis by degrading inducers or inhibitors of ferroptosis, and exploring drugs that can target these miRNAs will be a new direction for synergistic tumor therapy.

3. LncRNAs and Ferroptosis

It was shown that lncHEPFAL expression was reduced in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues. The results indicate that lncHEPFAL promotes ferroptosis by mediating the ubiquitinated-dependent degradation of SLC7A11 and subsequently increasing lipid ROS and Fe2+ [38]. The tumor suppressor lncP53RRA is lowly expressed in lung and liver cancer [39]. Emerging studies in lung cancer have shown that lncP53RRA interacts with Ras GTPase-activated protein-binding protein 1 (G3BP1) in the cytoplasm. lncP53RRA decreased p53 binding to G3BP1 in the cytoplasm and increased the accumulation of p53 in the nucleus to promote SLC7A11 transcription and inhibit ferroptosis [40]. LncMT1DP regulates erastin-induced ferroptosis by stabilizing miR-2a-365p and inhibiting NF-E2 p45-related factor 2(NRF2) MT1DP which induces ferroptosis in non-small-cell lung cancer by increasing the abundance of ROS, MDA, and Fe2+. To enhance drug efficacy, folate (FA)-modified liposome (FA-LP) nanoparticles containing erastin and lncRNA-MT1DP (E/M@FA-LPs) increased sensitivity to erastin-induced ferroptosis by delivering erastin and MT1DP [41]. Tumor resistance or self-protective mechanisms limit the treatment of tumors, and the combination of non-coding RNAs with tumor therapy-related drugs will be an effective means to improve the therapeutic effect.
LINC00239 is an abnormally highly expressed tumor-promoting factor in colorectal cancer tissues and promotes tumor development by decreasing erastin- and RSL3-induced ferroptosis. LINC00239 inhibits NRF2 ubiquitination and increases NRF2 protein stability by interacting with the Kelch structural domain of Keap1 [42], thereby inhibiting ferroptosis. Nuclear enriched transcript 1 (NEAT1) is an oncogenic lncRNA distributed around the nucleus that affects cancer cell proliferation, cell cycle, invasion, migration, and apoptosis. NEAT1 could bind to ACSL4 mRNA, decreasing ACSL4 and inhibiting ferroptosis. NEAT1 does not significantly affect the expression of other ferroptosis factors under erastin-induced conditions, such as SLC7A11, GPX4, and TfR1, which suggests that its inhibitory effect on ferroptosis is mediated exclusively through ACSL4 [43]. In another study, lncRNAs were critical mediators in regulating iron metabolism during ferroptosis. lncNEAT1 increased cellular iron concentration, while lncRNA PR11-89 decreased cellular iron concentration to regulate ferroptosis. The former sponge miR-9-5p upregulated the expression of TFRC and GOT1, and the latter sponge miR-129-5p upregulated the expression of PROM2 [26][44]. Dihydroartemisinin (DHA) is a semi-synthetic derivative of artemisinin. Studies have shown that it has anti-glioma activity by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting the proliferation, migration, and invasion of glioma cells. Recent studies have shown that DHA can exert antitumor effects by inducing ferroptosis in glioma cells. However, the mechanisms of attenuated ferroptosis have also been demonstrated in DHA-treated glioma cells [25]. The study revealed that the downregulation of lncRNA TUG1 in DHA-treated glioma cells directly led to the upregulation of MYC-associated zinc finger protein (MAZ), which promotes FTH1 to block ferroptosis. Emerging studies suggest that lncRNAs can affect ferroptosis by targeting ferroptosis-associated transcription factors or regulators. Targeting these lncRNAs to affect ferroptosis is a potential therapeutic strategy to enhance antitumor effects.

4. CircRNAs and Ferroptosis

CircKDM4C was significantly downregulated in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). CircKDM4C in AML cell lines promotes ferroptosis and inhibits cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. CircKDM4C inhibits the expression of hsa-let-7b5p as a sponge in AML cell lines, resulting in the upregulation of p53, which is the target gene of hsa-let-7b-5p.The transcription of SLC7A11 is inhibited by p53, which promotes ferroptosis [45]. CircIL4R is highly expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma and promotes tumorigenesis caused by regulating the miR-541-3p/GPX4 axis to inhibit ferroptosis [46]. CircLRFN5 expression is downregulated in glioblastoma, and the overexpression of CircLRFN5 inhibits the survival and proliferation of glioma stem cells (GSCs) as well as tumorigenesis by inducing ferroptosis [47]. CircLRFN5 binds to the transcription factor pairing-related homology box 2 (PRRX2), which promotes the degradation of PRRX2 via the ubiquitin-proteasome system and contributes to the reduction of GCH1, which is a key factor in promoting BH4 production. Targeting circLRFN5 to induce ferroptosis would be a promising therapeutic option for glioblastoma. CircRNA ACAP2 inhibits ferroptosis during cervical cancer progression via the miR-193a-5p/GPX4 axis [48]. CircACAP2 directly interacts with miR-193a-5p targeted GPX4 as a competitive RNA (ceRNA) in cervical cancer cells. Meanwhile, CircACAP2 inhibited the expression of miR-193a-5p by sponge-wrapping it, thereby promoting GPX4 expression in cervical cancer cells. CircRNAs are directly or indirectly involved in amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, and iron metabolism in ferroptosis. Further investigation is required to determine whether circRNAs have an exact mechanism of action in different cells and tissues, as they are a promising therapeutic target.

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Subjects: Cell Biology
Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Jinghua Kong
,
Hao Lyu
,
Qian Ouyang
,
Hao Shi
,
Rui Zhang
,
Shuai Xiao
,
Dong Guo
,
Qi Zhang
,
Xing-Zhen Chen
,
Cefan Zhou
,
Jingfeng Tang
View Times: 58
Revisions: 2 times (View History)
Update Date: 12 Mar 2024
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