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Maktabi, M.; Rusu, E. Developing Floating Wind Farms. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/55566 (accessed on 29 April 2024).
Maktabi M, Rusu E. Developing Floating Wind Farms. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/55566. Accessed April 29, 2024.
Maktabi, Mohamed, Eugen Rusu. "Developing Floating Wind Farms" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/55566 (accessed April 29, 2024).
Maktabi, M., & Rusu, E. (2024, February 27). Developing Floating Wind Farms. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/55566
Maktabi, Mohamed and Eugen Rusu. "Developing Floating Wind Farms." Encyclopedia. Web. 27 February, 2024.
Developing Floating Wind Farms
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This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/inventions9020024

Floating wind is becoming an essential part of renewable energy, and so highlighting perspectives of developing floating wind platforms is very important. 

renewable energy floating platforms wind

1. Introduction

Floating wind is currently a leading candidate for renewable energy in many countries around the world, as governments and companies investing large financial resources into developing floating wind projects. The purpose of this research is to present all the corresponding projects in the world, their implemented wind turbine types and corresponding concepts, as this will make a very significant contribution to understanding the floating wind situation around the world.
Renewable energy has become essential to efforts to respond to the increasing world population, and its corresponding demand for energy. It is also seen as essential to stop the reliance on fuels and eliminate pollution and climate change [1].
Renewable energy is also a way to prevent countries with oil and gas resources from becoming economically and politically dominant over countries that lack these resources [2].
Unlike oil and gas energy, renewable energy is carbon-free and limitless, which makes it the perfect solution to both climate change and population growth [2].
While onshore wind energy is currently the cheapest source of renewable energy, it has weaker and more turbulent wind speeds, compared to its offshore counterpart, which is anticipated to dominate in the years to come. Floating wind projects are therefore expected to be constructed in high water-depth areas [1].
From this perspective, the European Union will need 450 GW of offshore wind by 2050 to achieve its complete decarbonization, a substantial increase onits current corresponding power capacity of 25 GW [3].
The European Union must develop 150 GW of floating wind to be carbon neutral by 2050, which is likely to happen, both due to the available financial resources and the substantial efforts of the specialized floating wind companies [4].
Europe currently has 318 MW of floating wind from 34 corresponding concepts, compared to the rest of the world, which has 32 MW power capacity from 16 concepts. Floating wind cumulative capacity is currently led by the European Union, whose future investments will facilitate its industrialization process and reduce the capital expenditures (CAPEX) of future floating wind projects [4].
In 2030, France plans to have 750 MW of floating wind power capacity, the UK plans to have 1 GW, Norway plans to have 1.5 GW (or 3 GW [5]), and Portugal plans to have 275 MW [6], a substantial increase on current floating wind capacities of 114 MW in France, 80 MW in the UK, 95 MW in Norway, and 30 MW in Portugal. The US currently has 12 MW, and Japan has a 20 MW corresponding power capacity [4].
Floating wind projects will be implemented in areas where their offshore bottom-fixed counterparts are not feasible, due to their corresponding negative assembly impact on the marine environment and limited water-depth capacities. Floating wind projects have exceeding water-depth capacities and have less of environmental impact because of their early assembly in the ports. Further, floating wind turbines are on their way toward industrialization, making them cost competitive with their offshore bottom-fixed counterpart [4]. Offshore bottom-fixed turbines are generally limited to water depths of roughly 100 m, while their floating counterparts can be extended to kilometers of water depths.
The conversion of both the existing European infrastructures of oil and gas and bottom-fixed offshore wind will contribute to Europe becoming the world’s floating wind leader. Europe is currently planning to take the lead in the floating wind supply chain areas, which will produce tremendous job creation in field areas that include electrical cabling, mooring, and installation. The outcome will be significant when the floating wind global market obtains 18,000 GW in the future [4].
The floating wind levelized cost of energy (LCOE) will be 250 euros/MWh when the floating wind capacity reaches 0.5 GW, and will drop to 50 euros when the floating wind capacity approaches 4 GW in 2030 [7].

2. World’s Spar-Buoy FloatingWind Concepts

One of the most widely used floating wind spar-buoy concepts is Hywind [8], which is designed by Equinor and constructed of either steel or concrete material. Advanced Spar [9] and Sea Twirl [10], which are also well-known, are developed by JMU and Sea Twirl, respectively, and are both made of steel. Stiesdal Tetra Spar [11] and Fukushima Forward [12][13] are other spar concepts worth mentioning. They are developed by Stiesdal and JMU, respectively, and are both made of stell. Toda Hybrid Spar [14] is also a Spar floating wind concept that is developed by Toda, and is a hybrid that is made of a combination of steel and concrete.

3. World’s Semi-Submersible Floating Wind Concepts

One of the most widely used floating wind semi-submersible concepts is Wind Float [15], which is designed by PRINCIPLE-POWER and made of steel. VOLTURNUS [16], OO-Star [17], and Tri-Floater [18] are also well-known floating wind semi-submersible concepts developed by the University of Maine, Iberdrola, and Gusto MSC, respectively. The first two are made of concrete, and the third is made of steel. Cobra Semi-Spar and SCD NEZZY [19] are also semi-submersibles made of concrete that have been developed by Cobra and SCD Technology, respectively. Hexa-Float [20], EOLINK, Nautilus [21], Tri-Floater, and Truss Float [22] are also floating wind semi-submersibles made of steel that have been developed by Saipem, EOLINK, Nautilus floating solutions, Gusto MSC, and DOLFINES, respectively. Sea Reed [23] is also a floating wind semi-submersible floating wind concept that is made of either steel or concrete (or both, in a hybrid) that has been developed by Naval Energies.

4. World’s Barge, TLP, and Multi-Turbine Floating Wind Concepts

One of the most widely used barge floating wind concepts is the IDEOL Damping Pool Barge, which was designed by IDEOL and is made of either steel or concrete. SAITEC SATH (Swinging Around Twin Hull) is a Barge floating wind concept that was developed by SAITEC, and is made of concrete.
One of the most widely used floating wind TLP concepts is TLPWIND [24] which was designed by Iberdrola, and is made of steel. SBM [22], Pivot Buoy [25], and PelaStar are also TLP concepts that are made of steel and were designed by SBM Offshore, X1 Wind, and GLOSTEN, respectively. GICON [26] is a TLP floating wind concept that is made of concrete and was designed by GICON.
One of the most widely used multi-turbine floating wind concepts is the HEXICON multi-turbine semi-submersible [27] which was designed by HEXICON and is made of steel. W2Power [28] and Floating Power Plant [29] are multi-turbine concepts that are made of steel and were developed by EnerOcean and Floating Power Plant, respectively.

References

  1. Ruiz, A.; Onea, F.; Rusu, E. Study Concerning the Expected Dynamics of the Wind Energy Resources in the Iberian Nearshore. Energies 2020, 13, 4832.
  2. Onea, F.; Ruiz, A.; Rusu, E. An Evaluation of the Wind Energy Resources along the Spanish Continental Nearshore. Energies 2020, 13, 3986.
  3. Girleanu, A.; Onea, F.; Rusu, E. Assessment of the Wind Energy Potential along the Romanian Coastal Zone. Inventions 2021, 6, 41.
  4. ETIP Wind. Floating Offshore Wind: Delivering Climate Neutrality. 2020. Available online: https://etipwind.eu/news/floating-offshore-wind-delivering-climate-neutrality/ (accessed on 18 February 2024).
  5. ABB and ZERO. Floating Offshore Wind—Norway’s Next Offshore Boom? 2018. Available online: https://new.abb.com/docs/librariesprovider50/media/tv1012-br-havvind-notat-til-zerokonferansen---engelsk.pdf (accessed on 18 February 2024).
  6. Wind Europe. Scaling up Floating Offshore Wind towards Competitiveness. 2021. Available online: https://windeurope.org/policy/position-papers/scaling-up-floating-offshore-wind-towards-competitiveness/ (accessed on 18 February 2024).
  7. Wind Europe. Floating Offshore Wind Energy: A Policy Blueprint for Europe. 2017. Available online: https://windeurope.org/policy/position-papers/floating-offshore-wind-energy-a-policy-blueprint-for-europe/ (accessed on 18 February 2024).
  8. Kubiat, U.; Lemon, M. Drivers for and Barriers to the Take-up of Floating Offshore Wind Technology: A Comparison of Scotland and South Africa. Energies 2020, 13, 5618.
  9. Kosasih, K.M.A.; Suzuki, H.; Niizato, H.; Okubo, S. Demonstration Experiment and Numerical Simulation Analysis of Full-Scale Barge-Type Floating Offshore Wind Turbine. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8, 880.
  10. Möllerström, E. Wind Turbines from the Swedish Wind Energy Program and the Subsequent Commercialization Attempts—A Historical Review. Energies 2019, 12, 690.
  11. Borg, M.; Jensen, M.W.; Urquhart, S.; Andersen, M.T.; Thomsen, J.B.; Stiesdal, H. Technical Definition of the Tetra Spar Demonstrator Floating Wind Turbine Foundation. Energies 2020, 13, 4911.
  12. Ishihara, T.; Liu, Y. Dynamic Response Analysis of a Semi-Submersible Floating Wind Turbine in Combined Wave and Current Conditions Using Advanced Hydrodynamic Models. Energies 2020, 13, 5820.
  13. Chen, J.; Kim, M.H. Review of Recent Offshore Wind Turbine Research and Optimization Methodologies in Their Design. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10, 28.
  14. Yang, R.Y.; Chuang, T.C.; Zhao, C.; Johanning, L. Dynamic Response of an Offshore Floating Wind Turbine at Accidental Limit States—Mooring Failure Event. Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 1525.
  15. Gao, S.; Zhang, L.; Shi, W.; Wang, B.; Li, X. Dynamic Responses for Wind Float Floating Offshore Wind Turbine at Intermediate Water Depth Based on Local Conditions in China. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9, 1093.
  16. Liu, S.; Chuang, Z.; Wang, K.; Li, X.; Chang, X.; Hou, L. Structural Parametric Optimization of the VOLTURNUS-S Semi-Submersible Foundation for a 15 MW Floating Offshore Wind Turbine. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10, 1181.
  17. Ahn, H.; Ha, Y.J.; Cho, S.G.; Lim, C.H.; Kim, K.W. A Numerical Study on the Performance Evaluation of a Semi-Type Floating Offshore Wind Turbine System According to the Direction of the Incoming Waves. Energies 2022, 15, 5485.
  18. Pham, T.D.; Shin, H. The Effect of the Second-Order Wave Loads on Drift Motion of a Semi-Submersible Floating Offshore Wind Turbine. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8, 859.
  19. Desmond, C.J.; Hinrichs, J.C.; Murphy, J. Uncertainty in the Physical Testing of Floating Wind Energy Platforms’ Accuracy versus Precision. Energies 2019, 12, 435.
  20. Ghigo, A.; Cottura, L.; Caradonna, R.; Bracco, G.; Mattiazzo, G. Platform Optimization and Cost Analysis in a Floating Offshore Wind Farm. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8, 835.
  21. Petracca, E.; Faraggiana, E.; Ghigo, A.; Sirigu, M.; Bracco, G.; Mattiazzo, G. Design and Techno-Economic Analysis of a Novel Hybrid Offshore Wind and Wave Energy System. Energies 2022, 15, 2739.
  22. BOEM. Floating Offshore Wind Turbine Development Assessment; ABSG Consulting Inc.: Spring, TX, USA, 2021.
  23. Qu, X.; Yao, Y. Numerical and Experimental Study of Hydrodynamic Response for a Novel Buoyancy-Distributed Floating Foundation Based on the Potential Theory. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10, 292.
  24. Zhou, Y.; Ren, Y.; Shi, W.; Li, X. Investigation on a Large-Scale Braceless-TLP Floating Offshore Wind Turbine at Intermediate Water Depth. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10, 302.
  25. González, J.; Payán, M.; Santos, J.; Gonzalez, A. Optimal Micro-Siting of Weathervaning Floating Wind Turbines. Energies 2021, 14, 886.
  26. Walia, D.; Schünemann, P.; Hartmann, H.; Adam, F.; Großmann, J. Numerical and Physical Modeling of a Tension-Leg Platform for Offshore Wind Turbines. Energies 2021, 14, 3554.
  27. Lamei, A.; Hayatdavoodi, M. On motion analysis and elastic response of floating offshore wind turbines. J. Ocean. Eng. Mar. Energy 2020, 6, 71–90.
  28. Renzi, E.; Michele, S.; Zheng, S.; Jin, S.; Greaves, D. Niche Applications and Flexible Devices for Wave Energy Conversion: A Review. Energies 2021, 14, 6537.
  29. Solomin, E.; Sirotkin, E.; Cuce, E.; Selvanathan, S.P.; Kumarasamy, S. Hybrid Floating Solar Plant Designs: A Review. Energies 2021, 14, 2751.
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Subjects: Engineering, Marine
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Update Date: 28 Feb 2024
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