Submitted Successfully!
To reward your contribution, here is a gift for you: A free trial for our video production service.
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1
CRISTIÁN OYANADEL
 -- 1393 2024-01-13 01:44:01 |
2 format correct
Catherine Yang
 Meta information modification 1393 2024-01-15 01:59:13 |

Video Upload Options

Do you have a full video?
Send video materials Upload full video

Confirm

Are you sure to Delete?
Yes No
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
Oyanadel, C.; Worrell, F.C.; Pinto-Vigueras, J.; Betancur, S.; Véliz Tapia, T.; Au-Castro, M.; Peña-Reyes, G.; González-Loyola, M.; Peñate, W. Time Balance and Family Functioning. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/53792 (accessed on 17 May 2024).
Oyanadel C, Worrell FC, Pinto-Vigueras J, Betancur S, Véliz Tapia T, Au-Castro M, et al. Time Balance and Family Functioning. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/53792. Accessed May 17, 2024.
Oyanadel, Cristián, Frank C. Worrell, Jorge Pinto-Vigueras, Sara Betancur, Tamara Véliz Tapia, Marisol Au-Castro, Génesis Peña-Reyes, Melissa González-Loyola, Wenceslao Peñate. "Time Balance and Family Functioning" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/53792 (accessed May 17, 2024).
Oyanadel, C., Worrell, F.C., Pinto-Vigueras, J., Betancur, S., Véliz Tapia, T., Au-Castro, M., Peña-Reyes, G., González-Loyola, M., & Peñate, W. (2024, January 13). Time Balance and Family Functioning. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/53792
Oyanadel, Cristián, et al. "Time Balance and Family Functioning." Encyclopedia. Web. 13 January, 2024.
Time Balance and Family Functioning
Edit
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/ejihpe14010008

Family functioning, understood as cohesion and adaptability, is critical in families with adolescent children, given the changes that this stage implies at the family level. Time perspective is one variable that can facilitate better family functioning through the way people give meaning to the process they live.

time perspective family functioning balanced time profile

1. Introduction

Family functioning is defined as the ability of a family to meet the different needs it faces throughout the family life cycle [1] (Ortíz-Sánchez et al., 2023), and it is based on what [2] called the circumplex model of family systems. In this model, family functioning consists of three elements: family cohesion, referring to the degree to which family members interact or connect emotionally with each other; family adaptability, linked to the ability of a family to adapt to new changes as children progress through developmental stages; and family communication, understood as the communicative interaction that family members have with each other.

2. Family Functioning

To operationalize these elements, Olson (2014) [3] proposed two balanced and four unbalanced scales regarding family functioning. The two balanced scales are the cohesion scale, which assesses the emotional bond that family members have with each other, and the adaptability scale, which assesses the quality and ways in which leadership and organization are manifested in the family, in addition to how roles, rules, and negotiations are presented in relationships. The four unbalanced scales include (a) attachment, understood as connection and dependence between family members; (b) detachment, understood as significant disconnection and independence between members of a family system; (c) rigidity, understood as the presence of high control in relationships, with fixed roles and rules within the family; and (d) chaos, referring to the lack of leadership and order, with hasty decisions, and roles that are usually diffuse and interchangeable within the family and its relationships.
Family functioning has been studied in different age groups and has been related to different aspects of mental health. For example, family functioning has been found to be negatively related to depression [4][5][6], compulsive eating behaviors [7][8], and the quality of family attachment [9] and negatively related with the occurrence of suicidal ideation in adolescents [1][10][11][12]. In contrast, family functioning is positively related to medical treatment adherence [13], emotional expression [14][15], satisfaction and perceived well-being [16], and happiness [17]. Additionally, family functioning has been found to influence the appearance of behavioral problems in children [18][19], and, in addition, families with a member with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) present greater problems in their family functioning [20]. In contrast, family functioning is a relevant aspect to consider in order to improve the quality of life of caregivers [21].
The circumplex model of family functioning suggests that balanced families function better than unbalanced families [22][23]. Balanced families show low problematic functioning and are capable of facing stressful situations and managing tensions among their members, whereas unbalanced families report greater problems in terms of functioning, lack of strength, and protective factors [24]. Despite this general pattern, Crone and Fuligni (2020) [25] noted that it is normative for family functioning to fluctuate in certain life situations. For example, in the case of families with adolescents, family functioning fluctuates between balanced and unbalanced as children transition from childhood to adulthood.
Adolescence involves biological changes, such as physical changes or brain maturity [26], and psychological and social changes, which involve the incorporation of the adolescent into society through social responsibility, the establishment of personal goals, the fulfillment of cultural milestones (such as the formation of a couple), and the development of one’s own identity [27]. Therefore, parents must make family rules more flexible to promote independent decision making in their children, which allows them to prepare to live in society.

3. Family Functioning and Time Perspective

One aspect that may contribute to the understanding of functioning difficulties in families with adolescents is the time perspective, an unconscious process in which life experiences are attributed to time frames, which people use to make sense of their experiences [28]. The time perspective incorporates awareness of past and future events, which are influenced by cognitive (beliefs), emotional (affect associated with events), and social (cultural elements) aspects learned during the primary socialization process [29][30][31]. The time perspective tends to be considered as a stable element in human beings, as a personality trait, shaped by culture and interaction with the environment, such as religion, family, and personal values, generating a bias or inclination toward one of the time perspectives, which becomes the dominant perspective through which events are interpreted. For example, changes in the family cycle such as traumas, changes in religion, emigrations, or deaths, to name a few changes, impact the time perspective of family members, making them more future-oriented or more hopeless [29][31][32].
Zimbardo and Boyd (1999, 2009) [28][31] proposed five temporal dimensions: (a) past negative (PN), related to a negative attitude toward past events; (b) past positive (PP), which is related to a positive attitude toward past events; (c) present hedonistic (PH), defined as the orientation toward pleasure and enjoyment of what is experienced in the present; (d) present fatalistic (PF), defined as pessimism and hopelessness due to the events being experienced; and (e) future (F), understood as the attitude of projecting oneself and seeking future goals. Based on this model, the authors constructed the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI), which assesses these five temporal orientations.
ZTPI scores can be used to calculate a balanced temporal profile (BTP; [31]) and a negative temporal profile (NTP; [33]). A balanced temporal profile includes a high positive past score, a moderate score on the future and hedonistic present scales, and a low score on the negative past and fatalistic present scales [31][33], and this profile is considered optimal for well-being and health. A deviation from the balanced temporal profile (DBTP) can negatively affect health, well-being, affection, happiness, work success, and interpersonal relationships [30][31][34]. A negative temporal profile includes a low positive past score, a moderate score on the future and hedonistic present scales, and a high score on the negative past and fatalistic present scales [33]. Unlike with the DBTP, a deviation from the negative temporal profile (DNTP) is positively associated with perceived well-being as well as health [35].
Different time perspectives, as well as BTP and NTP, have been linked to different mental health variables. For example, perceived well-being has been positively associated with a positive past orientation, a future orientation, and a balanced time profile, whereas it has been negatively related to past negative and present fatalistic orientations [36][37][38][39][40]. Similarly, mental health and satisfaction with life have been positively related to a balanced time perspective [41][42][43][44]. It has also been observed how a present- and future-oriented perspective is positively related to higher self-esteem, whereas a greater orientation to the past is associated with lower levels of self-esteem [45]. In contrast, evidence has also demonstrated the mediating and predictive role of time perspective in emotional regulation [46], perceived well-being [47][48], perceived stress [49], decision making [50], depressive symptomatology [51], and suicide [52][53][54].
There is also evidence indicating that family characteristics and time perspective play an important role in the development of healthy and unhealthy behaviors in adolescents and emerging adults. Lin (2023) [55] linked time perspective with parenting and gratitude perceived by young adults. This researcher found that young adults who had high positive past and low negative past scores were more grateful to parents who were more affectionate, while young adults who were more oriented to the negative past were less grateful. Lin concluded that time perspective was a partial mediator of the association between parental care and gratitude. Stolarski et al. (2021) [56] studied how high family cohesion allowed adolescents to value, to a greater extent, the positive events that occurred throughout their lives, thus developing adaptive and healthy time perspectives, while adolescents in families with high family conflict developed less healthy temporal perspectives. In the case of the DBTP, the evidence indicates that students who report low acceptance within their family have higher DBTP scores compared to those who report higher levels of family acceptance, with the DBTP also being a moderator between school burnout and the development of depressive symptoms [57].
These studies notwithstanding, there is still limited evidence about the relationship between time perspective and family functioning. Specifically, cohesion and adaptability can be key in helping a family cope with its adolescent members and in the generation of healthy temporal perspectives [56]. Thus, time perspective together with family functioning can be relevant antecedents to consider in the development of more precise intervention strategies in the school and health contexts, in addition to the development of appropriate parental tools for this developmental period.

References

  1. Ortiz-Sánchez, F.A.; Brambila-Tapia, A.J.L.; Cárdenas-Fujita, L.S.; Toledo-Lozano, C.G.; Samudio-Cruz, M.A.; Gómez-Díaz, B.; García, S.; Rodríguez-Arellano, M.E.; Zamora-González, E.O.; López-Hernández, L.B. Family Functioning and Suicide Attempts in Mexican Adolescents. Behav. Sci. 2023, 13, 120.
  2. Olson, D. FACES IV and the circumplex model: Validation study. J. Marital. Fam. Ther. 2011, 37, 64–80.
  3. Olson, D.H. Circumplex model of family Systems VIII: Family assessment and intervention. In Circumplex Model: Systemic Assessment and Treatment of Families; Olson, D.H., Russell, C.S., Sprenkle, D.H., Eds.; Routledge: Abingdon, UK, 2014; pp. 7–50.
  4. Huang, X.; Hu, N.; Yao, Z.; Peng, B. Family functioning and adolescent depression: A moderated mediation model of self-esteem and peer relationships. Front. Psychol. 2022, 13, 962147.
  5. Li, M.; Li, L.; Wu, F.; Cao, Y.; Zhang, H.; Li, X.; Zou, J.; Guo, Z.; Kong, L. Perceived family adaptability and cohesion and depressive symptoms: A comparison of adolescents and parents during COVID-19 pandemic. J. Affect. Disord. 2021, 287, 255–260.
  6. Zhang, C.; Zhang, Q.; Zhuang, H.; Xu, W. The reciprocal relationship between depression, social anxiety and aggression in Chinese adolescents: The moderating effects of family functioning. J. Affect. Disord. 2023, 329, 379–384.
  7. Laghi, F.; Bianchi, D.; Pompili, S.; Lonigro, A.; Baiocco, R. Binge eating and binge drinking behaviors: The role of family functioning. Psychol. Health Med. 2021, 26, 408–420.
  8. Lee, A.Y.; Reynolds, K.D.; Stacy, A.; Niu, Z.; Xie, B. Family functioning, moods, and binge eating among urban adolescents. J. Behav. Med. 2019, 42, 511–521.
  9. Cócola, F. Apego, regulación emocional y functionamiento familiar en adultos con trastornos pr consume de cocaína Attachment, emotion regulation and family functioning in adults with cocaine use disorders. Rev. Psicopatol. Psicol. Clin. 2022, 27, 59–72.
  10. Cong, C.W.; Ling, W.S.; Fitriana, M. Family functioning, coping strategy, and suicidal ideation among adolescents. J. Child Adolesc. Ment. Health 2020, 32, 131–140.
  11. Marco-Sánchez, S.; Mayoral-Aragón, M.; Valencia-Agudo, F.; Roldán-Díaz, L.; Espliego-Felipe, A.; Delgado-Lacosta, C.; Hervás-Torres, G. Funcionamiento familiar en adolescentes en riesgo de suicidio con rasgos de personalidad límite: Un estudio exploratorio Family functioning in suicidal adolescents with borderline personality traits; An exploratory study. Rev. Psicol. Clínica Niños Adolesc. 2020, 7, 50–55.
  12. Zhou, Y.; Hu, D.; Zhang, K.; Mao, J.; Teng, F.; Yu, T.; Xu, K.; Tan, R.; Ding, X.; Liu, Y. The mechanism of family adaptability and cohesion in suicidal ideation among Chinese cancer patients. J. Psychosoc. Oncol. 2020, 38, 612–626.
  13. Psihogios, A.M.; Fellmeth, H.; A Schwartz, L.; Barakat, L.P. Family functioning and parental bonding during childhood in adults diagnosed with ADHD. J. Pediatr. Psychol. 2019, 44, 84–97.
  14. Ángel-González, M.; Colunga-Rodríguez, C.; Vázquez-Juárez, C.L.; Colunga-Rodríguez, B.A.; Dávalos-Picazo, G.; Orozco-Solis, M.G.; Vázquez-Colunga, J.C. Family functioning and school connectivity in Mexican high school adolescents. Estud. Psicol. (Campinas) 2022, 39, 1–14.
  15. Zhu, D.; Chen, Y.; Li, L.; Dunsmore, J.C. Family functioning, emotion socialization, and children’s social competence: Gender-specific effects in Chinese families. J. Child Fam. Stud. 2023, 32, 257–271.
  16. Jozefiak, T.; Wallander, J.L. Perceived family functioning, adolescent psychopathology and quality of life in the general population: A 6-month follow-up study. Qual. Life Res. 2016, 25, 959–967.
  17. Alarcón, R. Funcionamiento familiar y sus relaciones con la felicidad Family functioning and its relations with happiness. Rev. Peru. Psicol. Trab. Soc. 2017, 3, 61–74.
  18. De Souza, J.; Crepaldi, M.A. Problemas emocionales y comportamentales en los niños: Asociasión entre el funcionamiento familiar, la coparentalidad y la relación conyugal Emotional and behavioral problems of children: Association between family functioning, coparenting and marital relationship. Acta Colomb. Psicol. 2019, 22, 69–106.
  19. Zeng, S.; Wang, Z.; Zhang, R.; Yang, X. The The longitudinal relationships between family functioning and children’s conduct problems: The moderating role of atten-tional control indexed by intraindividual response time variability. J. Psychopathol. Behav. Assess. 2022, 44, 862–874.
  20. Godfrey, G.D.; Downes, N.; Cappe, E. A systematic review of family functioning in families of children on the Autism Spectrum. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 2023, 1–22.
  21. Lei, X.; Kantor, J. Social support and family quality of life in Chinese families of children with autism spectrum disorder: The mediating role of family cohesion and adaptability. Int. J. Dev. Disabil. 2022, 68, 454–461.
  22. Olson, D.H. Circumplex model of marital and family systems. J. Fam. Ther. 2000, 22, 144–167.
  23. Rivero, N.; Martínez-Pampliega, A.; Olson, D.H. Spanish adaptation of the FACES IV questionnaire: Psychometric characteristics. Fam. J. 2010, 18, 288–296.
  24. Olson, D.H.; Gorall, D.M. Faces IV and the Circumplex Model; Life Innovations: Agua Dulce, CA, USA, 2006.
  25. Crone, E.A.; Fuligni, A.J. Self and others in adolescence. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 2020, 71, 447–469.
  26. Sawyer, S.M.; Azzopardi, P.S.; Wickremarathne, D.; Patton, G.C. The age of adolescence. Lancet Child. Adolesc. Health 2018, 2, 223–228.
  27. Crone, E.A.; Dahl, R.E. Understanding adolescence as a period of social–affective engagement and goal flexibility. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2012, 13, 636–650.
  28. Zimbardo, P.G.; Boyd, J.N. Putting time in perspective: A valid, reliable individual-differences metric. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 1999, 77, 1271–1288.
  29. Boniwell, I.; Zimbardo, P.G. Balancing time perspective in pursuit of optimal functioning. In Positive Psychology in Practice: Promoting Human Flourishing in Work, Health, Education, and Everyday Life; Joseph, S., Ed.; John Wiley & Sons: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2015; pp. 223–236.
  30. Oyanadel, C.; Buela-Casal, G. Percepción del tiempo y salud: La influencia del perfil temporal equilibrado (BTP) y el perfil temporal negativo (NTP) en la salud física y mental . Rev. Argent. Clínica Psicológica 2017, 26, 296–306.
  31. Zimbardo, P.G.; Boyd, J.N. La Paradoja del Tiempo ; Paidós: Veracruz, Mexico, 2009.
  32. Sircova, A.; van de Vijver, F.J.R.; Osin, E.; Milfont, T.L.; Fieulaine, N.; Kislali-Erginbilgic, A.; Zimbardo, P.G.; Djarallah, S.; Chorfi, M.S.; Leite, U.D.R.; et al. A global look at time: A 24-country study of the equivalence of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory. SAGE Open 2014, 4, 1–12.
  33. Oyanadel, C.; Buela-Casal, G. Time perception and psychopathology: Influence of time perspective on quality of life of severe mental illness. Actas Espanñolas Psiquiatr. 2014, 42, 99–107.
  34. Boniwell, I.; Osin, E.; Linley, P.A.; Ivanchenko, G.V. A question of balance: Time perspective and well-being in British and Russian samples. J. Posit. Psychol. 2010, 5, 24–40.
  35. Olivera-Figueroa, L.A.; Juster, R.-P.; Morin-Major, J.K.; Marin, M.-F.; Lupien, S.J. A time to be stressed? Time perspectives and cortisol dynamics among healthy adults. Biol. Psychol. 2015, 111, 90–99.
  36. Jankowski, K.S.; Zajenkowski, M.; Stolarski, M. What are the optimal levels of time perspectives? Deviation from the balanced time perspective-revisited (DBTP-r). Psychol. Belg. 2020, 60, 164–183.
  37. Kuan, T.-Y.J.; Zhang, L.-F. Educating students about time perspective and its effect on subjective well-being. Educ. Psychol. 2022, 42, 644–668.
  38. Mascia, M.L.; Agus, M.; Cabras, C.; Bellini, D.; Renati, R.; Penna, M.P. Present and Future Undergraduate Students’ Well-Being: Role of Time Perspective, Self-Efficacy, Self-Regulation and Intention to Drop-Out. Educ. Sci. 2023, 13, 202.
  39. Mioni, G.; Cellini, N.; Romola, M.; Bruno, F. The The association between balanced time perspective, personality traits, subjective well-being, and distress during the COVID-19 pandemic. Timing Time Percept. 2022, 33, 1–24.
  40. Pyszkowska, A.; Rönnlund, M. Psychological flexibility and self-compassion as predictors of well-being: Mediating role of a balanced time perspective. Front. Psychol. 2021, 12, 671746.
  41. Ballabrera, Q.; Pérez-Burriel, M. The role of balanced time perspective mediating the relationship between mindfulness as a trait and life satisfaction in Catalan University students. Curr. Psychol. 2022, 42, 28728–28737.
  42. Maciantowicz, O.; Witowska, J.; Sass-Stańczak, K. Empowered and satisfied: Relationship between empowerment, temporal life satisfaction and time perspective. Ceskoslovenska Psychol. 2018, 62, 488–502.
  43. Rönnlund, M.; Åström, E.; Westlin, W.; Flodén, L.; Unger, A.; Papastamatelou, J.; Carelli, M.G. A time to sleep well and be contented: Time perspective, sleep quality, and life satisfaction. Front. Psychol. 2021, 12, 627836.
  44. Webster, J.D.; Vowinckel, J.; Ma, X. The meaning of temporal balance: Does meaning in life mediate the relationship between a balanced time perspective and mental health? Eur. J. Psychol. 2021, 17, 119–133.
  45. Loose, T.; Vasquez-Echeverría, A. Academic performance and feelings of belonging: Indirect effects of time perspective through motivational processes. Curr. Psychol. 2023, 42, 4531–4542.
  46. Oyanadel, C.; Núñez, Y.; González-Loyola, M.; Jofré, I.; Peñate, W. Association of Emotion Regulation and Dispositional Mindfulness in an Adolescent Sample: The Mediational Role of Time Perspective. Children 2023, 10, 24.
  47. Fuentes, A.; Oyanadel, C.; Zimbardo, P.; González-Loyola, M.; Olivera-Figueroa, L.A.; Peñate, W. Mindfulness and balanced time perspective: Predictive model of psychological well-being and gender differences in college students. Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2022, 12, 306–318.
  48. Stolarski, M.; Zajenkowski, M.; Jankowski, K.S.; Szymaniak, K. Deviation from the balanced time perspective: A systematic review of empirical relationships with psychological variables. Pers. Individ. Differ. 2020, 156, 109772.
  49. Rönnlund, M.; Koudriavtseva, A.; Germundsjö, L.; Eriksson, T.; Åström, E.; Carelli, M.G. Mindfulness promotes a more balanced time perspective: Correlational and intervention-based evidence. Mindfulness 2019, 10, 1579–1591.
  50. Mehrotra, S.; Rangaiah, B.; Kathi, S. Relationship between decision-making, time perspective and stress. Timing Time Percept. 2022, 19, 1–17.
  51. Carpenter, R.K.; Horton, J.C.; Alloway, T.P. Time perspective, working memory, and depression in non-clinical samples: Is there a link? J. Psychol. 2022, 156, 414–434.
  52. Karaytuğ, M.O.; Tamam, L.; Demirkol, M.E.; Namlı, Z.; Gürbüz, M.; Yeşiloğlu, C.; Eriş Davut, Ö.E. The Mediating Role of Time Perspective in the Relationship between Chronotype and Suicide in Bipolar Disorder. Behav. Sci. 2022, 12, 492.
  53. Oyanadel, C.; Carrasco-Correa, H.; Latorre-Nanjarí, J.; Peñate-Castro, W.; Sepúlveda-Queipul, C. Reduciendo la ideación suicida en adolescentes con terapia de perspectiva temporal. Un estudio experimental Reducing suicidal ideation in adolescents with time perspective therapy. An experimental study. Acta Colomb. Psicol. 2021, 24, 63–71.
  54. Shahnaz, A.; Saffer, B.Y.; Klonsky, E.D. Examining time perspective orientation in suicide ideation and suicide attempts. J. Soc. Clin. Psychol. 2019, 38, 627–646.
  55. Lin, C.-C. The influence of parenting on gratitude during emerging adulthood: The mediating effect of time perspective. Curr. Psychol. 2023, 42, 174–184.
  56. Stolarski, M.; Wojciechowski, J.; Matthews, G. Seeking the origins of time perspectives—Intelligence, temperament, or family environment? A one-year longitudinal study. Pers. Individ. Differ. 2021, 169, 110080.
  57. Macałka, E.; Tomaszek, K.; Kossewska, J. Students’ depression and school burnout in the context of family network acceptance and deviation from balanced time perspective. Educ. Sci. 2022, 12, 157.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Psychology
Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Cristián Oyanadel
,
Frank C. Worrell
,
Jorge Pinto-Vigueras
,
Sara Betancur
,
Tamara Véliz Tapia
,
Marisol Au-Castro
,
Génesis Peña-Reyes
,
Melissa González-Loyola
,
Wenceslao Peñate
View Times: 198
Revisions: 2 times (View History)
Update Date: 15 Jan 2024
Table of Contents
    1000/1000
    Hot Most Recent
    Feedback