Submitted Successfully!
To reward your contribution, here is a gift for you: A free trial for our video production service.
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1
Rosa Marcellinaro
 -- 2070 2024-01-01 18:22:54 |
2 format
Jason Zhu
Meta information modification 2070 2024-01-02 04:29:20 |

Video Upload Options

Do you have a full video?
Send video materials Upload full video

Confirm

Are you sure to Delete?
Yes No
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
Marcellinaro, R.; Spoletini, D.; Grieco, M.; Avella, P.; Cappuccio, M.; Troiano, R.; Lisi, G.; Garbarino, G.M.; Carlini, M. Epidemiology of Colorectal Cancer. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/53297 (accessed on 02 May 2024).
Marcellinaro R, Spoletini D, Grieco M, Avella P, Cappuccio M, Troiano R, et al. Epidemiology of Colorectal Cancer. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/53297. Accessed May 02, 2024.
Marcellinaro, Rosa, Domenico Spoletini, Michele Grieco, Pasquale Avella, Micaela Cappuccio, Raffaele Troiano, Giorgio Lisi, Giovanni M. Garbarino, Massimo Carlini. "Epidemiology of Colorectal Cancer" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/53297 (accessed May 02, 2024).
Marcellinaro, R., Spoletini, D., Grieco, M., Avella, P., Cappuccio, M., Troiano, R., Lisi, G., Garbarino, G.M., & Carlini, M. (2024, January 01). Epidemiology of Colorectal Cancer. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/53297
Marcellinaro, Rosa, et al. "Epidemiology of Colorectal Cancer." Encyclopedia. Web. 01 January, 2024.
Epidemiology of Colorectal Cancer
Edit
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/jcm13010040

Colorectal cancer is a frequent neoplasm in western countries, mainly due to dietary and behavioral factors. Its incidence is growing in developing countries for the westernization of foods and lifestyles. An increased incidence rate is observed in patients under 45 years of age. In recent years, the mortality for CRC is decreased, but this trend is slowing. The mortality rate is reducing in those countries where prevention and treatments have been implemented. The survival is increased to over 65%. This trend reflects earlier detection of CRC through routine clinical examinations and screening, more accurate staging through advances in imaging, improvements in surgical techniques, and advances in chemotherapy and radiation. 

colorectal cancer incidence mortality screening survival

1. Incidence

CRC is the third most commonly diagnosed malignancy after breast and lung cancer with more than 1.9 million of new cases; 72% of these develop in the colon and only 28% originate in the rectum. It accounts for about 10% of all cancer incidence worldwide [1][2]. It is estimated that the incidence of CRC can increase by 60% in 2030 [3], and the patients affected by this neoplasm reach 3.2 million by 2040 [4]. Based on the sex, it is the third most common cancer in men after lung and prostate cancers, and the second most frequent in females after lung cancer [5]. In general, the CRC is more frequent in males than in females. Furthermore, CRC develops in different sites, depending on the sex of the patient: females have cancer in the right colon while males have it in the left colon. Additionally, males have a greater tendency to develop metastatic cancer of the colon while females are more likely to develop metastatic rectal cancer as they age [6].
The global incidence of CRC is not uniformly distributed among regions of the world but varies substantially up to 8- and 6-fold for colon and rectal cancers, respectively [1].
The highest CRC rate is documented in Asia, where are documented 52.3% of all global CCR in 2020; China alone accounts for 28.8% of CRC cases worldwide [6]. Considering rectal cancer, the East Asian regions have the highest incidence rate, particularly Korean males and Macedonian females ranked first [1]. In Europe the incidence rate is 26.9% of all global cases of CCR in 2020 with the highest age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) reported for Hungary (45.3 per 100,000). The ASIRs in most European countries exceeded 40 per 100,000—higher than the world average rate [7]. Norway ranks first for CRC in females while Hungary ranks first for CRC cases reported in males [8]. In Italy, CCR accounts for 12.7% of all cancers with 48.576 new cases diagnosed in 2020 (25,588 males and 22,988 females). The Italian incidence rate is decreasing in all regions, for both males and females [5]. The incidence of CCR in the United States accounts for 25.6 per 100,000 persons. Colon and rectal cancers incidences are low in Africa and Southern Asia [1][8].
Colorectal cancer can be considered an index of socio-economic development, and its incidence rates tend to rise uniformly with increasing human development index (HDI). The HDI is a statistical index composed of three variables: life expectancy, education (mean years of schooling completed and expected years of schooling upon entering the education system), and per capita income indicators. A country scores a higher level of HDI when its population lives long, is highly educated, and has a high per capita income. Countries undergoing economic growth and westernization (medium HDI nations, such as Brazil, Russia, China, Latin America, the Philippines, and the Baltics) are experiencing increasing incidence of CRC. This trend reflects changes in lifestyle factors and diet: the economic development is responsible of increased consumption of red meat, fat, sugar, animal-source foods, and energy-dense food, which is associated with reduced physical activity and rising of being overweight and obese [9][10][11][12][13]. Most high-HDI nations (such as Canada, the UK, Denmark, and Singapore) have seen an increase in incidence but lowering in mortality, probably due to improved therapies. Highest HDI nations such as the US, Iceland, Japan, and France have witnessed a reduction in both mortality and incidence due to improvement in prevention and treatment [1].
However, the decline in CRC incidence slowed from 3–4% annually during the 2000s to 1% annually during 2011–2019, due partly to an increase in patients younger than 55 years of 1–2% annually since the mid-1990s [5]. The early incidence of CCR in the United States has increased approximately to 45% in adult ages 20–49 years, from 8.6 per 100,000 in 1992 to 13.1 per 100,000 in 2016 [14]. A similar trend is evident among the populations of New Zealand, Australia, Canada, and Northern-Central Europe [6], but not in Italy [15]. Incidence in individuals younger than 50 years increased by about 2% per year for rectal cancer vs. 0.5% per year for tumors in the proximal colon. Early onset patients are also more often diagnosed with advanced disease (27% vs. 21% of older patients) [16].
Several studies reported racial disparity in CRC incidence [1][7][9][14][15]. Siegel et al. [16] have demonstrated a different incidence of mortality depending on racial group in the US during the period 2012–2016; the African Americans showed the highest incidence rate (45.7 per 100,000 persons); it was 38.6 per 100,000 people in non-Hispanic Caucasians and 34.1 per 100,000 persons in Hispanics, the lowest incidence rate was registered in Asian Americans/Pacific Islanders (30.0 per 100,000 people). Several studies focused on the racial difference in genetic susceptibly to CRC found no racial disparity, but the difference in incidence among the ethnic groups seems to be linked to inequality in health care access and exposure to risk factors.

2. Mortality

CRC is the second cause of death due to cancer with 935,173 deaths estimated worldwide in 2020 [5], which accounted for about 9% of all cancer-related mortality [17]. The mortality rate for CRC seems to be decreasing in recent years, but this trend has slowed from about 4% annually during the early 2000s to about 2% from 2012 through 2020. Although mortality is decreasing in the majority of developed countries, the number of deaths is estimated to increase by 60.0% for colon cancer and 71.5% for rectal cancer until 2035 [18]. Nevertheless, it is important to underline the increase in surgical interventions in frailer elderly affected by concomitant chronic diseases [19][20].
A disparity in CRC mortality rate and trend for gender has been noticed worldwide: the overall mortality rate is 43% higher in men than in women. A further difference in CRC mortality rate is related to age. The mortality rate all over the world is higher in patients of 65 years and older [21]. However, it is evident an increase in mortality rate among younger compared to older population [16]. According to the authors, this trend could be explained by two different factors: on the one hand, there could be an earlier exposure to the known risk factors of the new generations compared to the previous ones, while on the other hand, it is known that neoplasms appearing at a younger age often show greater biological aggressiveness [22]. According to the data, in the US in 2020, 68% of CRC mortality was registered in patients ≥ 65 years old, 25% in the group 50–64 years, and 7% in patients < 49 years old [17]. In Europe, during the period 1990 and 2016, the CRC mortality rate increased by 1.1% in patients of age group 30–39, while in patients of 40–49 years old, the mortality rate diminished by 2.4% between 1990 and 2009, but raised by 1.1% between 2009 and 2016 [17].
The differences in terms of mortality rate are also related to the racial group. In the US, the African American population showed the highest mortality rate (19.0 per 100,000 persons) while the lowest rate was registered in Asian Americans/Pacific Islanders (9.5 per 100,000 persons). The mortality rate in non-Hispanic whites was 13.8 per 100,000 persons and 11.1 per 100,000 persons in Hispanics [16].
CRC mortality rates change globally, with an attenuated pattern compared to that of the incidence. About 60% of all deaths occur in countries with high or very high HDI [1]. The age-standardized rate of CRC mortality per 100,000 people was 27.1 in very high HDI countries compared to 2.75 in low HDI countries, with a direct proportionality between the CRC mortality index and HDI [17]. Decreasing trends were observed in central European countries (Austria, the Czech Republic, and Germany) and in the United States and Canada [17]. Colorectal cancer-related deaths are increasing in countries with low–medium HDI like countries of Eastern Europe, Asia, and South America. The lowest mortality rates were registered in Ecuador whilst the steepest fall in mortality was in Denmark [16]. In Italy, CCR ranks second in terms of mortality after lung cancer; if only rectal cancer is considered, it ranks ninth in terms of mortality while colon cancer alone ranks eleventh. In 2020, there were an estimated 21,789 deaths with a huge prevalence in males. The Southern regions show a higher mortality rate than Northern regions [5].

3. Survival

The five-year relative survival rate for CRC increased by 15%, from 50% in the mid-1970s to 65% during 2012–2018. This trend reflects earlier detection of CRC through routine clinical examinations and screening, more accurate staging through advances in imaging, improvements in surgical techniques, and advances in chemotherapy and radiation [17][23][24][25][26][27]. Stage at diagnosis is the most important predictor of survival, with five-year relative survival ranging from 91% for initial disease to 14% for metastatic one. Approximately 10% of survivors live with metastases, 44% of whom were initially diagnosed with early-stage disease. The largest survival incomes are for metastatic rectal cancer, with 30% of patients diagnosed during 2016–2018 surviving three years compared with 25% only a decade earlier [28].
Liver represents the leading metastase site [29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38]. Up to 25% of patients simultaneously experienced primary tumour and colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) diagnosis [39], while 20% will progress to stage IV. Although the availability of chemotherapy regimen progress in many primary tumours [40], surgical resection is considered the gold standard treatment for CRLM, with a five-year survival rate from 30% to 60% [2][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49]. However, about 80% of patients are affected by unresectable CRLM, due to bilobar multiple liver metastases and/or extrahepatic disease. Nowadays, systemic chemotherapy regimens [30][44][47][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57] are proposed to convert patients with initially unresectable CRLM to obtaining and improving long-term surgical and oncological outcomes [50][58][59][60][61][62]. Nevertheless, some patients will progress during neoadjuvant chemotherapy with a debated role of liver resection in this subgroup.
Lung metastases occur in 5–15% of CRC patients; if not treated, metastatic CRC carries a very poor prognosis with a five-year survival rate of less than 5% [28]. During the last two decades, new chemotherapeutics agents have been developed, such as irinotecan, oxaliplatin, and monoclonal antibodies against EGFR and VEGF. These allow prolonged progression-free survival and overall survival in metastatic colorectal cancer [58][63].
Stage at diagnosis reflects the different socio-economic status of racial groups. Black patients are most likely to be diagnosed with metastatic disease than the white ones (25% vs. 21%), likely caused by unequal access to care. However, the five-year relative survival rate for localized disease is quite similar (89–91%) among racial and ethnic groups [28].
Men have a slightly lower five-year relative survival rate (64%) compared with females (65%) despite a more favorable tumor site. In particular, 35% of males vs. 44% of females develop tumors in the proximal colon, which have a higher risk of death compared with left-sided cancers independent of histological and molecular characteristics. However, the largest sex difference in five-year survival is also for left-sided tumors at 66% in men vs. 68% in women for distal colon cancer and 67% vs. 70%, respectively, for rectal cancer [28]. Survival of patients with left-sided tumors was overall higher than that of patients with proximal colon cancer. This observation may be explained by a more favourable stage of cancers located in the distal than in the proximal colon, as well by distinct molecular features between subsites [64].
Survival rates for patients with screen-detected cancer were higher than those found for patients with non-screen-detected cancer within each disease stage. This evidence is probably due to higher adherence to therapy and more healthy behaviour of patients undergoing screening tests compared to non-screen-detected cancers, which contributes to the observed disparities in survival, particularly for patients with stage III and IV cancers.
The CRC survival rate varies among geographic regions. CONCORD-3 study [65] shows the survival for CRC in 71 countries. Five-year survival for colon cancer was higher than 70% in Israel, Jordan, Korea, and Australia. Survival was in the range of 50–69% in 26 countries: Mauritius; Costa Rica and Puerto Rico; Canada and the US; Japan, Singapore, and Taiwan; in 17 European countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Ireland, Norway, Sweden, and the UK; Italy, Portugal, Slovenia, and Spain; Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, the Netherlands, and Switzerland); and in New Zealand. As for colon, five-year net survival for rectal cancer varied widely. Survival was higher than 70% in Jordan (73%), Korea (71%), and Australia (71%). Survival was in the range 60–69% in 24 countries: in Canada and the US; in 4 Asian countries, in 17 European countries: (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Ireland, and Norway; Sweden and the UK; Italy, Portugal, Slovenia, and Spain; Austria; Belgium; France, Germany, the Netherlands, and Switzerland); and in New Zealand [65].
In Italy, the five-year survival for CRC is 62%, and the ten-year survival rate is 58% both in men and women. The southern regions have survival approximately 5–8% lower than in the Centre–North regions [15].

References

  1. Sung, H.; Ferlay, J.; Siegel, R.L.; Laversanne, M.; Soerjomataram, I.; Jemal, A.; Bray, F. Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2021, 71, 209–249.
  2. Masetti, M.; Fallani, G.; Ratti, F.; Ferrero, A.; Giuliante, F.; Cillo, U.; Guglielmi, A.; Ettorre, G.M.; Torzilli, G.; Vincenti, L.; et al. Minimally invasive treatment of colorectal liver metastases: Does robotic surgery provide any technical advantages over laparoscopy? A multicenter analysis from the IGoMILS (Italian Group of Minimally Invasive Liver Surgery) registry. Updates Surg. 2022, 74, 535–545.
  3. Chung, R.Y.; Tsoi, K.K.F.; Kyaw, M.H.; Lui, A.R.; Lai, F.T.T.; Sung, J.J. A population-based age-period-cohort study of colorectal cancer incidence comparing Asia against the West. Cancer Epidemiol. 2019, 59, 29–36.
  4. Xi, Y.; Xu, P. Global colorectal cancer burden in 2020 and projections to 2040. Transl. Oncol. 2021, 14, 101174.
  5. Observatory, G.C. International Agency for Research on Cancer Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. 2023. Available online: https://gco.iarc.fr/ (accessed on 10 September 2023).
  6. Wele, P.; Wu, X.; Shi, H. Sex-Dependent Differences in Colorectal Cancer: With a Focus on Obesity. Cells 2022, 11, 3688.
  7. Li, N.; Lu, B.; Luo, C.; Cai, J.; Lu, M.; Zhang, Y.; Chen, H.; Dai, M. Incidence, mortality, survival, risk factor and screening of colorectal cancer: A comparison among China, Europe, and northern America. Cancer Lett. 2021, 522, 255–268.
  8. Ranasinghe, R.; Mathai, M.; Zulli, A. A synopsis of modern—Day colorectal cancer: Where we stand. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Rev. Cancer 2022, 1877, 188699.
  9. Wong, M.C.S.; Huang, J.; Lok, V.; Wang, J.; Fung, F.; Ding, H.; Zheng, Z.J. Differences in Incidence and Mortality Trends of Colorectal Cancer Worldwide Based on Sex, Age, and Anatomic Location. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2021, 19, 955–966.e961.
  10. Rocca, A.; Brunese, M.C.; Cappuccio, M.; Scacchi, A.; Martucci, G.; Buondonno, A.; Perrotta, F.M.; Quarto, G.; Avella, P.; Amato, B. Impact of Physical Activity on Disability Risk in Elderly Patients Hospitalized for Mild Acute Diverticulitis and Diverticular Bleeding Undergone Conservative Management. Medicina 2021, 57, 360.
  11. Komici, K.; Cappuccio, M.; Scacchi, A.; Vaschetti, R.; Delli Carpini, G.; Picerno, V.; Avella, P.; Brunese, M.C.; Rengo, G.; Guerra, G.; et al. The Prevalence and the Impact of Frailty in Hepato-Biliary Pancreatic Cancers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11, 1116.
  12. Vignali, A.; Elmore, U.; Guarneri, G.; De Ruvo, V.; Parise, P.; Rosati, R. Enhanced recovery after surgery in colon and rectal surgery: Identification of predictive variables of failure in a monocentric series including 733 patients. Updates Surg. 2021, 73, 111–121.
  13. Manigrasso, M.; Musella, M.; Elmore, U.; Allaix, M.E.; Bianchi, P.P.; Biondi, A.; Boni, L.; Bracale, U.; Cassinotti, E.; Ceccarelli, G.; et al. Safety and efficacy of totally minimally invasive right colectomy in the obese patients: A multicenter propensity score-matched analysis. Updates Surg. 2022, 74, 1281–1290.
  14. Burnett-Hartman, A.N.; Lee, J.K.; Demb, J.; Gupta, S. An Update on the Epidemiology, Molecular Characterization, Diagnosis, and Screening Strategies for Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer. Gastroenterology 2021, 160, 1041–1049.
  15. Zorzi, M.; Dal Maso, L.; Francisci, S.; Buzzoni, C.; Rugge, M.; Guzzinati, S. Trends of colorectal cancer incidence and mortality rates from 2003 to 2014 in Italy. Tumori 2019, 105, 417–426.
  16. Siegel, R.L.; Miller, K.D.; Fuchs, H.E.; Jemal, A. Cancer statistics, 2022. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2022, 72, 7–33.
  17. Baidoun, F.; Elshiwy, K.; Elkeraie, Y.; Merjaneh, Z.; Khoudari, G.; Sarmini, M.T.; Gad, M.; Al-Husseini, M.; Saad, A. Colorectal Cancer Epidemiology: Recent Trends and Impact on Outcomes. Curr. Drug Targets 2021, 22, 998–1009.
  18. Araghi, M.; Soerjomataram, I.; Jenkins, M.; Brierley, J.; Morris, E.; Bray, F.; Arnold, M. Global trends in colorectal cancer mortality: Projections to the year 2035. Int. J. Cancer 2019, 144, 2992–3000.
  19. Basso, C.; Gennaro, N.; Dotto, M.; Ferroni, E.; Noale, M.; Avossa, F.; Schievano, E.; Aceto, P.; Tommasino, C.; Crucitti, A.; et al. Congestive heart failure and comorbidity as determinants of colorectal cancer perioperative outcomes. Updates Surg. 2022, 74, 609–617.
  20. Rocca, A.; Porfidia, C.; Russo, R.; Tamburrino, A.; Avella, P.; Vaschetti, R.; Bianco, P.; Calise, F. Neuraxial anesthesia in hepato-pancreatic-bilio surgery: A first western pilot study of 46 patients. Updates Surg. 2023, 75, 481–491.
  21. Marinello, F.; Fleming, C.A.; Möeslein, G.; Khan, J.; Espín-Basany, E.; Pellino, G. Diversity bias in colorectal surgery: A global perspective. Updates Surg. 2022, 74, 1915–1923.
  22. Patel, S.G.; Karlitz, J.J.; Yen, T.; Lieu, C.H.; Boland, C.R. The rising tide of early-onset colorectal cancer: A comprehensive review of epidemiology, clinical features, biology, risk factors, prevention, and early detection. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2022, 7, 262–274.
  23. Sawicki, T.; Ruszkowska, M.; Danielewicz, A.; Niedźwiedzka, E.; Arłukowicz, T.; Przybyłowicz, K.E. A Review of Colorectal Cancer in Terms of Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Development, Symptoms and Diagnosis. Cancers 2021, 13, 2025.
  24. Marcellinaro, R.; Grieco, M.; Spoletini, D.; Troiano, R.; Avella, P.; Brachini, G.; Mingoli, A.; Carlini, M. How to reduce the colorectal anastomotic leakage? The MIRACLe protocol experience in a cohort in a single high-volume centre. Updates Surg. 2023, 75, 1559–1567.
  25. Carlini, M.; Grieco, M.; Spoletini, D.; Menditto, R.; Napoleone, V.; Brachini, G.; Mingoli, A.; Marcellinaro, R. Implementation of the gut microbiota prevents anastomotic leaks in laparoscopic colorectal surgery for cancer:the results of the MIRACLe study. Updates Surg. 2022, 74, 1253–1262.
  26. Grieco, M.; Marcellinaro, R.; Spoletini, D.; Menditto, R.; Lisi, G.; Russo, G.; Napoleone, V.; Carlini, M. Laparoscopic right colectomy: Changes in surgical technique and perioperative management allow better postoperative results in a comparative series of 361 patients. Updates Surg. 2022, 74, 883–890.
  27. Lohsiriwat, V.; Lertbannaphong, S.; Polakla, B.; Riansuwan, W. Implementation of enhanced recovery after surgery and its increasing compliance improved 5-year overall survival in resectable stage III colorectal cancer. Updates Surg. 2021, 73, 2169–2179.
  28. Siegel, R.L.; Wagle, N.S.; Cercek, A.; Smith, R.A.; Jemal, A. Colorectal cancer statistics, 2023. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2023, 73, 233–254.
  29. Avella, P.; Vaschetti, R.; Cappuccio, M.; Gambale, F.; De Meis, L.; Rafanelli, F.; Brunese, M.C.; Guerra, G.; Scacchi, A.; Rocca, A. The role of liver surgery in simultaneous synchronous colorectal liver metastases and colorectal cancer resections: A literature review of 1730 patients underwent open and minimally invasive surgery. Minerva Surg. 2022, 77, 582–590.
  30. Martin, J.; Petrillo, A.; Smyth, E.C.; Shaida, N.; Khwaja, S.; Cheow, H.K.; Duckworth, A.; Heister, P.; Praseedom, R.; Jah, A.; et al. Colorectal liver metastases: Current management and future perspectives. World J. Clin. Oncol. 2020, 11, 761–808.
  31. Benoist, S.; Brouquet, A.; Penna, C.; Julié, C.; El Hajjam, M.; Chagnon, S.; Mitry, E.; Rougier, P.; Nordlinger, B. Complete response of colorectal liver metastases after chemotherapy: Does it mean cure? J. Clin. Oncol. 2006, 24, 3939–3945.
  32. Ivey, G.D.; Johnston, F.M.; Azad, N.S.; Christenson, E.S.; Lafaro, K.J.; Shubert, C.R. Current Surgical Management Strategies for Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastases. Cancers 2022, 14, 1063.
  33. Langella, S.; Ardito, F.; Russolillo, N.; Panettieri, E.; Perotti, S.; Mele, C.; Giuliante, F.; Ferrero, A. Intraoperative Ultrasound Staging for Colorectal Liver Metastases in the Era of Liver-Specific Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Is It Still Worthwhile? J. Oncol. 2019, 2019, 1369274.
  34. Viganò, L.; Jayakody Arachchige, V.S.; Fiz, F. Is precision medicine for colorectal liver metastases still a utopia? New perspectives by modern biomarkers, radiomics, and artificial intelligence. World J. Gastroenterol. 2022, 28, 608–623.
  35. Tranchart, H.; Fuks, D.; Vigano, L.; Ferretti, S.; Paye, F.; Wakabayashi, G.; Ferrero, A.; Gayet, B.; Dagher, I. Laparoscopic simultaneous resection of colorectal primary tumor and liver metastases: A propensity score matching analysis. Surg. Endosc. 2016, 30, 1853–1862.
  36. Capussotti, L.; Ferrero, A.; Viganò, L.; Ribero, D.; Lo Tesoriere, R.; Polastri, R. Major liver resections synchronous with colorectal surgery. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 2007, 14, 195–201.
  37. Ceccarelli, G.; Rocca, A.; De Rosa, M.; Fontani, A.; Ermili, F.; Andolfi, E.; Bugiantella, W.; Levi Sandri, G.B. Minimally invasive robotic-assisted combined colorectal and liver excision surgery: Feasibility, safety and surgical technique in a pilot series. Updates Surg. 2021, 73, 1015–1022.
  38. Boudjema, K.; Locher, C.; Sabbagh, C.; Ortega-Deballon, P.; Heyd, B.; Bachellier, P.; Métairie, S.; Paye, F.; Bourlier, P.; Adam, R.; et al. Simultaneous Versus Delayed Resection for Initially Resectable Synchronous Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastases: A Prospective, Open-label, Randomized, Controlled Trial. Ann. Surg. 2021, 273, 49–56.
  39. Sena, G.; Picciariello, A.; Marino, F.; Goglia, M.; Rocca, A.; Meniconi, R.L.; Gallo, G. One-Stage Total Laparoscopic Treatment for Colorectal Cancer with Synchronous Metastasis. Is It Safe and Feasible? Front. Surg. 2021, 8, 752135.
  40. Avella, P.; Cappuccio, M.; Cappuccio, T.; Rotondo, M.; Fumarulo, D.; Guerra, G.; Sciaudone, G.; Santone, A.; Cammilleri, F.; Bianco, P.; et al. Artificial Intelligence to Early Predict Liver Metastases in Patients with Colorectal Cancer: Current Status and Future Prospectives. Life 2023, 13, 2027.
  41. Wang, H.W.; Jin, K.M.; Li, J.; Wang, K.; Xing, B.C. Postoperative complications predict poor outcomes only in patients with a low modified clinical score after resection of colorectal liver metastases: A retrospective cohort study. Updates Surg. 2022, 74, 1601–1610.
  42. Milana, F.; Galvanin, J.; Sommacale, D.; Brustia, R. Left hepatectomy and microwave ablation for bilobar colorectal metastases: Video description of a “complicated” robotic approach. Updates Surg. 2022, 74, 2019–2021.
  43. Wesdorp, N.J.; van Goor, V.J.; Kemna, R.; Jansma, E.P.; van Waesberghe, J.; Swijnenburg, R.J.; Punt, C.J.A.; Huiskens, J.; Kazemier, G. Advanced image analytics predicting clinical outcomes in patients with colorectal liver metastases: A systematic review of the literature. Surg. Oncol. 2021, 38, 101578.
  44. Belgaumkar, A.P.; Low, N.; Riga, A.T.; Worthington, T.R.; Karanjia, N.D. Chemotherapy before liver resection of colorectal metastases: Friend or foe? Ann. Surg. 2015, 261, e36.
  45. Lehmann, K.; Rickenbacher, A.; Weber, A.; Pestalozzi, B.C.; Clavien, P.A. Chemotherapy before liver resection of colorectal metastases: Friend or foe? Ann. Surg. 2012, 255, 237–247.
  46. Chow, F.C.; Chok, K.S. Colorectal liver metastases: An update on multidisciplinary approach. World J. Hepatol. 2019, 11, 150–172.
  47. Nordlinger, B.; Van Cutsem, E.; Gruenberger, T.; Glimelius, B.; Poston, G.; Rougier, P.; Sobrero, A.; Ychou, M.; Group, E.C.M.T.; Workshop, S.I.C.L.M. Combination of surgery and chemotherapy and the role of targeted agents in the treatment of patients with colorectal liver metastases: Recommendations from an expert panel. Ann. Oncol. 2009, 20, 985–992.
  48. Lin, Q.; Ye, Q.; Zhu, D.; Wei, Y.; Ren, L.; Zheng, P.; Xu, P.; Ye, L.; Lv, M.; Fan, J.; et al. Comparison of minimally invasive and open colorectal resections for patients undergoing simultaneous R0 resection for liver metastases: A propensity score analysis. Int. J. Colorectal Dis. 2015, 30, 385–395.
  49. Catarci, M.; Benedetti, M.; Maurizi, A.; Spinelli, F.; Bernacconi, T.; Guercioni, G.; Campagnacci, R. ERAS pathway in colorectal surgery: Structured implementation program and high adherence for improved outcomes. Updates Surg. 2021, 73, 123–137.
  50. Nordlinger, B.; Van Cutsem, E.; Rougier, P.; Köhne, C.H.; Ychou, M.; Sobrero, A.; Adam, R.; Arvidsson, D.; Carrato, A.; Georgoulias, V.; et al. Does chemotherapy prior to liver resection increase the potential for cure in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer? A report from the European Colorectal Metastases Treatment Group. Eur. J. Cancer 2007, 43, 2037–2045.
  51. Satake, H.; Hashida, H.; Tanioka, H.; Miyake, Y.; Yoshioka, S.; Watanabe, T.; Matsuura, M.; Kyogoku, T.; Inukai, M.; Kotake, T.; et al. Hepatectomy Followed by Adjuvant Chemotherapy with 3-Month Capecitabine Plus Oxaliplatin for Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastases. Oncologist 2021, 26, e1125–e1132.
  52. Karoui, M.; Penna, C.; Amin-Hashem, M.; Mitry, E.; Benoist, S.; Franc, B.; Rougier, P.; Nordlinger, B. Influence of preoperative chemotherapy on the risk of major hepatectomy for colorectal liver metastases. Ann. Surg. 2006, 243, 1.
  53. Pulitanò, C.; Aldrighetti, L.; Arru, M.; Vitali, G.; Ronzoni, M.; Catena, M.; Finazzi, R.; Villa, E.; Ferla, G. Influence of preoperative chemotherapy on the risk of major hepatectomy for colorectal liver metastases. Ann. Surg. 2006, 244, 833–835.
  54. Adam, R.; de Gramont, A.; Figueras, J.; Kokudo, N.; Kunstlinger, F.; Loyer, E.; Poston, G.; Rougier, P.; Rubbia-Brandt, L.; Sobrero, A.; et al. Managing synchronous liver metastases from colorectal cancer: A multidisciplinary international consensus. Cancer Treat. Rev. 2015, 41, 729–741.
  55. Zhang, Y.; Ge, L.; Weng, J.; Tuo, W.Y.; Liu, B.; Ma, S.X.; Yang, K.H.; Cai, H. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for patients with resectable colorectal cancer liver metastases: A systematic review and meta-analysis. World J. Clin. Cases 2021, 9, 6357–6379.
  56. Shah, J.L.; Zendejas-Ruiz, I.R.; Thornton, L.M.; Geller, B.S.; Grajo, J.R.; Collinsworth, A.; George, T.J., Jr.; Toskich, B. Neoadjuvant transarterial radiation lobectomy for colorectal hepatic metastases: A small cohort analysis on safety, efficacy, and radiopathologic correlation. J. Gastrointest. Oncol. 2017, 8, E43–E51.
  57. Adam, R.; De Gramont, A.; Figueras, J.; Guthrie, A.; Kokudo, N.; Kunstlinger, F.; Loyer, E.; Poston, G.; Rougier, P.; Rubbia-Brandt, L.; et al. The oncosurgery approach to managing liver metastases from colorectal cancer: A multidisciplinary international consensus. Oncologist 2012, 17, 1225–1239.
  58. Stewart, C.L.; Warner, S.; Ito, K.; Raoof, M.; Wu, G.X.; Kessler, J.; Kim, J.Y.; Fong, Y. Cytoreduction for colorectal metastases: Liver, lung, peritoneum, lymph nodes, bone, brain. When does it palliate, prolong survival, and potentially cure? Curr. Probl. Surg. 2018, 55, 330–379.
  59. Cheng, J.; Qiu, M.; Zhang, Y.; Hong, N.; Shen, D.; Zhou, J.; Wang, Y. Enhanced Rim on MDCT of Colorectal Liver Metastases: Assessment of Ability to Predict Progression-Free Survival and Response to Bevacizumab-Based Chemotherapy. AJR Am. J. Roentgenol. 2020, 215, 1377–1383.
  60. Borner, M.M. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for unresectable liver metastases of colorectal cancer—Too good to be true? Ann. Oncol. 1999, 10, 623–626.
  61. Lam, V.W.; Spiro, C.; Laurence, J.M.; Johnston, E.; Hollands, M.J.; Pleass, H.C.; Richardson, A.J. A systematic review of clinical response and survival outcomes of downsizing systemic chemotherapy and rescue liver surgery in patients with initially unresectable colorectal liver metastases. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 2012, 19, 1292–1301.
  62. Narita, M.; Oussoultzoglou, E.; Bachellier, P.; Rosso, E.; Pessaux, P.; Jaeck, D. Two-stage hepatectomy procedure to treat initially unresectable multiple bilobar colorectal liver metastases: Technical aspects. Dig. Surg. 2011, 28, 121–126.
  63. Zhang, Q.; Li, B.; Zhang, S.; Huang, Q.; Zhang, M.; Liu, G. Prognostic impact of tumor size on patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: A large SEER-based retrospective cohort study. Updates Surg. 2023, 75, 1135–1147.
  64. Cardoso, R.; Guo, F.; Heisser, T.; De Schutter, H.; Van Damme, N.; Nilbert, M.C.; Christensen, J.; Bouvier, A.M.; Bouvier, V.; Launoy, G.; et al. Overall and stage-specific survival of patients with screen-detected colorectal cancer in European countries: A population-based study in 9 countries. Lancet Reg. Health Eur. 2022, 21, 100458.
  65. Allemani, C.; Matsuda, T.; Di Carlo, V.; Harewood, R.; Matz, M.; Nikšić, M.; Bonaventure, A.; Valkov, M.; Johnson, C.J.; Estève, J.; et al. Global surveillance of trends in cancer survival 2000-14 (CONCORD-3): Analysis of individual records for 37 513 025 patients diagnosed with one of 18 cancers from 322 population-based registries in 71 countries. Lancet 2018, 391, 1023–1075.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Surgery
Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Rosa Marcellinaro
,
Domenico Spoletini
,
Michele Grieco
,
Pasquale Avella
,
Micaela Cappuccio
,
Raffaele Troiano
,
Giorgio Lisi
,
Giovanni M. Garbarino
,
Massimo Carlini
View Times: 92
Revisions: 2 times (View History)
Update Date: 02 Jan 2024
Table of Contents
    1000/1000
    Hot Most Recent
    Feedback