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Orayinka Stephen Awosode
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Lindsay Dong
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Awosode, O.S.; Ebiloma, D.O.; Ajayi, C.A.; Aigbavboa, C.O.; Akinradewo, O. Automation in High-Rise Buildings. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/53281 (accessed on 18 May 2024).
Awosode OS, Ebiloma DO, Ajayi CA, Aigbavboa CO, Akinradewo O. Automation in High-Rise Buildings. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/53281. Accessed May 18, 2024.
Awosode, Orayinka Stephen, David Ojimaojo Ebiloma, Cyril Ayodele Ajayi, Clinton Ohis Aigbavboa, Opeoluwa Akinradewo. "Automation in High-Rise Buildings" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/53281 (accessed May 18, 2024).
Awosode, O.S., Ebiloma, D.O., Ajayi, C.A., Aigbavboa, C.O., & Akinradewo, O. (2023, December 29). Automation in High-Rise Buildings. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/53281
Awosode, Orayinka Stephen, et al. "Automation in High-Rise Buildings." Encyclopedia. Web. 29 December, 2023.
Automation in High-Rise Buildings
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This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/buildings14010016

Operators (owners/facility managers) of high-rise buildings are continuously faced with the challenge of finding innovative means of controlling and managing the facilities of high-rise buildings. This is due to consistent change in the nature and functions of building systems. Meanwhile, the use of computerized systems affords building operators the tools and methods that will enhance facility management activities. 

automation automating systems facility management high-rise buildings

1. Concept of High-Rise Buildings

High-rise buildings can be referred to as buildings with special needs due to their height, structural stability, facilities needed to make occupation conducive and the huge amount of investment that goes into their development [1][2][3]. The definitions of high-rise buildings centers around their height and number of floors. However, there is variation in these definitions due to the level of technological advancement in various regions [3][4]. To further affirm this, there were no high-rise buildings in Nigeria when the West (the United States of America and Europe) decided on the vertical transformation of horizontal expansion in the 19th century [5]. This is obvious in the definition given by [6] that a “high-rise building is any building that is higher than a three storey walk up”. Meanwhile, Lagos State Urban and Regional Planning Development Law considers “any building with minimum of five floors” as a high-rise building [7].
After the completion of the first skyscraper in history, the Home of Insurance Building, in 1885, the United States began to develop tall buildings, also known as high-rise buildings [2]. In the meantime, in the 1930s, work on them started in several Asian and Latin American cities, including Shanghai, Hong Kong, Sao Paulo, and others [2][4][6]. Additionally, in the middle of the 20th century, Australia and Europe made the decision to adopt vertical construction [8]. However, the first residential high-rise building (Ritz Tower), with 41 floors and a height of 165 metres, was completed in 1926 [9]. The purpose of creating high-rise structures at the time was to counter the growing demand for office space [10][11].
The building industry witnessed groundbreaking inventions in the 19th century, which enhanced the construction of high-rise buildings. These inventions include the world’s first safety elevator in 1853; the replacement of the fragile combination of cast iron and wood with steel frames in 1870s; and the invention of air conditioning in 1902 [8][9]. Ref. [2] classified these buildings into single-use/limited mixed-use office buildings, residential towers, and affordable public housing. Facilities that are commonly found in high-rise buildings include vertical transportation systems, water supply systems, power supply systems, security systems, fire protection systems, and air conditioning systems, among others [12]. An effective and efficient maintenance reduces the risk of failure and interruptions in these systems [13].
More so, the sentimental attachment of high-rise buildings to the culture, prestige, and wealth of a nation necessitates the need to preserve investment made on high-rise buildings via proper maintenance of their facilities [2]. Consequently, in order to guarantee the long-term viability of the investments made in these structures, it is necessary to safeguard them by maintaining the building fabrics, building systems, and building services, all of which will enable occupants to live comfortably [12].

2. Concept of Facility Management

The term facility management is referred to as an integrated approach to operate, maintain, improve, and adapt the facility of an organization in a way to ensure an ambience that strongly supports the core business of the organization [14]: the concepts of cost-effectiveness, productivity improvement, efficiency, and employee quality of life. Facility management processes, facility management functions, and facility management activities are common terms that are often used interchangeably when explaining facility management practice [15]. Although these terms are synonymously used, there exists a defining line of differentiation amongst them [16]. Facility management processes are considered to be a strategic way of harmonizing the organizational structure, work processes and the enabling physical environment that will mirror facility dimensions in the organization’s strategic plans [17]. Using a ProFacil model, Ref. [18] categorized facility management processes into five generic activities: these are operating facilities, providing new facilities, providing rebuilt facilities, providing maintained facilities, and performing disposal of facilities. Another study by [19] identified six main facility processes, with twenty-seven subprocesses, of a typical office building, and these are identifying the facility; identifying the characteristics of tenants; developing a facility management plan; implementing operation and maintenance; collecting new information; and responding to and analyzing performance complementary actions.
On the other hand, Ref. [20] stated that facility management functions are categorized into strategic, tactical, and operational functions. Strategic functions are primarily concerned with setting out objectives to execute the long-term plan of the organization considering external requirement. Tactical facility management functions have to do with the structure and functionality of the facility management department in relation to the organization’s objective. Operational facility management function is concerned with the day-to-day decisions that were made in operating facilities. These functions were further expatiated into building operations and maintenance, building construction, landlord activities, facility planning, and general office service functions.
Lastly, building facilities and auxiliary operations for the control and maintenance of property and equipment are the main focuses of facility management activities, which were coined to mean hard and soft services. These activities include work/systems control and optimization; procedures; scheduling; and routine, preventive, scheduled, and unscheduled tasks performed with the intention of preventing equipment failure or decline in order to increase efficiency, dependability, and safety [1][21][22][23]. It is worth noting that facility management started as an offshoot of property management, and it was first provided in the United States of America and Europe four decades ago; meanwhile, the discipline gained prominence in Nigeria in 1997 [24]. It has since undergone evolution, ranging from being perceived as an overhead cost that needed to be kept to its barest minimum to a strategic business plan dimension [17]. Meanwhile, [23] stated that the evolution of facility management practice is centered around digitalization and sustainability. The study stated that the advances in information and communication technology aided the development of facility management when “office for the future” and paperless concepts were launched in the 1970s. The authors further stated that successive developments in office designs were results of the invention of globalized wireless communications that transformed the world into a “global village”. Ref. [25] carried out a comparative study on the delivery of facility management services between publicly and privately owned high-rise residential buildings in Lagos. Residents of the selected high-rise buildings (Eko Court complex and Niger Towers) were sampled. The mean value expectations and the mean value of perceptions of the delivery of facility management services were measured using the Service Quality Measurement (SERQUAL) model. The study revealed the availability of all facilities needed for safe and comfortable occupation of residents in the high-rise buildings. It further stated that Eko Court outsourced its facility management services, while Niger Tower adopted a hybrid facility management strategy. It was found out that the residents of Niger Tower were more satisfied with the level of facility management service provided, although residents of both residential buildings were not highly satisfied with the facility management services provided by the building operators. It then concluded the residents’ perception and expectation of facility management services can be positively enhanced by giving close attention to improving dissatisfying factors. The study recommended improving the standardization of services, the customization of services, the creation of a feedback channel, and the adoption of appropriate service recovery techniques as means of improving facility management service quality. The focus of the study is on the satisfaction of facility management service delivery in high-rise buildings based on residents’ perception. However, their expectation and perception of what effective facility management service should be may not be accurate.

3. Facility Management Automation

Ref. [4] stated that structures built in Nigeria decades ago are getting old, and technological evolution of facility management practice makes the use of automation in the management of buildings, most importantly high-rise buildings, a necessity [26]. Furthermore, recent developments in the built environment have shown that the orientation of national economies, societies, and environments has undergone significant, long-term shifts [27]. Several factors have contributed to the evolution of the built environment’s structure, practices, and overall functioning, including globalization, institutional and structural reforms, the liberalization of global financial markets, shifting economic policies, technological innovations and advancements, environmental sustainability, rapid urbanization, economic pressure, and the rise of emerging market economies [28]. Nevertheless, these concerns will have a significant impact on how our society functions going forward and will guide our decisions about how to manage the built environment [29].
The nature and purpose of building amenities are said to be constantly changing in response to technological advancements and the general digitization of our contemporary environment, as stated by references [30][31]. The findings went on to say that these advances in technology have forced building operators to always come up with new approaches to managing and controlling facilities. Through the use of information technology, sometimes known as facility management automation, they are progressively aiming for more control over the resource utilization rates of their facilities for a more cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and optimized facility management experience.
Automation provides facility managers with the means and instruments to facilitate the administration of facilities, accelerates the execution of facility management tasks, and acts as a unifying element for people, places, and facilities [22][32][33][34][35]. Three main topics have been covered in the discussion of automation’s roles in the service sector [36][37]. These tasks include providing utility and support infrastructure for service innovations, as well as describing information communication and technology (ICT) as an enabler of service innovations. Automation has been shown to perform the aforementioned roles in facility management practice [38][39]. It has been proven that the facility management sector is one of the services.
As an ICT enabler, different automating systems [data containers and workflow systems, such as building information modeling (BIM), computer maintenance and management systems (CMMS), computer-aided facility management (CAFM), and integrated work space management systems (IWMS)], digital twins (DT), and the Internet of Things (IoT) have been developed to enhance facility management practice [33]). As a support infrastructure for a service innovation, facility management automation supplements facility management functions, while as a utility for service innovation, facility management automation has a positive impact on cost and time savings, minimizing errors, omissions, and rework [40][41][42]. These automating tools help in error detection and maintenance and aid thermal comfort occupant monitoring and cost saving maintenance.
Ref. [36] carried out a review of the literature on information technology in facility management. Data repository technology; BIM (interoperability software); Industry Foundation Class (IFC) workflow systems; CAFM (facility intelligence software); building maintenance system (BMS) sensor mobiles; augmented reality (AR); and field capture technology (drones) are the common automating systems used in facility management practice. It further stated that BIM is the most researched technology, while CAFM is the most used technology. The study lacks empirical data to support the author’s opinion. Ref. [5] revealed in their findings that CAFM is the most popular and the most used automating system in the facility management of high-rise buildings in Lagos, Nigeria.
According to [43], the digital twin, which is a more recent automating tool that integrates the physical product, virtual replica, and IoT, is a digital replica of a facility that shows its structure, accommodation details/spaces, flow of movements, and so on. The study stated that research on the use of DT in facility management can assist in assessing building performance through the real-time flow of data. A number of studies [43][44][45][46][47] have discussed the importance of DT in facility management to include: maintenance error detection and predictions; enhancing thermal comfort and occupant monitoring; prediction and cost saving; sharing a more equal representation; building performance; and room experience. These studies were carried out in developed countries with innovative technologies and supportive systems. Also, discussion on the importance of automation in facility management has gained popularity in the developed world. However, majority of these studies have been generic; the study focuses on the relevance of automation in facility management of high-rise buildings in developing countries using a case study of Lagos, Nigeria.

References

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Subjects: Environmental Studies
Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Orayinka Stephen Awosode
,
David Ojimaojo Ebiloma
,
Cyril Ayodele Ajayi
,
Clinton Ohis Aigbavboa
,
Opeoluwa Akinradewo
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Update Date: 02 Jan 2024
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