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Kinga Kostrakiewicz-Gierałt
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Kostrakiewicz-Gierałt, K. Common Bean Phaseolus vulgaris L. (Fabaceae) for Sportspeople. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/52676 (accessed on 01 July 2024).
Kostrakiewicz-Gierałt K. Common Bean Phaseolus vulgaris L. (Fabaceae) for Sportspeople. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/52676. Accessed July 01, 2024.
Kostrakiewicz-Gierałt, Kinga. "Common Bean Phaseolus vulgaris L. (Fabaceae) for Sportspeople" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/52676 (accessed July 01, 2024).
Kostrakiewicz-Gierałt, K. (2023, December 13). Common Bean Phaseolus vulgaris L. (Fabaceae) for Sportspeople. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/52676
Kostrakiewicz-Gierałt, Kinga. "Common Bean Phaseolus vulgaris L. (Fabaceae) for Sportspeople." Encyclopedia. Web. 13 December, 2023.
Common Bean Phaseolus vulgaris L. (Fabaceae) for Sportspeople
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This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/sports11110211

The third-largest land plant family, Fabaceae (Papilionaceae), includes trees, shrubs, and perennial or annual herbaceous plants containing both numerous beneficial constituents (e.g., proteins, carbohydrates, dietary fibre) and antinutrients (e.g., saponins, tannins, phytic acid, gossypol, lectins). The consumption of leguminous plants allows sports people to complete their requirements for nourishment but, on the other hand, it contributes to digestive system ailments.

athletes endurance health nutrition

1. Introduction

The botanical family of dicotyledonous plants, Fabaceae (Papilionaceae), includes trees, shrubs, and perennial or annual herbaceous plants, which are easily recognised by their papilionaceous flowers, fruits, and compound, stipulate leaves. The family is the third-largest land plant family in terms of number of species, behind only the Orchidaceae and Asteraceae, with more than 720 genera and nearly 20,000 known species [1]. The leguminous plants develop a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria which invade the root hairs of host plants, multiply, and stimulate the formation of root nodules. Within the nodules, microorganisms convert free nitrogen to ammonia, which the host plant utilises for its development. The nitrogen fixation is possible thanks to sugars created in photosynthesis and provided by the plant. Nodulated legumes are found in all environments except open seas and are arguably more significant at high than low latitudes [2]. A detailed biogeography of nodulated legumes and their nitrogen-fixing symbionts is presented by Sprent et al. [3].
Due to the additional nitrogen that legumes receive through the process of atmospheric nitrogen fixation, they have a comparatively higher amino acid content than other species [4]. Moreover, they contain carbohydrates, dietary fibre, fat, and minerals, such as calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, and zinc [5][6][7]. They provide tremendous opportunities and challenges for use in processed foods such as bakery products, bread, pasta, soaked and dried foods, snack foods, soups, cereal bar filings, tortillas, meat, etc. [8]. According to numerous authors, the consumption of legumes is suitable for sportspeople who follow different diets and present diverse eating habits, allowing them to complete their requirements for nourishment [9][10][11][12][13]. Tukhtarov [9] stated that the consumption of legumes enhances the total biological value of the average daily diets of professional athletes in Uzbekistan. Rogerson [10] argued that beans are a rich source of proteins, carbohydrates, and iron, which are very important for sportspeople who follow a vegan diet. D’Angelo and Cusano [11] highlighted the value of legume consumption by sportspeople following the Mediterranean diet. Additionally, Terenzio et al. [12] pointed out that the consumption of legumes improves the sport performance of Italian athletes. Shevkani et al. [13] documented the beneficial role of proteins from leguminous plants in the qualitative improvement of gluten-free foods suitable for sportspeople with gluten-related disorders. On the other hand, despite their benefits, legumes contain antinutrients such as saponins, tannins, phytic acid, gossypol, lectins, protease inhibitors, amylase inhibitors, and goitrogens. Anti-nutritional factors combine with nutrients and are a major concern because of the resulting reduced nutrient bioavailability [14]. Moreover, the substantial consumption of legume plants may contribute to digestive system ailments such as the feeling of fullness, discomfort in the stomach, bloating, and diarrhoea. The avoidance of legume consumption by athletes with gastrointestinal disorders has been advised [15] and confirmed [16] in studies.
Considering the aforementioned discrepancy, it would seem to be very interesting to conduct a review of the use of particular species representing the Fabaceae family in the nourishment of sportspeople. So far, such investigations have been conducted in the case of the soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr. [17].
Phaseolus vulgaris is another species representing the Fabaceae family characterized by the presence of both beneficial substances, as well as the antinutrients and allergens. The beneficial substances contribute to numerous health benefits, e.g., diminished heart and renal disease risks, increased satiation, and cancer prevention. Moreover, the intake of meals comprising seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris by sportspeople contributes to meeting energy needs and to rapid recovery after injury. On the other hand, undesirable components such as antinutrients may diminish the bioavailability of trace elements, as well as limit protein and carbohydrate utilization.

2. Common Bean Phaseolus vulgaris L. (Fabaceae) for Sportspeople

The variety of patents seems to confirm the wide range of applications of common bean constituents. A substantial number of inventions concerned food ingredients. The numerous patents applying the amino acids, polypeptides and proteins derived from Phaseolus vulgaris in sport nutrition correspond with findings of many authors pointing out the substantial antioxidant activity of black bean protein hydrolysates [18][19] and their considerable use in the production of beverages such as sport drinks [20]. Other patents concern the use of saccharides from kidney beans in sweeteners or the use of flavonoids (such as isoflavones and anthocyanidins) occurring inter alia in fruits and seeds. At the same time, Kan et al. [21] noticed that non-white bean seed coats which contained more anthocyanidins showed much higher antioxidant activities than white ones. Considering the widely documented toxicity of some constituents of Phaseolus vulgaris see [22], a patent obtained by Hossen et al. [23], which presents methods to reduce saponin compound content, is very valuable. Moreover, it corresponds to other investigations addressing the efficacy of various methods of processing raw materials of leguminous plants, inter alia Phaseolus vulgaris. Khrisanapant et al. [24] investigated the effects of hydrothermal processing of varying durations on the texture, starch content, and protein digestibility of pulses, inter alia Phaseolus vulgaris. Moreover, Samtiya et al. [14] and Sharma [25] reviewed several processing techniques and methods such as fermentation, germination, debranning, autoclaving, soaking etc., which might be used to reduce the antinutrient contents in pulses. At the same time, it is worth mentioning that cooked seeds of the common bean may not be completely digested and absorbed in the bowel. The fermentation caused by bacterial activity contributes to the formation of gas and flatulence responsible for the gastrointestinal symptoms frequently reported by athletes [15].

Numerous authors have patented compositions comprising Phaseolus vulgaris constituents suitable for relieving fatigue, enhancing endurance, as well as increasing muscle mass and strength. An improvement in athletic performance and/or adaptation to training was demonstrated as a result of consumption of supplements or meals based on other leguminous plants, among others soy, e.g., [26][27][28] and pea e.g., [29]. On the other hand, Mizelman et al. [30] (2020) stated that a pulse-based diet does not affect performance among soccer players. Patents containing constituents from Phaseolus vulgaris focusing on the maintenance of athletes’ health and prevention of disorders correspond to findings regarding the beneficial effects of the administration of constituents derived from other leguminous species on chronic pain, discomfort due to chondral injuries and bone resorption [31][32]. Moreover, patents maintaining the immune system of sportspeople and containing constituents from Phaseolus vulgaris seem to confirm the anti-inflammatory activity of legumes widely reported by Zhu et al. [33]. The recipes for compositions containing Phaseolus vulgaris constituents suitable for controlling body weight correspond to the findings of other authors e.g., [34][35], who demonstrated that plant-based diets comprising, among others, beans, chickpeas and soy contribute to significant weight loss in athletes. On the other hand, the investigations of Wei [36] documented a lack of change of body weight among teenager gymnasts as an effect of the consumption of high-protein, low-calorie food containing inter alia, kidney beans.

Generally, the consumption of the common bean by athletes partly reflects the main trends of the worldwide consumption of Phaseolus vulgaris. The substantial consumption of the common bean by athletes from India may be surprising considering the fact that, although India is a leading producer of dry beans [37], the common bean does not represent the most popular legume crop in traditional cuisine [38][39]. The acceptance of the common bean by athletes from the United States of America seems to correspond with the culinary traditions of ethnic groups [40] and the recommendations of the US Department of Agriculture [41] but is not consistent with low consumption by the US population [42]. In turn, the low rating of the common bean by athletes from Australia seems not to support the tendency of substantial consumption of Phaseolus vulgaris by Australian people [43]. Additionally, the sporadic intake of bean products declared by athletes from the UK does not correspond to overall consumption in the aforementioned country [44]. On the other hand, the considerable intake by athletes from Ireland, Switzerland, Austria, and Germany (particularly those following a vegan diet) might indicate an emerging tendency of more frequent consumption of plant proteins in western European food cultures, e.g., [45][46]. Moreover, the substantial consumption of beans by Brazilian athletes is consistent with the fact that Phaseolus vulgaris is considered to be a main pulse crop in Brazil, with old traditions of consumption and a variety of cultivars important in the local and international market [47]. Furthermore, the considerable consumption of the common bean by athletes from Kenya and The Republic of the Congo is consistent with fact that the common bean is recognised as a crop that can ensure food security in many countries of Sub-Saharan Africa [48][49]. Likewise, numerous authors have stated that the common bean is an important source of protein for both poor and wealthy households in Kenya [50] and The Republic of the Congo [51], as well as Benin [52], Burundi [53], Tanzania [54] and others. What is more, the considerable consumption of meals containing the common bean by athletes from Iran is consistent with substantial consumption of dry beans by the Iranian population, documented by Siddiq et al. [37].
To sum up, based on the performed investigations, it can be stated that food products containing Phaseolus vulgaris can be recommended for sportspeople and sports practitioners. The Phaseolus vulgaris constituents are effective for enhancing athletic endurance and recovery. The reduction or elimination of antinutritional constituents and improvement of protein digestibility during processing contribute to the high potential of the kidney bean to be used as a raw material for the manufacturing of food products (dedicated especially for sportspeople who do not suffer from intestinal problems). At the same time, it should be added that the future directions of research should concentrate on: (i) the effects of food products containing the common bean on the health of sportspeople, (ii) extensive research on the frequency of intake of meals containing the common bean, especially in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe and Asia and (iii) a comparison of the use of selected constituents derived from Phaseolus vulgaris and other species belonging to the Fabaceae family in the chosen kinds of food products dedicated for sportspeople, such as drinks, bars, cakes, and others.

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