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Nguyen, H.M.; Nguyen, Y. Destination Social Responsibility and Environmentally Responsible Behavior. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/52257 (accessed on 14 June 2024).
Nguyen HM, Nguyen Y. Destination Social Responsibility and Environmentally Responsible Behavior. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/52257. Accessed June 14, 2024.
Nguyen, Huan Minh, Yen Nguyen. "Destination Social Responsibility and Environmentally Responsible Behavior" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/52257 (accessed June 14, 2024).
Nguyen, H.M., & Nguyen, Y. (2023, December 01). Destination Social Responsibility and Environmentally Responsible Behavior. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/52257
Nguyen, Huan Minh and Yen Nguyen. "Destination Social Responsibility and Environmentally Responsible Behavior." Encyclopedia. Web. 01 December, 2023.
Destination Social Responsibility and Environmentally Responsible Behavior
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This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/su152215803

The critical factor for sustainable destination development is the role of stakeholders as essential players in the process of sustainable destination development. Tourists have been acknowledged as significant stakeholders in destination management, exerting a substantial influence on the sustainability of tourism. It is possible that tourists, as members of society, have the same ethical and value-based perspectives that are advocated for by destination social responsibility (DSR) projects. Understanding the key factors contributing to environmentally responsible behavior (ERB) is imperative.

environmentally responsible behavior destination identification destination reputation destination satisfaction destination social responsibility

1. Introduction

The critical factor for sustainable destination development is the role of stakeholders as essential players in the process of sustainable destination development [1]. Tourists have been acknowledged as significant stakeholders in destination management, exerting a substantial influence on the sustainability of tourism [2]. How tourists evaluate a destination affects their willingness to engage in its development and their general attitude towards visiting. Additionally, tourists continue to interact with destinations where they can find social or psychological values which resonate with them [3]. It is possible that tourists, as members of society, have the same ethical and value-based perspectives that are advocated for by destination social responsibility (DSR) projects. Understanding the key factors contributing to environmentally responsible behavior (ERB) is imperative. Alongside tourists, the sustainable development of destinations involves the effective participation of destination management organizations (DMOs). By following discourses aiming to contribute to “better tourism” (i.e., more sustainable tourism), DMOs, by employing DSR, can adopt a sustainable approach within the tourism paradigm [4]. The change in tourists’ perceptions and behaviors, along with the advancement of tourism managers’ thinking, has led to demands to enhance DSR activities to raise awareness among tourists, in turn promoting responsible tourism behavior.
When considering processes that rely on the collaborative efforts of human communities, which all destinations, to some extent, must do, it is important to acknowledge that a universal solution cannot be applied. A variety of concerns and priorities will impact operations in different places. Specifically, Phu Quoc tourism (Vietnam) has particular characteristics in terms of tourism resources and management policies when compared to other destinations worldwide. According to the adjusted master plan to develop Phu Quoc to 2030, Phu Quoc aims to become one of the most important tourist centers in Vietnam, with a series of international-standard resorts containing a wide variety of entertainments.
Nevertheless, many things could be improved in the management of tourism development projects aimed at preserving ecological, socio-cultural values in the locality. With the rapid development of tourism, the marine ecosystem has been seriously degraded. For instance, the severe decrease in sea urchins in Phu Quoc was due to an increased culinary demand from tourists [5], and 56.6% of coral reefs became bleached and have consequently perished in enormous numbers [6]. Therefore, it causes ecological imbalances and declines in aquatic resources. In order to fully comprehend the issue, research into Phu Quoc is essential.

2. Stimulus–Organism–Response (S-O-R) Framework

The Stimulus–Organism–Response (S-O-R) framework was originally proposed by Mehrabian and Russell [7] as a means to demonstrate the association between inputs (stimulus), processes (organism), and outputs (response). The sequence of stages begins with environmental stimuli that affect an individual’s cognitive and emotional state, which affects the individual’s approach or avoidance behavior [8]. The decision to utilize S-O-R in this research was made due to the model’s adaptability in systematically understanding human behavior [9]. In this research, the perception of DSR is mentioned as a stimulus to consider the possibility of directly and indirectly promoting ERB (response) through DI, DR, and DS (organism).

3. Destination Social Responsibility Perception Is a Stimulus (S)

DSR is relevant to academic studies of tourism, visitor and management thinking, and practical policies, and can be used to mitigate the risk of unsustainable tourism [10]. Some studies have highlighted the significance of DSR for sustainable destination development [11][12]. Mentioning stakeholders in research on the perception of DSR, many authors have studied DSR from the viewpoint of residents’ perspectives [12][13] and some other stakeholders [14][15]. The most common study of this kind examines the perception of DSR from the perspective of tourists [16][17]. In cognitive behavioral theories, perception is also mentioned as a prerequisite for creating beliefs and emotions, leading to behavior [18]. This research discusses how DSR practices can enhance tourist destination recognition. DSR includes a variety of plans on the part of DMOs to preserve the environment, increase the local economy, or safeguard the interests of tourists. In contrast, tourists may share social value standards and ethical perspectives in DSR activities based on the compatibility of individual and destination values.
DSR is a factor that can influence significant aspects of destination development. Based on stakeholder theory [19], well-practiced DSR improves local tourism and increases perceived value for tourists, thereby increasing satisfaction with the destination. Not only is it that DSR initiatives can anticipate tourists’ interests, it is also evident that when tourists are satisfied with the destination, it will lead to behavioral changes [20]. Specifically, when tourists are satisfied with their trip experiences, they are more likely to promote eco-conservative behavior [21]. In addition, engaging in socially responsible actions is a great way to build and maintain a good reputation. In one sense, tourists are the beneficiaries of the destination’s marketing initiatives. Therefore, tourists will be motivated to contribute to the destination if they have a favorable opinion of the location’s reputation due to DMO contributions. Furthermore, DSR programs typically encompass a range of strategies and activities aimed at safeguarding the environment, enhancing societal well-being, boosting the local economy, and preserving the rights of tourists. Given that tourists are integral members of society, they often align with the shared social values and ethical principles outlined in DSR initiatives [22].

4. Destination Reputation, Destination Identification, and Destination Satisfaction Are Organisms (O)

Underlying the organism reaction, a organism is regarded as the internal affective and cognitive process of an organism. In this paper, destination reputation, destination identification, and destination satisfaction are mentioned as the organisms in the S-O-R framework. They are considered in the interaction relationship. In terms of tourism marketing, reputation promotes competitiveness and becomes advantageous to the sustainable growth of destinations [23]. In the field of tourism, the positive impact of DR on DI in the proposed model is predicated on broadening and building theories of positive psychology. The theory holds that positive emotions (such as happiness and interest) can expand awareness and build sustainable personal resources (including social, psychophysiological, and intellectual) to promote individual thoughts and actions [24]. According to this theory, a destination with a positive reputation is thought to enhance an individual’s psychological resources.
In the marketing literature, customer satisfaction is how customers identify products [25]. In tourist destinations, DS pertains to the overall sensations that an individual encounters while visiting a destination, both during and after their stay [26]. Satisfaction is an essential factor that leads to organizational identification [27]. As McCall and Simmons [28] maintain, positive feelings affirming identity are important for developing and maintaining those identities. Satisfaction can lead to a reassessment of identity prominence, in which positive feelings and emotions are the basis for forming, maintaining, and developing identity [29]. Tourists who are satisfied with positive experiences at a destination can strengthen a deep bond and sense of belonging to the destination [30]. Therefore, they will associate their identity with the destination [31].

5. Environmentally Responsible Behavior as a Response (R)

Many tourism activities rely on a destination’s natural resources. Therefore, environmental issues must be addressed. ERB has been widely recognized and used in the literature on sustainable tourism, concentrating on individuals’ affirmative attitudes with the aim of fostering a more sustainable touristic milieu by safeguarding the natural environment [32]. Environmentally responsible behavior is associated with individual awareness, attitudes, and a sense of responsibility [33]. According to Lee et al. [34], tourists exhibit environmentally responsible behavior when they make efforts to reduce potentially negative environmental consequences and commit themselves to environmental preservation during their tourism experience. In this article, ERB is manifested through direct and indirect promotion, not only from DSR (S), but also from DI, DR, and DS (O). In terms of the direct effect of DR, appraisal theory states that an individual’s perceptions may affect behavioral responses. Specifically, it regulates the process by which information influences an individual’s perceptions, which then influence their behavioral responses [35]. According to this theoretical framework, one might posit that the perceived reputation of a destination has a significant impact on the travel behavior of tourists. Additionally, the influence satisfaction on tourists’ ERB manifests in several manners. Wang and Kang [36] specified that tourists’ satisfaction will influence their interest in participating in pro-environmental behavior. As for the direct impact from DI, it can encourage tourists’ supportive behaviors that benefit the destination [37]. It has been proposed that tourists should seek destinations that align with their sense of self [38].

6. The Mediating Effects of Destination Reputation, Destination Identification, and Destination Satisfaction

The S-O-R model indicates that an organism can mediate the effects of the stimulus on response [7]. Reputation and competition are proven to mediate the relationship between the perception of DSR and ERB [39][40]. Scholars suggest that destination reputation may be understood within the framework of corporate reputation. It is characterized as the extent to which visitors trust and have a positive opinion of a destination, which is determined by their prior assessments of the destination, including their perspectives and behaviors. This research posits that DSR acts as an external stimulus. Initially, this agent exerts an influence on the tourist’s internal psychological state, determined by the concept of DR. Subsequently, this influence extends to a variety of actions, including supporting and feedback behaviors.
According to social identity theory, identification is a person’s perception of belonging to a particular group. With the emergence of this theory, researchers in the field of management have paid close attention to the concept of identity. DI is believed to be a contributing factor in promoting tourists’ attachment to destinations, thereby creating ERB in tourists [6][41][42]. It can be suggested that tourists would regard places that actively fulfilled their social commitments in the same manner as they regard organizations that actively performed their social responsibilities and created a feeling of engagement.
Using stakeholder theory, DSR not only enhances local tourism, but also raises the perceived value for tourists, boosting their satisfaction with the area. Simultaneously, visitors are delighted with the place, which leads to behavioral changes [20], especially in terms of their involvement in promoting environmentally friendly behavior [21]. Prior studies have demonstrated that DS moderates the association between DSR and ERB [12][43].

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Subjects: Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism
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Update Date: 06 Dec 2023
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