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Yang, C. Benign Essential Blepharospasm. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/4945 (accessed on 28 September 2026).
Yang C. Benign Essential Blepharospasm. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/4945. Accessed September 28, 2026.
Yang, Catherine. "Benign Essential Blepharospasm" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/4945 (accessed September 28, 2026).
Yang, C. (2020, December 24). Benign Essential Blepharospasm. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/4945
Yang, Catherine. "Benign Essential Blepharospasm." Encyclopedia. Web. 24 December, 2020.
Benign Essential Blepharospasm
Edit
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/benign-essential-blepharospasm

Benign essential blepharospasm is a condition characterized by abnormal blinking or spasms of the eyelids. This condition is a type of dystonia, which is a group of movement disorders involving uncontrolled tensing of the muscles (muscle contractions), rhythmic shaking (tremors), and other involuntary movements. Benign essential blepharospasm is different from the common, temporary eyelid twitching that can be caused by fatigue, stress, or caffeine.

genetic conditions

References

  1. Ben Simon GJ, McCann JD. Benign essential blepharospasm. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 2005 Summer;45(3):49-75. Review.
  2. Defazio G, Berardelli A, Hallett M. Do primary adult-onset focal dystoniasshare aetiological factors? Brain. 2007 May;130(Pt 5):1183-93.Review.
  3. Defazio G, Brancati F, Valente EM, Caputo V, Pizzuti A, Martino D, Abbruzzese G, Livrea P, Berardelli A, Dallapiccola B. Familial blepharospasm is inherited asan autosomal dominant trait and relates to a novel unassigned gene. Mov Disord.2003 Feb;18(2):207-12.
  4. Defazio G, Livrea P. Epidemiology of primary blepharospasm. Mov Disord. 2002Jan;17(1):7-12. Review.
  5. Defazio G, Livrea P. Primary blepharospasm: diagnosis and management. Drugs.2004;64(3):237-44. Review.
  6. Defazio G, Martino D, Aniello MS, Masi G, Abbruzzese G, Lamberti S, ValenteEM, Brancati F, Livrea P, Berardelli A. A family study on primary blepharospasm. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2006 Feb;77(2):252-4.
  7. Grandas F, Elston J, Quinn N, Marsden CD. Blepharospasm: a review of 264patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1988 Jun;51(6):767-72.
  8. Hallett M, Evinger C, Jankovic J, Stacy M; BEBRF International Workshop.Update on blepharospasm: report from the BEBRF International Workshop. Neurology.2008 Oct 14;71(16):1275-82. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000327601.46315.85. Review.
  9. Hallett M. Blepharospasm: recent advances. Neurology. 2002 Nov12;59(9):1306-12. Review.
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Subjects: Genetics & Heredity
Contributor MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register : Catherine Yang
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Entry Collection: MedlinePlus
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Update Date: 24 Dec 2020
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