Submitted Successfully!
To reward your contribution, here is a gift for you: A free trial for our video production service.
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1 + 823 word(s) 823 2020-12-15 07:34:30

Video Upload Options

Do you have a full video?

Confirm

Are you sure to Delete?
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
Xu, R. Pallister-Killian Mosaic Syndrome. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/4939 (accessed on 29 March 2024).
Xu R. Pallister-Killian Mosaic Syndrome. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/4939. Accessed March 29, 2024.
Xu, Rita. "Pallister-Killian Mosaic Syndrome" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/4939 (accessed March 29, 2024).
Xu, R. (2020, December 24). Pallister-Killian Mosaic Syndrome. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/4939
Xu, Rita. "Pallister-Killian Mosaic Syndrome." Encyclopedia. Web. 24 December, 2020.
Pallister-Killian Mosaic Syndrome
Edit

Pallister-Killian mosaic syndrome is a developmental disorder that affects many parts of the body. This condition is characterized by extremely weak muscle tone (hypotonia) in infancy and early childhood, intellectual disability, distinctive facial features, sparse hair, areas of unusual skin coloring (pigmentation), and other birth defects.

genetic conditions

1. Introduction

Most babies with Pallister-Killian mosaic syndrome are born with significant hypotonia, which can cause difficulty breathing and problems with feeding. Hypotonia also interferes with the normal development of motor skills such as sitting, standing, and walking. About 30 percent of affected individuals are ultimately able to walk without assistance. Additional developmental delays result from intellectual disability, which is usually severe to profound. Speech is often limited or absent in people with this condition.

Pallister-Killian mosaic syndrome is associated with a distinctive facial appearance that is often described as "coarse." Characteristic facial features include a high, rounded forehead; a broad nasal bridge; a short nose; widely spaced eyes; low-set ears; rounded cheeks; and a wide mouth with a thin upper lip and a large tongue. Some affected children are born with an opening in the roof of the mouth (cleft palate) or a high arched palate.

Most children with Pallister-Killian mosaic syndrome have sparse hair on their heads, particularly around the temples. These areas may fill in as affected children get older. Many affected individuals also have streaks or patches of skin that are darker or lighter than the surrounding skin. These skin changes can occur anywhere on the body, and they may be apparent at birth or occur later in life.

Additional features of Pallister-Killian mosaic syndrome can include hearing loss, vision impairment, seizures, extra nipples, genital abnormalities, and heart defects. Affected individuals may also have skeletal abnormalities such as extra fingers and/or toes, large big toes (halluces), and unusually short arms and legs. About 40 percent of affected infants are born with a congenital diaphragmatic hernia, which is a hole in the muscle that separates the abdomen from the chest cavity (the diaphragm). This potentially serious birth defect allows the stomach and intestines to move into the chest, where they can crowd the developing heart and lungs.

The signs and symptoms of Pallister-Killian mosaic syndrome vary, although most people with this disorder have severe to profound intellectual disability and other serious health problems. The most severe cases involve birth defects that are life-threatening in early infancy. However, several affected people have had milder features, including mild intellectual disability and less noticeable physical abnormalities.

2. Frequency

Pallister-Killian mosaic syndrome appears to be a rare condition, although its exact prevalence is unknown. This disorder may be underdiagnosed because it can be difficult to detect in people with mild signs and symptoms. As a result, most diagnoses are made in children with more severe features of the disorder. More than 150 people with Pallister-Killian mosaic syndrome have been reported in the medical literature.

3. Causes

Pallister-Killian mosaic syndrome is usually caused by the presence of an abnormal extra chromosome called an isochromosome 12p or i(12p). An isochromosome is a chromosome with two identical arms. Normal chromosomes have one long (q) arm and one short (p) arm, but isochromosomes have either two q arms or two p arms. Isochromosome 12p is a version of chromosome 12 made up of two p arms.

Cells normally have two copies of each chromosome, one inherited from each parent. In people with Pallister-Killian mosaic syndrome, cells have the two usual copies of chromosome 12, but some cells also have the isochromosome 12p. These cells have a total of four copies of all the genes on the p arm of chromosome 12. The extra genetic material from the isochromosome disrupts the normal course of development, causing the characteristic features of this disorder.

Although Pallister-Killian mosaic syndrome is usually caused by the presence of an isochromosome 12p, other, more complex chromosomal changes involving chromosome 12 are responsible for the disorder in rare cases.

4. Inheritance

Pallister-Killian mosaic syndrome is not inherited. The chromosomal change responsible for the disorder typically occurs as a random event during the formation of reproductive cells (eggs or sperm) in a parent of the affected individual, usually the mother. Affected individuals have no history of the disorder in their families.

An error in cell division called nondisjunction likely results in a reproductive cell containing an isochromosome 12p. If this atypical reproductive cell contributes to the genetic makeup of a child, the child will have two normal copies of chromosome 12 along with an isochromosome 12p.

As cells divide during early development, some cells lose the isochromosome 12p, while other cells retain the abnormal chromosome. This situation is called mosaicism. Almost all cases of Pallister-Killian mosaic syndrome are caused by mosaicism for an isochromosome 12p. If all of the body's cells contained the isochromosome, the resulting syndrome would probably not be compatible with life.

5. Other Names for This Condition

  • isochromosome 12p syndrome
  • Pallister-Killian syndrome
  • PKS
  • Teschler-Nicola/Killian syndrome
  • tetrasomy 12p, mosaic

References

  1. Kostanecka A, Close LB, Izumi K, Krantz ID, Pipan M. Developmental andbehavioral characteristics of individuals with Pallister-Killian syndrome. Am JMed Genet A. 2012 Dec;158A(12):3018-25. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35670.
  2. Mathieu M, Piussan C, Thepot F, Gouget A, Lacombe D, Pedespan JM, Serville F, Fontan D, Ruffie M, Nivelon-Chevallier A, Amblard F, Chauveau P, Moirot H,Chabrolle JP, Croquette MF, Teyssier M, Plauchu H, Pelissier MC, Gilgenkrantz S, Turc-Carel C, Turleau C, Prieur M, Le Merrer M, Gonzales M, Journel H, et al.Collaborative study of mosaic tetrasomy 12p or Pallister-Killian syndrome(nineteen fetuses or children). Ann Genet. 1997;40(1):45-54.
  3. Stalker HJ, Gray BA, Bent-Williams A, Zori RT. High cognitive functioning and behavioral phenotype in Pallister-Killian syndrome. Am J Med Genet A. 2006 Sep15;140(18):1950-4.
  4. Struthers JL, Cuthbert CD, Khalifa MM. Parental origin of the isochromosome12p in Pallister-Killian syndrome: molecular analysis of one patient and reviewof the reported cases. Am J Med Genet. 1999 May 21;84(2):111-5. Review.
  5. Vogel I, Lyngbye T, Nielsen A, Pedersen S, Hertz JM. Pallister-Killiansyndrome in a girl with mild developmental delay and mosaicism for hexasomy 12p. Am J Med Genet A. 2009 Mar;149A(3):510-4. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32681.
  6. Wilkens A, Liu H, Park K, Campbell LB, Jackson M, Kostanecka A, Pipan M, IzumiK, Pallister P, Krantz ID. Novel clinical manifestations in Pallister-Killiansyndrome: comprehensive evaluation of 59 affected individuals and review ofpreviously reported cases. Am J Med Genet A. 2012 Dec;158A(12):3002-17. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.35722.
  7. Yeung A, Francis D, Giouzeppos O, Amor DJ. Pallister-Killian syndrome causedby mosaicism for a supernumerary ring chromosome 12p. Am J Med Genet A. 2009Mar;149A(3):505-9. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32664.
More
Information
Contributor MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
View Times: 512
Entry Collection: MedlinePlus
Revision: 1 time (View History)
Update Date: 24 Dec 2020
1000/1000