Apps for Enabling Disabled Individuals Accessibility in Buildings

Version	Summary	Created by	Modification	Content Size	Created at	Operation
1		Eleni Apostolidou	--	2565	2023-09-18 12:28:16	\|
2	format change	Peter Tang	+ 3 word(s)	2568	2023-09-19 02:45:56	\|

This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/buildings13082085

Mobile applications have revolutionized various aspects of our lives, enhancing convenience, connectivity, and productivity. From communication to entertainment, these apps have transformed the way we interact with the world. One crucial area where mobile apps have immense potential is in enabling accessibility for disabled individuals, particularly in buildings.

accessibility apps disabled individuals design for all inclusive design building accessibility mobile applications

1. The Design for All Concept

Design for All, also known as Universal Design, is a fundamental principle that advocates for creating products, environments, and services that are accessible and usable by all individuals, regardless of their age, abilities, or disabilities ^[1]. It aims to eliminate barriers and ensure equal opportunities for everyone to participate fully in society ^[2]. The Design for All principle goes beyond mere compliance with accessibility standards and seeks to integrate inclusivity as an inherent aspect of design from the outset ^[3]. In this description, the researchers will explore the key principles and elements of Design for All and highlight its significance in creating a more inclusive and equitable world.

(a): At the core of Design for All is the principle of equality, recognizing that every individual has the right to participate in all aspects of life on an equal basis ^[4]. It acknowledges and celebrates diversity, encompassing a wide range of abilities, disabilities, age groups, cultural backgrounds, and personal preferences. By incorporating inclusivity into the design process, barriers are removed, and the needs and preferences of all individuals are considered.
(b): Design for All places great emphasis on accessibility and usability ^[5]. Accessibility ensures that individuals with disabilities can access and use products, environments, and services independently and without barriers. This includes considerations such as wheelchair access, tactile signage, visual and auditory aids, and alternative communication methods. Usability focuses on creating designs that are intuitive, user-friendly, and cater to a diverse range of user abilities, ensuring that everyone can interact effectively with the designed object or environment.
(c): A key aspect of Design for All is flexibility and adaptability ^[6]. It recognizes that people have different preferences, needs, and abilities, and designs should accommodate these variabilities. Flexibility allows for customization and personalization, enabling individuals to adjust the design to meet their specific requirements. Adaptability ensures that designs can be modified or reconfigured over time to accommodate changing needs, technological advancements, and societal shifts.
(d): Design for All prioritizes safety and comfort for all users ^[7]. It considers factors such as ergonomics, stability, and sensory comfort to ensure that designs do not pose risks or discomfort to any user. Safety measures are implemented to protect individuals from potential hazards, and designs are created to minimize physical and psychological strain.
(e): Design for All recognizes the importance of aesthetics and emotional well-being in creating inclusive designs ^[8]. It acknowledges that individuals have different sensory preferences and emotional responses to their surroundings. Therefore, designs should be aesthetically pleasing, stimulating positive emotions, and promoting well-being for all users.
(f): Technology plays a significant role in advancing Design for All principles ^[9]. Innovative technologies can be harnessed to create inclusive designs that cater to diverse needs. For example, assistive technologies, smart devices, and digital interfaces can enhance accessibility, facilitate communication, and provide personalized experiences. Integrating technology effectively ensures that designs remain relevant and adaptable in a rapidly evolving digital landscape.
(g): Design for All encourages collaboration and user involvement throughout the design process ^[10]. It recognizes that the expertise and insights of individuals with disabilities and diverse user groups are invaluable in understanding their needs and preferences. User-centered design approaches involve actively engaging users in the design process, gathering feedback, and incorporating their input to create more effective and inclusive designs.

Designing with consideration for diverse requirements is of paramount importance, especially when it comes to individuals with disabilities or other vulnerabilities who may have specific indoor needs ^[11]. The built environment must be adaptable and accommodating to cater to the unique requirements of each person ^[12]. This includes considerations such as accessibility features, lighting conditions, temperature control, acoustics, and spatial layout. By addressing these diverse needs, indoor environments can be optimized to support the comfort, safety, and well-being of all individuals, including those who are more vulnerable or fragile ^[13]. Designing with an inclusive mindset ensures that everyone can access and navigate indoor spaces comfortably, fostering a sense of belonging and enabling them to thrive in their environments. Through thoughtful design, indoor spaces can be transformed into inclusive and empowering environments that meet the diverse requirements of all individuals ^[14].

Design for All promotes universal design practices that benefit individuals of all abilities and characteristics. It encourages designers, architects, policymakers, and stakeholders to incorporate inclusivity as an integral aspect of design, ultimately fostering a more accessible and inclusive world for everyone.

2. Needs and Challenges in the Development of Apps for Disabled Individuals

Studies have explored the development process of accessibility apps and highlighted key considerations:

(a): User-Centered Design: Many successful apps employ a user-centered design approach, involving disabled individuals throughout the development process. Engaging users in requirements gathering, usability testing, and feedback sessions helps ensure that the app meets their specific needs and preferences ^[15].
(b): Integration of Accessibility Standards: App developers often adhere to established accessibility standards, such as the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG). Compliance with these standards ensures that the app is accessible to users with various disabilities and follows best practices for inclusive design ^[16].
(c): Collaboration with Building Owners: The literature emphasizes the importance of collaboration with building owners and management to obtain accurate information about building accessibility. Building partnerships allow app developers to access floor plans, identify accessible routes, and gather relevant data for app integration ^[17].

Research studies have also examined the effectiveness and impact of accessibility apps on disabled individuals in buildings:

(a): Improved Navigation and Independence: Accessibility apps have demonstrated their effectiveness in improving navigation and wayfinding for disabled individuals. Users reported increased independence and confidence when accessing buildings, leading to enhanced participation in activities ^[18].
(b): Enhanced Access to Information: Apps provide valuable information about accessible entrances, elevators, restrooms, and other facilities within buildings. Users appreciate having this information readily available, which allows them to plan their visits more effectively ^[19].
(c): Empowerment and Inclusion: Accessibility apps contribute to the empowerment and inclusion of disabled individuals. By overcoming physical barriers and providing access to building facilities, these apps enable users to participate more fully in social, educational, and employment activities ^[20].

The literature also identifies several challenges associated with accessibility apps for disabled individuals in buildings:

(a): Data Accuracy and Timeliness: Maintaining up-to-date and accurate data about building accessibility poses challenges. App developers need mechanisms to ensure data accuracy and timely updates, especially in dynamic environments where changes occur frequently ^[21].
(b): Technical Limitations: Technical limitations, such as limited GPS accuracy indoors, can affect the performance of accessibility apps ^[22]. Developers must explore alternative positioning technologies, such as Bluetooth beacons or Wi-Fi positioning, to enhance location accuracy indoors.
(c): Usability and Interface Design: Designing an intuitive and user-friendly interface for accessibility apps is crucial. Developers need to consider the diverse needs and preferences of disabled individuals, ensuring that the app is easy to navigate and understand for users with varying abilities ^[23].

The literature review highlights potential areas for improvement in accessibility apps:

(a): Integration of Emerging Technologies: Exploring the integration of emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, and augmented reality, can enhance the functionality and user experience of accessibility apps ^[24]. These technologies can provide personalized recommendations, real-time information, and interactive guidance.
(b): Gamification and Incentives: Incorporating gamification elements and incentives within accessibility apps can encourage engagement and motivate users to utilize the app regularly ^[25]. Rewards, challenges, and social features can create a more engaging and interactive experience.
(c): Enhanced Collaboration and Data Sharing: Building stronger collaborations between app developers, building owners, disability organizations, and users can facilitate the sharing of accurate and comprehensive data ^[26]. This collaboration can contribute to more robust and up-to-date information within the app.

User-centered design plays a crucial role in the development of applications for disabled people to enhance their accessibility to the built environment ^[27]. It involves actively involving disabled individuals in the design process, ensuring their needs, preferences, and capabilities are considered. By conducting user research and usability testing, designers can gather valuable insights to create inclusive and intuitive interfaces. User-centered design also emphasizes the importance of iterative design and continuous improvement based on user feedback, ultimately leading to more effective and empowering applications for disabled individuals to navigate and participate fully in the built environment ^[28].

The needs and challenges for apps for disabled individuals are summarized in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Needs and challenges for apps for disabled individuals.

3. Inclusive Smart Buildings and Smart Cities: Enhancing Accessibility for People with Disabilities

In recent years, the concept of inclusive smart buildings and smart cities has gained significant attention, aiming to create environments that are accessible and supportive for all individuals, including those with disabilities. The integration of technology and infrastructure can play a crucial role in enhancing accessibility and enabling smooth mobility for people with disabilities.

The inclusive elements of smart buildings include:

(a): Inclusive smart buildings should incorporate universal design principles, ensuring that the physical environment, infrastructure, and technologies are usable by all individuals, regardless of their abilities ^[29]. This includes features such as ramps, accessible entrances, wide doorways, adjustable-height counters, and tactile indicators for individuals with visual impairments.
(b): Integrating assistive technologies within smart buildings can greatly enhance accessibility ^[30]. For example, voice-activated controls, smart lighting systems, and automated doors can assist people with mobility impairments. Braille signage, audio guidance systems, and accessible touchscreen interfaces can facilitate navigation for individuals with visual impairments.
(c): Smart buildings should provide real-time information and communication services to assist people with disabilities ^[31]. This can include digital signage with visual and auditory information, mobile applications with accessible interfaces, and communication systems that support multiple modalities, such as text, voice, and video.
(d): Addressing sensory needs is crucial for individuals with disabilities. Smart buildings should incorporate features such as acoustic treatments to reduce noise levels, tactile surfaces for individuals with visual impairments, and lighting systems that account for different sensitivities. Educational buildings are a good example of the application of these practices ^[32]. The evolution of inclusive design in architecture for individuals on the autistic spectrum, highlighting the use of smart sensor systems to achieve independent living and ensure safety, privacy, and proper support for relatives and caregivers, has already been highlighted ^[33].

Shifting from the scale of smart buildings to smart cities, the needs for inclusiveness at that level include:

(a): Smart cities should prioritize the development of accessible infrastructure, including well-designed sidewalks, ramps, and crosswalks that cater to the needs of individuals with disabilities ^[34]. Accessible public transportation systems, with features such as low-floor buses, audio and visual announcements, and wheelchair-friendly vehicles, are also essential.
(b): Ensuring digital inclusion is vital for people with disabilities ^[35]. Smart cities should offer accessible online platforms, mobile applications, and digital services that can be easily navigated and utilized by individuals with various disabilities. This includes accessible websites, screen reader compatibility, and captioning for audio and video content.
(c): Data-driven Accessibility Planning: Smart cities can leverage data analytics and real-time monitoring to identify areas of improvement for accessibility ^[36]. By gathering data on foot traffic, transportation patterns, and accessibility issues, city planners can make informed decisions to enhance accessibility and allocate resources effectively.
(d): Smart cities should foster inclusive public engagement by involving people with disabilities in the planning and decision-making processes ^[37]. Engaging with disability advocacy groups, conducting accessibility audits, and seeking input from individuals with disabilities can lead to the creation of more inclusive urban environments.

All major aspects of inclusive smart buildings and smart cities are depicted in Figure 2.

Figure 2. Aspects of inclusive smart buildings and smart cities.

Inclusive smart buildings and smart cities have the potential to revolutionize the accessibility and quality of life for people with disabilities. By integrating universal design principles, assistive technologies, real-time information, accessible infrastructure, and inclusive planning, we can create environments that empower individuals with disabilities to fully participate in and contribute to urban life.

4. Research Initiatives for an Inclusive Built Environment

The European Union has recognized the importance of inclusiveness in the built environment and has actively invested research grants to develop expertise in this area. These grants aim to advance knowledge and understanding of creating accessible spaces for individuals with disabilities. The EU’s commitment to promoting inclusiveness highlights its dedication to improving the quality of life and equal opportunities for all individuals within the built environment. In this section, the researchers will present some of the research initiatives supported by these grants, shedding light on the progress made towards enhancing inclusiveness in the built environment. In this section, the researchers will present remarkable advancements achieved through EU-funded research projects aimed at enhancing inclusiveness and accessibility of the built environment for disabled individuals. These pioneering initiatives have revolutionized assistive technologies, ensuring equal opportunities and independence for all. From innovative accessibility features in public spaces to inclusive housing designs and smart solutions for mobility, these projects showcase the EU’s commitment to creating inclusive societies.

(a): The Web Accessibility Directive Decision Support Environment (WADcher) project featured a large-scale accessibility assessment infrastructure, incorporating a robust framework for assessing the accessibility of web content ^[38]. Developers and designers were able to leverage the tool’s advanced decision support features to create accessible assets. The tool also combined automatic and expert reviews on a web accessibility observatory platform, providing comprehensive accessibility insights.
(b): The project ICT for smart and personalized inclusion included user profiling standards and tools, capturing individual needs and preferences to ensure personalized accessibility solutions ^[39]. Cloud, crowd, game, and smart technologies were leveraged to involve a diverse range of stakeholders in the development and delivery of accessible solutions.
(c): The cloud platforms Lead to Open and Universal access for people with Disabilities and for All (CLOUD4all) project adopted the concept of the Global Public Inclusive Infrastructure (GPII), providing accessibility solutions tailored to each individual’s unique requirements ^[40]. The tool automatically matched and modified mainstream and specialized technologies to cater to users’ specific needs.
(d): The Virtual and Augmented Environments and Realistic User Interactions To achieve Embedded Accessibility DesignS (VERITAS) project incorporated an Open Simulation Platform (OSP), which served as an open framework for simulation-based testing and compliance with accessibility guidelines ^[41]. Detailed virtual user models and simulation environments were developed to simulate users’ physical, cognitive, behavioral, and psychological characteristics for testing accessibility.
(e): Open Accessibility Everywhere: The Groundwork, Infrastructure, Standards (ÆGIS) project integrated the Open Accessibility Framework (OAF), making accessibility open, configurable, and applicable in various contexts ^[42]. The project followed a user-centered design (UCD) approach, prioritizing user needs and interaction models to ensure inclusivity.
(f): The Accessibility Assessment Simulation Environment for New Applications Design and Development (ACCESSIBLE) project incorporated a harmonized accessibility methodology for assessing accessibility in software design and development ^[43]. It provided an assessment simulation environment with a suite of accessibility analyzing tools and developer-aid tools for efficient evaluation of software applications.

In conclusion, recent research activities focused on key areas such as web content accessibility assessment, personalized accessibility solutions, and tailoring accessibility to individual needs. They introduced innovative approaches such as decision support features for developers, user profiling for personalized solutions, and the utilization of the Global Public Inclusive Infrastructure (GPII) concept. Additionally, these projects emphasized the importance of user-centered design, open accessibility frameworks, and harmonized methodologies to ensure inclusivity in software development and evaluation. Collectively, they have contributed to advancing accessibility and fostering an inclusive digital environment.

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