Importance of Accurate Information about Migration

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This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/soc13070168

Misinformation, which can include fake news, rumors, and the misinterpretation of facts, can be disseminated by known brands, by fake news sites, and by the means of manipulated or parody content. Misinformation is often connected with tweaking or twisting information instead of fabricating it entirely, often recurring to the misinterpretation of facts or scientific evidence. The ambiguity and uncertainty surrounding the situation described, but also a lack of or the excessive availability of data or controversies in the interpretation of existing information, are all contributing factors towards misinformation. Misinformation has become pervasive in the context of migration.

Accurate information regarding migration is crucial. Verified facts, reliable sources, and precise data play an essential role in countering misinformation. Misinformation, which can include fake news, rumors, and the misinterpretation of facts, can be disseminated by known brands, by fake news sites, and by the means of manipulated or parody content. Misinformation is often connected with tweaking or twisting information instead of fabricating it entirely, often recurring to the misinterpretation of facts or scientific evidence. The ambiguity and uncertainty surrounding the situation described, but also a lack of or the excessive availability of data or controversies in the interpretation of existing information, are all contributing factors towards misinformation. Misinformation has become pervasive in the context of migration. Addressing this issue is especially vital in the realm of migration, where accurate information is paramount.

migration misinformation policymaking electorate accurate information

1. Misinformation and Migration

Migration is a topic that is increasingly polarizing public opinion. Exemplary of the social, economic, and cultural transformations brought about by globalization, the debate about migration has progressively moved towards the terrain of identity, religion, culture, and social group relations, triggering emotional reactions in target audiences often linked to political projects focused on the protection of national values, traditions, and ways of life. Especially in recent years, concerns and fears about migrants’ presence in host communities have been increasingly amplified, consolidating misinformation about migrants and toxic narratives about “us” versus “them”. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has further exacerbated the debate, since it has strengthened anti-immigration positions ^[1]^[2]. Although scapegoating migrants is not a new phenomenon, particularly in times of economic downturn, the power of new technologies and social media to multiply the producers and users of information amplifies this twisted content and accelerates the dissemination of misinformation.

Prejudice and misinformation regarding migration are related problems that frequently coexist. While preexisting bias might contribute to the spread of misinformation, the distribution of inaccurate or deceptive information regarding migration can encourage prejudice and discriminatory attitudes against migrants. The portrayal of migrants as criminals or a threat to public safety is a typical form of inaccurate information about migration. This myth is frequently supported by sensationalist media coverage that highlights isolated, immigrant-related occurrences, while downplaying the numerous beneficial contributions immigrants make to society. Such false information can encourage anti-immigrant prejudice and result in discriminatory tactics and policies.

The idea that immigrants lower salaries or take employment away from native-born employees is another example of false information. Several studies have disproved this fallacy, showing that migration may actually spur economic growth and open up new job opportunities for all employees. The continuation of this false information, however, can fuel hostility toward immigrants and support for tight immigration laws. Misinformation about the causes of migration may also spread as a result of prejudice. For instance, it is possible for migrants to be accused of leaving their home countries because of poverty, violence, or persecution, when, in reality, these factors are frequently what drove them to go. The need for international cooperation to address the root causes of migration can be obscured by this false information.

Regardless of its authenticity, audiences tend to consume and recall information that is already in line with their existing beliefs and personal experiences, making emotionally charged topics such as migration more difficult to communicate in a balanced and effective way. Expressed through dehumanizing and fear-stoking language, migration is often referred to as a poison to society or described using meteorological metaphors with the aim of amplifying feelings of anxiety and fear ^[3]^[4]. Refugees and migrants are often referred to as “pouring or flooding in”, “tsunamis”, “waves and tides of migrants”, places “swamped by migrants”, or similar. Additionally, public debate offers a fertile ground for the flourishing of misinformation. Due to the narrowing of the political divergence of long-established parties, public debate has been progressively emptied of real alternatives and the capacity to mobilize electorates towards one vision or the other. Therefore, the often-ambiguous political debate about economic and social policies increasingly appeals to the “us” versus “them” messages, often twisting and tweaking evidence-based information.

The following case studies clearly and vividly illustrate the negative consequences that misinformation in the field of migration can lead to.

The Rohingya crisis in Myanmar is an example of how misinformation can fuel violence and persecution against a particular ethnic group ^[5]^[6]. False narratives and rumors spread through social media platforms, portraying the Rohingya Muslim minority as terrorists and illegal immigrants. This misinformation contributed to the escalation of violence, forced displacements, and the mass migration of Rohingya refugees to neighboring countries such as Bangladesh.

The European migrant crisis, particularly in 2015, witnessed the spread of misinformation that shaped public opinion and influenced migration policies ^[7]^[8]. Misleading information about the scale and characteristics of the migrants entering Europe created fear, xenophobia, and anti-immigrant sentiments among the public. This misinformation impacted the reception and treatment of migrants, leading to policy changes, border control measures, and shifts in the public discourse on immigration.

The COVID-19 pandemic has also witnessed the dissemination of misinformation targeting migrant communities ^[9]^[10]. False information linking migrants to the spread of the virus, stigmatizing them as carriers of disease, has resulted in discrimination, social exclusion, and even violence against migrants in various countries. This misinformation has had implications for public health, community cohesion, and the treatment of vulnerable migrant populations.

2. Why It Is Important to Deal with Migration

Policymaking—including in the area of migration governance and the socioeconomic integration of migrants—relies on the engagement of an electorate. Ideally, policymakers and the electorate should be able to adjust their views according to evidence-based information about the outcomes of different policy choices. Misinformation about migration forms preconditions, a false representation of a given topic ^[11]^[12].

A biased perception of migration as a phenomenon that cannot be governed can prevent a more level-headed discussion on suitable policy approaches that can harness the contribution of migrants to host communities. One of the consequences would be that more voters might find appeal in politicians with partial, if not extreme, views on migration governance, creating a vicious cycle of ever-increasing political panic and ad hoc actions. Such a political climate is a trigger towards increasing social divisions up to turf battles. In its analysis of the social media messaging about migration, the anti-migration narrative is not so much about migration itself, but rather about leveraging migration discourse as a way of deviating attention from long-term structural, social, and economic challenges ^[13].

Differing viewpoints on migration governance elicit certain political parties to advocate for enhanced and stronger measures in origin countries. These parties propose the implementation of theoretical or less effective strategies and agreements with local governments. However, it is imperative to undertake a critical examination of the potential impact of these agreements on human rights. The effectiveness of such measures can vary, prompting scrutiny regarding their consequences for fundamental human rights. Achieving a delicate balance between migration governance and the preservation of human rights presents a multifaceted and persistent challenge that necessitates meticulous deliberation. Striving for a harmonious equilibrium that addresses migration challenges while upholding human rights standards remains an ongoing and intricate dilemma.

Formulating migration policies is therefore not only a technical question based on economic evidence. While the desire of political communities to regulate migration is legitimate, it is unfortunate that modern migration scholarship often does not reach the broader public due to simplistic messages and misinformation. The consequences are particularly felt at the level of policymaking, especially when immigration rules are at odds with the structural causes of migration. Classic examples are structural labor demand for migrant workers in destination countries without legal channels to match this demand—resulting in increasing irregular migration and stay—or the unwillingness of countries to host refugees—resulting in an increased role of smuggling and boat migration and the risks refugees have to take to reach safe lands.

Therefore, there is a strong need for the public to understand how different policy choices can generate positive or negative socioeconomic effects, who they are beneficial to, and in what way their idea of community and society could be affected. Undoubtedly, misinformation has an impact throughout the migration cycle: in countries of origin—this is often through depicting destination societies as a mythical or idealized place of great wealth, prosperity, and opportunity, “Eldorado”—a destination that holds the promise of a better life, attracting individuals seeking improved living conditions, economic prospects, or social stability, giving false hope or unrealistic expectations ^[14]; in circumventing immigration rules that often ignore the complex reality of migration policymaking ^[15]; in fostering or hampering the socioeconomic inclusion of migrants in host communities ^[16]; and in the social rejection that often surrounds the return of migrants to their countries of origin—when migrants return to their countries of origin, they may encounter difficulties in reintegrating into their communities due to stigmatization, cultural readjustment, economic difficulties, and limited social support networks. The complexity of analyzing misinformation about migration lies in the frequent involvement of multiple languages, representation forms, and communication, which may be unfamiliar or not fully understandable to its recipients ^[17].

Corrective measures are essential to addressing the pervasive issue of misinformation surrounding migration ^[18]. Policymaking, public opinion, and societal attitudes towards migration should be shaped by accurate information and evidence-based knowledge.

Addressing misinformation and promoting accurate information about migration are crucial for several reasons. Firstly, this ensures that policymakers and the public have access to reliable data and evidence-based knowledge ^[19]. By basing policy decisions and public opinions on accurate information, more effective and informed strategies can be developed to govern migration and promote the socioeconomic integration of migrants.

Secondly, countering misinformation helps to prevent the formation of biased and prejudiced attitudes towards migration ^[20]. Misinformation often perpetuates stereotypes, fosters fear, and fuels negative perceptions of migrants. By promoting accurate information, societies can cultivate a more balanced and nuanced understanding of the contributions and challenges associated with migration, leading to a more inclusive and tolerant environment.

Thirdly, addressing misinformation fosters transparent and inclusive policymaking processes. When the public is well-informed about migration issues, they can actively engage in discussions and contribute to decision making. An inclusive dialogue ensures that diverse perspectives are heard, leading to policies that better reflect the needs and aspirations of communities. Additionally, it helps to build trust between policymakers and the electorate, enhancing the legitimacy and acceptance of migration policies.

Furthermore, countering misinformation contributes to the protection of human rights ^[21]. Misinformation can perpetuate harmful narratives that undermine the rights and dignity of migrants, exacerbating social exclusion and discrimination. By promoting accurate information, societies can uphold human rights standards, advocate for the fair treatment of migrants, and create conditions for their successful integration into host communities.

Moreover, addressing misinformation fosters social cohesion and reduces the potential for social divisions ^[22]. Misinformation can create divisions and tensions within societies, leading to polarized debates and the rise of extremist views. By promoting accurate information and encouraging dialogue, societies can bridge ideological gaps, promote understanding, and work towards shared solutions that benefit all members of society.

Lastly, addressing misinformation recognizes the importance of media literacy and critical thinking skills ^[23]. In an era of information overload, equipping individuals with the ability to discern reliable sources, evaluate information critically, and identify misinformation is essential. Media literacy empowers individuals to make informed judgments, engage in constructive discussions, and become active participants in shaping public opinion and policy discourse.

References

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1. Misinformation and Migration

2. Why It Is Important to Deal with Migration

References