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SURF1, cytochrome c oxidase assembly factor: The SURF1 gene provides instructions for making a protein that is important in oxidative phosphorylation, the process by which the energy from food is converted into a form cells can use.
1. Normal Function
The SURF1 gene provides instructions for making a protein that is important in oxidative phosphorylation, the process by which the energy from food is converted into a form cells can use. Oxidative phosphorylation involves a series of reactions that take place through several different protein complexes. The SURF1 protein aids in the correct assembly of one of the protein complexes, or enzymes, involved in oxidative phosphorylation called complex IV.
Complex IV, also known as cytochrome c oxidase or COX, accepts negatively charged particles (electrons) from earlier steps in oxidative phosphorylation. In addition, the enzyme accepts positively charged particles (protons) from inside the mitochondrion. Using the electrons and protons, the COX enzyme performs a chemical reaction that converts oxygen to water. The enzyme also transfers additional protons across the specialized membrane inside the mitochondrion. These processes create energy that is used to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the cell's main energy source.
2. Health Conditions Related to Genetic Changes
2.1. Leigh syndrome
More than 80 different SURF1 gene mutations have been identified in people with Leigh syndrome, a progressive brain disorder that usually appears in infancy or early childhood. Affected children may experience delayed development, muscle weakness, problems with movement, or difficulty breathing.
Approximately 10 to 15 percent of people with Leigh syndrome have a mutation in the SURF1 gene. Most SURF1 gene mutations result in an abnormally short protein. Other mutations replace a single protein building block in the SURF1 protein. The mutated proteins are broken down in the cell, which results in the absence of SURF1 protein. Lack of SURF1 protein hinders the proper formation of the COX complex. As a result, COX enzyme activity is severely reduced, which leads to impaired oxidative phosphorylation.
Although the exact mechanism is unclear, researchers believe that impaired oxidative phosphorylation can lead to cell death because of decreased energy available in the cell. Certain tissues that require large amounts of energy, such as the brain, muscles, and heart, seem especially sensitive to decreases in cellular energy. Cell death in the brain likely causes the characteristic changes in the brain seen in Leigh syndrome, which contribute to the signs and symptoms of the condition. Cell death in other sensitive tissues may also contribute to the features of Leigh syndrome.
2.2. Other related diseases
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease
Cytochrome c oxidase deficiency
3. Other Names for This Gene
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SURF-1
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SURF1_HUMAN
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surfeit 1
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surfeit locus protein 1
References
- Finsterer J. Leigh and Leigh-like syndrome in children and adults. PediatrNeurol. 2008 Oct;39(4):223-35. doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2008.07.013. Review.
- Lee IC, El-Hattab AW, Wang J, Li FY, Weng SW, Craigen WJ, Wong LJ.SURF1-associated Leigh syndrome: a case series and novel mutations. Hum Mutat.2012 Aug;33(8):1192-200. doi: 10.1002/humu.22095.
- Pecina P, Capková M, Chowdhury SK, Drahota Z, Dubot A, Vojtísková A, HansíkováH, Houst'ková H, Zeman J, Godinot C, Houstek J. Functional alteration ofcytochrome c oxidase by SURF1 mutations in Leigh syndrome. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2003 Sep 1;1639(1):53-63.
- Péquignot MO, Dey R, Zeviani M, Tiranti V, Godinot C, Poyau A, Sue C, Di MauroS, Abitbol M, Marsac C. Mutations in the SURF1 gene associated with Leighsyndrome and cytochrome C oxidase deficiency. Hum Mutat. 2001 May;17(5):374-81.
- Yao J, Shoubridge EA. Expression and functional analysis of SURF1 in Leighsyndrome patients with cytochrome c oxidase deficiency. Hum Mol Genet. 1999Dec;8(13):2541-9.
