Submitted Successfully!
To reward your contribution, here is a gift for you: A free trial for our video production service.
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1
Guillaume Rastoldo
 -- 1107 2023-06-20 12:34:23 |
2 format correction
Dean Liu
-9 word(s) 1098 2023-06-25 03:16:39 |

Video Upload Options

Do you have a full video?
Send video materials Upload full video

Confirm

Are you sure to Delete?
Yes No
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
Rastoldo, G.; Tighilet, B. Thyroid Disorder and Dizziness in Humans. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/45857 (accessed on 16 May 2024).
Rastoldo G, Tighilet B. Thyroid Disorder and Dizziness in Humans. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/45857. Accessed May 16, 2024.
Rastoldo, Guillaume, Brahim Tighilet. "Thyroid Disorder and Dizziness in Humans" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/45857 (accessed May 16, 2024).
Rastoldo, G., & Tighilet, B. (2023, June 20). Thyroid Disorder and Dizziness in Humans. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/45857
Rastoldo, Guillaume and Brahim Tighilet. "Thyroid Disorder and Dizziness in Humans." Encyclopedia. Web. 20 June, 2023.
Thyroid Disorder and Dizziness in Humans
Edit
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/ijms24129826

The regulation of thyroid hormone production is under the control of the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid (HPT) axis. TRH (Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone), which is synthesized and secreted by the neurons of the paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus, stimulates the release of TSH (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone) by the pituitary gland. TSH binds to its membrane receptor in the thyroid follicular cells and triggers the synthesis and secretion of the following thyroid hormones: Thyroxine (Tetraiodothyronine, T4) and T3 (Triiodothyronine). When the concentration of T4 and T3 in the blood increases, a negative feedback loop is set up to inhibit the pituitary response to TRH and decrease TSH secretion.

thyroxine thyroid hormones thyroid axis vestibular system vestibular compensation

1. A Vestibular Modulation of the Thyroid Axis?

In a quite interesting way, gravity influences thyroid cells (for review: [1]). Indeed, thyroid carcinoma cells cultured at 0 g to simulate microgravity strongly reduce the secretion of free T4 and T3 [2]. These data are in agreement with the decrease in T4 and T3 levels of astronauts after a space flight [3][4][5][6]. Morphological examination of the thyroid glands of rats exposed to a space flight has shown histological changes indicating a reduction in thyroid activity [7][8]. Conversely, in rats subjected to hypergravity, T3 production is increased [9]. These different effects have not been characterized precisely and further studies are needed to clarify the role of gravity on thyroid function. It is possible that the vestibular system, activated by terrestrial gravity, has connections to the thyroid gland.
Researchers can make an interesting analogy between the data concerning the impact of microgravity on thyroid function and the effects of space flight on the muscles involved in posture. Since the mid-1970s, it has been recognized that spaceflight induces substantial muscle atrophy, particularly in the antigravity and postural muscles [10]. Indeed, previous studies have shown in rats a loss of muscle mass of the soleus muscle of about 30% in microgravity [11][12][13][14]. In addition, microgravity exposure produces structural changes in soleus muscle with a shift to a faster phenotype, correlated with a significant decrease in type 1 and 2A fibers and an increase in 2X and 2B fibers, as well as changes in myosin heavy chain isoforms [15]. Given the influence of gravity on the thyroid system, it cannot be ruled out that the alteration of the soleus muscle (related to its underutilization) in a hypogravity environment also involves this hormonal component [16]. Indeed, the crew of the International Space Station devotes an average of 2.5 h per day to physical exercise; however, even this is not sufficient to compensate for the effects of continuous exposure to microgravity on the muscular system [17]. These results suggest the involvement of additional mechanisms in the alteration of antigravity muscles in microgravity. Considering the presence of TH receptors in skeletal muscles and the involvement of TH in the regulation of muscle tone [18], it is very likely that the histological alterations of the soleus muscle observed in astronauts or rats in microgravity result from the hypofunction of the thyroid gland in microgravity.
At the central level, researchers can also assume connections between the vestibular nuclei and the neurons of the hypothalamus responsible for TRH release. Indeed, the neurons that synthesize and release TRH are located in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus [19]. Electrical and caloric stimulation of vestibular pathways elicits a response in PVN neurons in guinea pigs [20][21]. Retrograde tracing has also demonstrated the presence of a direct vestibulo-paraventricular projection in rats [22] and a paraventricular-vestibular pathway has also been described [23]. These neuroanatomical pathways support the link between the vestibular system and the stress axis or hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis [24][25]. The interaction between the vestibular system and thyroid axis remains unexplored. The vestibular syndrome after unilateral vestibular deafferentation activates the stress axis [26][27]. It would be interesting to demonstrate that a change in vestibular system activity generated either by the stimulation of vestibular receptors or by their suppression activates the thyroid axis as is the case for the stress axis and the neuronal histaminergic axis [28].

2. Thyroid Disorder and Dizziness in Humans

Despite the histopathological parameter correlated with Meniere’s disease (endolymphatic hydrops: dilation of the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear) [29][30], its etiopathogenesis remains uncertain and multifactorial. Autoimmune factors, trauma, viral infection, genetic predisposition, hormonal disorder, and metabolic factors could contribute to the development of Meniere’s disease [31]. The possible correlation between hypothyroidism and Meniere’s disease was proposed over 40 years ago. Powers and colleagues reported hypothyroidism in 17% of 98 patients with Meniere’s disease [32]. A recent study of 5410 hypothyroid patients demonstrates that subjects with hypothyroidism have a greater risk of developing Meniere’s disease than euthyroid subjects [33]. Bhatia and colleagues report that symptoms of vertigo were observed in 29.1% of patients with hypothyroidism [34]. More recently, Kim et al. demonstrated that both hypo- and hyperthyroidism were related to Meniere’s disease [35]. The attenuation of Meniere’s disease after thyroxine supplementation of hypothyroid patients is controversial. In Powers’ study, only 3 of 97 patients had an improvement in symptoms after thyroxine treatment [32]. In another study, 12 of 35 hypothyroid patients were found to have Meniere’s disease and all 12 patients reported subjective improvement in symptoms after 12 weeks of thyroxine treatment [36]. According to Lin’s population-based study, the overall incidence of Meniere’s disease was lower in hypothyroid patients who received thyroxine treatment compared to those who did not; however, the difference was not significant [33].
Other studies have focused more specifically on the links between vertigo and autoimmune hypothyroidism, such as Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (for review: [37]). Indeed, inflammatory diseases (such as Hashimoto’s: chronic autoimmune inflammation of the thyroid causing hypothyroidism) could cause a cross-immune reaction against inner ear cells and impair cochlear and vestibular functions. Following this reasoning and considering the inflammatory basis of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, it is possible to find a relationship between the two diseases. In support of this hypothesis, Kim et al. studied the composition of the endolymphatic sac in a group of 13 patients with Meniere’s disease and found the presence of immunoglobulins, proving the possibility of immune reactions in the labyrinth [38]. Fattori and colleagues report that the prevalence of anti-thyroid autoantibodies was significantly higher in the group of Meniere’s disease patients (38%) than in the two control groups (7% in a healthy control group, and 12% in a group of non-Meniere’s disease patients). These data on 50 Meniere’s patients indicate a close relationship between autoimmune thyroid disease and Meniere’s disease [39]. Researchers reinforces the hypothesis of a possible pathogenic role of autoimmunity in the development of Meniere’s disease [39]. These data have been confirmed by other teams and confirm that patients with Meniere’s disease or benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) are potential candidates to develop Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and vice versa [40][41][42].

References

  1. Albi, E.; Krüger, M.; Hemmersbach, R.; Lazzarini, A.; Cataldi, S.; Codini, M.; Beccari, T.; Ambesi-Impiombato, F.S.; Curcio, F. Impact of Gravity on Thyroid Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017, 18, 972.
  2. Grimm, D.; Kossmehl, P.; Shakibaei, M.; Schulze-Tanzil, G.; Pickenhahn, H.; Bauer, J.; Paul, M.; Cogoli, A. Effects of Simulated Microgravity on Thyroid Carcinoma Cells. J. Gravit. Physiol. 2002, 9, P253–P256.
  3. Leach, C.S. An Overview of the Endocrine and Metabolic Changes in Manned Space Flight. Acta Astronaut. 1981, 8, 977–986.
  4. Rambaut, P.C.; Leach, C.S.; Leonard, J.I. Observations in Energy Balance in Man during Spaceflight. Am. J. Physiol. 1977, 233, R208–R212.
  5. Stein, T.P.; Schluter, M.D.; Moldawer, L.L. Endocrine Relationships during Human Spaceflight. Am. J. Physiol. 1999, 276, E155–E162.
  6. Strollo, F. Hormonal Changes in Humans during Spaceflight. Adv. Space Biol. Med. 1999, 7, 99–129.
  7. Loginov, V.I. The inhibition of the thyroid and calcitonin-producing functions of the rat thyroid gland in weightlessness. Aviakosm. Ekol. Med. 1999, 33, 12–16.
  8. Plakhuta-Plakutina, G.I.; Kabitskiĭ, E.N.; Dmitrieva, N.P.; Amirkhanian, E.A. Studies of the morphology of the thyroid gland and thyroid hormone levels in the blood of rats in experiments on “Kosmos-1667” and “Kosmos-1887”. Kosm. Biol. Aviakosm. Med. 1990, 24, 25–27.
  9. Krasnov, I.B.; Alekseev, E.I.; Loginov, V.I. Role of the endocrine glands in divergence of plastic processes and energy metabolism in rats after extended exposure to hypergravity: Cytologic investigation. Aviakosm. Ekol. Med. 2006, 40, 29–34.
  10. Fitts, R.H.; Riley, D.R.; Widrick, J.J. Physiology of a Microgravity Environment Invited Review: Microgravity and Skeletal Muscle. J. Appl. Physiol. 2000, 89, 823–839.
  11. Caiozzo, V.J.; Baker, M.J.; Herrick, R.E.; Tao, M.; Baldwin, K.M. Effect of Spaceflight on Skeletal Muscle: Mechanical Properties and Myosin Isoform Content of a Slow Muscle. J. Appl. Physiol. 1994, 76, 1764–1773.
  12. Desplanches, D.; Mayet, M.H.; Ilyina-Kakueva, E.I.; Sempore, B.; Flandrois, R. Skeletal Muscle Adaptation in Rats Flown on Cosmos 1667. J. Appl. Physiol. 1990, 68, 48–52.
  13. Ilyina-Kakueva, E.I.; Portugalov, V.V.; Krivenkova, N.P. Space Flight Effects on the Skeletal Muscles of Rats. Aviat. Space Env. Med. 1976, 47, 700–703.
  14. Ohira, Y.; Jiang, B.; Roy, R.R.; Oganov, V.; Ilyina-Kakueva, E.; Marini, J.F.; Edgerton, V.R. Rat Soleus Muscle Fiber Responses to 14 Days of Spaceflight and Hindlimb Suspension. J. Appl. Physiol. 1992, 73, 51S–57S.
  15. Sandonà, D.; Desaphy, J.-F.; Camerino, G.M.; Bianchini, E.; Ciciliot, S.; Danieli-Betto, D.; Dobrowolny, G.; Furlan, S.; Germinario, E.; Goto, K.; et al. Adaptation of Mouse Skeletal Muscle to Long-Term Microgravity in the MDS Mission. PLoS ONE 2012, 7, e33232.
  16. Riley, D.A.; Ellis, S. Research on the Adaptation of Skeletal Muscle to Hypogravity: Past and Future Directions. Adv. Space Res. 1983, 3, 191–197.
  17. Trappe, S.; Costill, D.; Gallagher, P.; Creer, A.; Peters, J.R.; Evans, H.; Riley, D.A.; Fitts, R.H. Exercise in Space: Human Skeletal Muscle after 6 Months Aboard the International Space Station. J. Appl. Physiol. 2009, 106, 1159–1168.
  18. Schmidt, E.D.; Schmidt, E.D.; van der Gaag, R.; Ganpat, R.; Broersma, L.; de Boer, P.A.; Moorman, A.F.; Lamers, W.H.; Wiersinga, W.M.; Koornneef, L. Distribution of the Nuclear Thyroid-Hormone Receptor in Extraocular and Skeletal Muscles. J. Endocrinol. 1992, 133, 67–74.
  19. Kádár, A.; Sánchez, E.; Wittmann, G.; Singru, P.S.; Füzesi, T.; Marsili, A.; Larsen, P.R.; Liposits, Z.; Lechan, R.M.; Fekete, C. Distribution of Hypophysiotropic Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH)-Synthesizing Neurons in the Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus of the Mouse. J. Comp. Neurol. 2010, 518, 3948–3961.
  20. Azzena, G.B.; Melis, F.; Caria, M.A.; Teatini, G.P.; Bozzo, G. Vestibular Projections to Hypothalamic Supraoptic and Paraventricular Nuclei. Arch. Ital. Biol. 1993, 131, 127–136.
  21. Liu, F.; Inokuchi, A.; Komiyama, S. Neuronal Responses to Vestibular Stimulation in the Guinea Pig Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus. Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol. 1997, 254, 95–100.
  22. Markia, B.; Kovács, Z.I.; Palkovits, M. Projections from the Vestibular Nuclei to the Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus: Morphological Evidence for the Existence of a Vestibular Stress Pathway in the Rat Brain. Brain Struct. Funct. 2008, 213, 239–245.
  23. Horowitz, S.S.; Blanchard, J.; Morin, L.P. Medial Vestibular Connections with the Hypocretin (Orexin) System. J. Comp. Neurol. 2005, 487, 127–146.
  24. Saman, Y.; Bamiou, D.E.; Gleeson, M.; Dutia, M.B. Interactions between Stress and Vestibular Compensation—A Review. Front. Neurol. 2012, 3, 116.
  25. Saman, Y.; Arshad, Q.; Dutia, M.; Rea, P. Stress and the Vestibular System. Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 2020, 152, 221–236.
  26. Gliddon, C.M.; Darlington, C.L.; Smith, P.F. Activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Following Vestibular Deafferentation in Pigmented Guinea Pig. Brain Res. 2003, 964, 306–310.
  27. Tighilet, B.; Manrique, C.; Lacour, M. Stress Axis Plasticity during Vestibular Compensation in the Adult Cat. Neuroscience 2009, 160, 716–730.
  28. Tighilet, B.; Trottier, S.; Mourre, C.; Lacour, M. Changes in the Histaminergic System during Vestibular Compensation in the Cat: Histamine and Vestibular Compensation. J. Physiol. 2006, 573, 723–739.
  29. Cureoglu, S.; da Costa Monsanto, R.; Paparella, M.M. Histopathology of Meniere’s Disease. Oper. Tech. Otolayngol. Head Neck Surg. 2016, 27, 194–204.
  30. Ishiyama, G.; Lopez, I.A.; Sepahdari, A.R.; Ishiyama, A. Meniere’s Disease: Histopathology, Cytochemistry, and Imaging. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2015, 1343, 49–57.
  31. Oberman, B.S.; Patel, V.A.; Cureoglu, S.; Isildak, H. The Aetiopathologies of Ménière’s Disease: A Contemporary Review. Acta Otorhinolaryngol. Ital. 2017, 37, 250–263.
  32. Powers, W.H. Metabolic Aspects of Ménière’s Disease. Laryngoscope 1978, 88, 122–129.
  33. Lin, W.-L.; Chen, C.-Y.; Hsu, T.-Y.; Chen, W.-K.; Lin, C.-L.; Chen, H.-C. Hypothyroidism Is an Independent Risk Factor for Menière’s Disease: A Population-Based Cohort Study. Medicine 2019, 98, e15166.
  34. Bhatia, P.L.; Gupta, O.P.; Agrawal, M.K.; Mishr, S.K. Audiological and Vestibular Function Tests in Hypothyroidism. Laryngoscope 1977, 87, 2082–2089.
  35. Kim, S.Y.; Song, Y.S.; Wee, J.H.; Min, C.; Yoo, D.M.; Choi, H.G. Association between Ménière’s Disease and Thyroid Diseases: A Nested Case-Control Study. Sci. Rep. 2020, 10, 18224.
  36. Santosh, U.P.; Rao, M.S.S. Incidence of Hypothyroidism in Meniere’s Disease. J. Clin. Diagn. Res. 2016, 10, MC01–MC03.
  37. Miśkiewicz-Orczyk, K.A.; Lisowska, G.; Kajdaniuk, D.; Wojtulek, M. Can Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis Cause Vertigo? Endokrynol. Pol. 2020, 70, 76–86.
  38. Kim, S.H.; Kim, J.Y.; Lee, H.J.; Gi, M.; Kim, B.G.; Choi, J.Y. Autoimmunity as a Candidate for the Etiopathogenesis of Meniere’s Disease: Detection of Autoimmune Reactions and Diagnostic Biomarker Candidate. PLoS ONE 2014, 9, e111039.
  39. Fattori, B.; Nacci, A.; Dardano, A.; Dallan, I.; Grosso, M.; Traino, C.; Mancini, V.; Ursino, F.; Monzani, F. Possible Association between Thyroid Autoimmunity and Menière’s Disease. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 2008, 152, 28–32.
  40. Chiarella, G.; Russo, D.; Monzani, F.; Petrolo, C.; Fattori, B.; Pasqualetti, G.; Cassandro, E.; Costante, G. Hashimoto Thyroiditis and Vestibular Dysfunction. Endocr. Pract. 2017, 23, 863–868.
  41. Chiarella, G.; Tognini, S.; Nacci, A.; Sieli, R.; Costante, G.; Petrolo, C.; Mancini, V.; Guzzi, P.H.; Pasqualetti, G.; Cassandro, E.; et al. Vestibular Disorders in Euthyroid Patients with Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis: Role of Thyroid Autoimmunity. Clin. Endocrinol. 2014, 81, 600–605.
  42. Papi, G.; Guidetti, G.; Corsello, S.M.; Di Donato, C.; Pontecorvi, A. The Association between Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo and Autoimmune Chronic Thyroiditis Is Not Related to Thyroid Status. Thyroid 2010, 20, 237–238.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Physiology
Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Guillaume Rastoldo
,
Brahim Tighilet
View Times: 235
Revisions: 2 times (View History)
Update Date: 25 Jun 2023
Table of Contents
    1000/1000
    Hot Most Recent
    Feedback