Submitted Successfully!
To reward your contribution, here is a gift for you: A free trial for our video production service.
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1
Jonathan Sobocinski
 -- 2133 2023-06-07 12:52:52 |
2 format change
Peter Tang
 Meta information modification 2133 2023-06-08 06:04:22 |

Video Upload Options

Do you have a full video?
Send video materials Upload full video

Confirm

Are you sure to Delete?
Yes No
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
Mesnard, T.; Dubosq, M.; Azzaoui, R.; Pruvot, L.; Patterson, B.O.; Sobocinski, J. Benefits of Prehabilitation before Complex Aortic Surgery. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/45290 (accessed on 27 July 2024).
Mesnard T, Dubosq M, Azzaoui R, Pruvot L, Patterson BO, Sobocinski J. Benefits of Prehabilitation before Complex Aortic Surgery. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/45290. Accessed July 27, 2024.
Mesnard, Thomas, Maxime Dubosq, Richard Azzaoui, Louis Pruvot, Benjamin O. Patterson, Jonathan Sobocinski. "Benefits of Prehabilitation before Complex Aortic Surgery" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/45290 (accessed July 27, 2024).
Mesnard, T., Dubosq, M., Azzaoui, R., Pruvot, L., Patterson, B.O., & Sobocinski, J. (2023, June 07). Benefits of Prehabilitation before Complex Aortic Surgery. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/45290
Mesnard, Thomas, et al. "Benefits of Prehabilitation before Complex Aortic Surgery." Encyclopedia. Web. 07 June, 2023.
Benefits of Prehabilitation before Complex Aortic Surgery
Edit
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/jcm12113691

The term “complex aortic disease” encompasses juxta/pararenal aortic and thoraco-abdominal aneurysms, chronic aortic dissection and occlusive aorto-iliac pathology. Although endovascular surgery has been increasingly favored, open aortic surgery (OAS) remains a durable option, but by necessity involves extensive surgical approaches and aortic cross-clamping and requires a trained multidisciplinary team. The physiological stress of OAS in a fragile and comorbid patient group mandates thoughtful preoperative risk assessment and the implementation of measures dedicated to improving outcomes. Cardiac and pulmonary complications are one of the most frequent adverse events following major OAS and their incidences are correlated to the patient’s functional status and previous comorbidities. Prehabilitation should be considered in patients with risk factors for pulmonary complications including advanced age, previous chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and congestive heart failure with the aid of pulmonary function tests. It should also be combined with other measures to improve postoperative course and be included in the more general concept of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS).

prehabilitation enhanced recovery after surgery open aortic repair

1. Introduction

Endovascular aortic repair has been shown to reduce postoperative morbidity and mortality compared to open aortic surgery (OAS) [1]. In the setting of aneurysmal or occlusive disease, it has even become the preferred treatment modality in patients with suitable anatomy [2][3][4]. These minimally invasive procedures allow for the treatment of high-risk patients who are not suitable for OAS by mitigating surgical stress. Despite this, OAS remains a proven treatment option in patients with extended occlusive aorto-iliac disease [5], complex aortic aneurysms defined as those with hostile infrarenal aortic neck features or extended aneurysms involving the renal and/or visceral arteries, or to salvage failure of previous endovascular treatment [6]. In these settings, OAS causes more physiological stress because of the invasive surgical approach and supra-renal cross-clamping requiring organ protection strategies [7]. These procedures are usually performed by experienced and high-volume teams and lend themselves to the implementation of measures to reduce associated morbidity. Nonetheless, the postoperative mortality rate remains as high as 4–8% in a contemporary series of OAS for complex AAA, mainly related to respiratory and cardiac events [8][9][10]. Analysis of a national registry showed that the proportion of patients treated by OAS for aorto-iliac occlusive disease declined by two thirds in the past 15 years, while no improvement in postoperative mortality was noted over the same period of time [11].
Prehabilitation refers to a combination of measures aiming to prepare patients for the physiological and psychological stress induced by surgery [12]. There is growing evidence that these programs confer benefits to patients [13] and promote enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS). The ERAS evidence-based consensus statement based on this emerging knowledge and was initially described for colorectal surgery [14]. Based on various changes to overall care in this setting, similar guidelines were progressively integrated into other surgical specialties [15][16][17][18][19] and, more recently, for OAS [20].

2. Physiological Consequences of OAS for Complex Aortic Surgery

The physiological response that occurs because of surgical injury is referred to as the surgical stress response. It is mediated by an endocrine/inflammatory response and reduces tissue damage, prevents or combats infection, and initiates the healing process [21][22]. The intensity of the stress response is proportional to the surgical wound, internal organ manipulation and tissue dissection, and is correlated with postoperative adverse events [23].
OAS can be performed through a transperitoneal or a retroperitoneal approach when the disease remains limited to the abdominal aorta. The transperitoneal approach leads to a severe alteration in pulmonary mechanics [24] and bowel motility, resulting in higher rates of postoperative pneumonia and prolonged ileus [25]. Pulmonary complications are even more likely if a thoraco-abdominal exposure is performed, because of the detrimental effect on lung volume via alveolar collapse and pleural effusion, respiratory muscles and diaphragmatic dysfunction, all encouraging pulmonary infection [26]. Owing to the up to 50% increase in oxygen consumption after major abdominal surgery related to the elevated global oxygen demand, pulmonary complications may lead to serious consequences [27].
Aortic cross-clamping results in major hemodynamic changes including increased blood pressure, changes in afterload and cardiac output variability [28]. Unclamping results in reperfusion syndrome that triggers a systemic inflammatory response. The intensity of this effect is related to the level and time of clamping [29], and can result in multiple organ dysfunction, which can vary in intensity. In parallel, postoperative ischemia/reperfusion injuries are closely related to pre-existing organ impairment and the patient’s medical history [29].
Coagulopathy can occur during open vascular surgery and is multifactorial. The underlying mechanisms are complex and not fully understood [30]. Major intraoperative bleeding is typically the starting point, leading to the consumption of platelets and coagulation factors. The dilution of the coagulation factors induced by fluid resuscitation, including red cell transfusion, worsens the coagulation disorders [31]. Furthermore, acidosis occurs secondary to tissue hypoperfusion and impairs the coagulation process, resulting in delays in clot formation and reducing the clot strength [32]. Hypothermia may also contribute to acquired coagulopathy by decreasing platelets’ aggregability and adhesion.
Pre-existing platelet dysfunction secondary to chronic renal disease or antiplatelet therapy, in addition to the administration of heparin during vascular surgery, may contribute to exacerbations in the acquired coagulopathy consequences and challenge their management.

3. Preoperative Risk Assessment

These physiological consequences require physicians to conduct thorough risk stratification and optimise the treatment of pre-existing medical conditions. Cardiac complications account for up to 40% of adverse events after OAS [33]. Cardiac preoperative risk assessment usually includes recording the patient’s cardiovascular risk factors, and imaging or functional examinations including transthoracic echocardiography and a non-invasive stress testing. However, preoperative coronary revascularisation remains a matter of debate. According to the current guidelines, it should be considered only in patients with unstable coronary disease or in high-cardiac-risk patients [34].
To assess pulmonary risk, pulmonary function testing should not be used routinely, except in patients with previously diagnosed chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma [35]. Some authors advocate the liberal use of pulmonary function testing to detect undiagnosed COPD, allowing for a better selection of patients that would benefit from the implementation of medical therapy and prehabilitation [34]. Although pulmonary function testing can highlight undiagnosed pulmonary disease such as COPD, obesity hypoventilation syndrome or pulmonary artery hypertension, the results are poorly correlated with the patient’s functional status [36]. It is acknowledged that good functional status is correlated with a better prognosis, even in patients with numerous risk factors [37]. Therefore, other tools should be used for the identification of patients who may benefit the most from prehabilitation programs. Functional capacity is expressed in metabolic equivalents (MET), which reflect the ability to perform and cope with activities of daily living and the physiological capacity to increase cardiac output to meet elevated post-surgical oxygen demands [26].
Although chronic renal insufficiency is a surrogate marker for all-cause postoperative mortality after OAS, there are currently no effective strategies besides hydration to prevent post-operative kidney injury. However, preoperative serum creatinine concentration should be measured, and patients referred to specialist renal services, when creatinine clearance is <60 mL/min/1.73 m2. [34]
Malnutrition, estimated by a serum albumin level < 30–35 g/L, negatively correlates with pulmonary complications after non-cardiac major surgery [35][38], and surgical site infection in general surgery [39]. In the context of OAS, a multi-institutional study pooled analysis of 4956 patients undergoing OAS for AAA highlighted a detrimental severity-dependent association between preoperative serum albumin level and outcomes (30-day mortality, pulmonary complications, and length of stay) [40]. This study emphasized the need for the routine screening of preoperative serum albumin, allowing for poor nutritional status to be adequately corrected. Current guidelines also recommend that nutritional risk screening includes a record of body mass index (BMI), the percentage of weight loss within three months, and documentation of food intake [41].
The diagnosis and management of preoperative anaemia is of relevance before major vascular surgery, taking into consideration the high risk of major blood loss and the high cardiovascular risk of the involved population. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines anaemia as a hemoglobin (Hb) count <12.0 g/dL in female and <13.0 g/dL in male subjects [42]. Teams should adequately address preoperative anaemia in all patients undergoing OAS and define a transfusion plan. To allow for adequate time to optimize erythrocyte mass, laboratory testing should be completed 4–6 weeks prior to the operative date [43][44]. Frailty is a multifactorial state of impaired functional reserve and decreased resistance to stressors, and better predicts surgical risk compared to age itself in elderly patients. Frailty is also associated with delayed recovery and decline function after major surgery. [45] Thus, frailty screening appears to be of particular interest to implement interventions aiming to mitigate these risks [46]. Comprehensive geriatric assessment is the gold standard for frailty assessment but is limited by medical resources and is not relevant in all elderly surgical patients. Thus, numerous screening scores exist, including the Clinical Frailty Scale. This is a quick nine-point scale that does not require physical performance test. The feasibility of the test is particularly important when considering the limited time attributed to outpatient care [47]. Among selected patients, comprehensive geriatric assessment enables the identification and remediation of contributors to frailty (physical performance, nutrition, cognition, polypharmacy, and mental health) [47]. However, the beneficial impact of dedicated prehabilitation programs on frail patients still needs to be investigated [48].

4. Management of Postoperative Risk with an Active Preoperative Program

4.1. Prehabilitation

It stands to reason that patients with a higher functional capacity are more likely to have an uneventful postoperative course [37][49][50]. Thus, prehabilitation presents the opportunity to prevent postoperative adverse events by improving patients’ functional capacity through a combination of measures. Prehabilitation also aims to promote the enhanced and full recovery of preoperative functional capacity by increasing physiological reserve. Prehabilitation has evolved from unimodal intervention (exercise or nutrition alone) to a multimodal and multidisciplinary preoperative approach [51]. Despite the lack of a consistent definition, prehabilitation is known as a combination of exercise interventions aiming to improve conditioning before surgery. These programs usually include aerobic exercises (cycling and walking), resistance training, and specific deep-breathing training and exercises. Multimodal prehabilitation encompasses this exercise training, along with dietary interventions, psychological support, smoking and alcohol cessation, and medical optimization.
Primarily, physicians encourage compliance through counselling and education. In the context of upper abdominal surgery, the benefit of a 30 min preoperative physiotherapy session including education and breathing exercise training has been demonstrated in a randomized control trial (RCT) [52]. The absolute reduction risk of postoperative pulmonary complications was as high as 15% in the intervention group. Patients should commit to smoking cessation through a dedicated road map in connection with addiction specialists and psychologists [53]. This decreases the rate of pulmonary complications by more than 20% if initiated for 4 weeks before surgery [54] and reduces the risk of postoperative infections [55].

4.2. Enhanced Recovery Pathways

ERAS is a perioperative care pathway aiming to accelerate patients’ recovery and discharge while reducing postoperative complications. Based on RCTs, fast-track surgery programs have become the standard of care in colorectal surgery [54][56]. The benefits in the setting of AAA open repair were also evaluated in an RCT in the late 2000s [57]. This study showed encouraging results, with decreased postoperative assisted mechanical ventilation, fewer medical complications and faster recovery of gastrointestinal function. A recently published meta-analysis found benefits of ERAS in OAS in terms of hospital stay and postoperative complications, while no difference was found in 30-day mortality [58].
There is no available standardized ERAS protocol, but it is acknowledged that the positive influence on outcomes mainly depends on a combination of measures, with the isolated effect of individual elements being less important [59]. Integral components that should be considered and protocoled in all enhanced recovery pathways are fasting and carbohydrate loading, multimodal analgesia, prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting, patient warming, anaesthetic protocols, postoperative fluid management, catheter/drain removal, early mobilization, and chest physiotherapy [20][58].
Patient blood management (PBM) is a recently defined multidisciplinary multimodal approach to limit the use and need of allogenic blood transfusions in at-risk patients. Preoperative anaemia is present in as many as 40% of surgical patients [60] and can have multiple aetiologies, including iron deficiency, occult blood loss, chronic kidney disease, cancer, or chronic inflammatory state. Intuitively, anaemia should be associated with an increased incidence of postoperative adverse events given the first principles of physiology regarding the balance between organ oxygen supply and demand. In addition, patients with vascular conditions are at higher risk because of the disseminated nature of the atherosclerotic disease. An increased risk of postoperative major adverse cardiac events was found in patients with preoperative anaemia in a vascular surgery population, with a severity-dependant association [61]. A meta-analysis pooled the results of 949,445 patients from 24 studies undergoing all types of surgery and highlighted that preoperative anaemia tripled the risk of in-hospital mortality [62]. Nonetheless, a multicentre study demonstrated that transfusion itself was an independent predictor of postoperative morbidity and mortality in 2946 patients undergoing major vascular surgery [63]. The uncertainty of whether allogeneic red cell transfusion is associated with harm or benefit in anaemic patients remains unsolved [64]. Transfusion exposes the patient to a higher risk of infections including surgical-site infections and pneumonia [65][66][67] related to its immunosuppressive effects [42], and additionally incurs considerable costs [68].

References

  1. Antoniou, G.A.; Antoniou, S.A.; Torella, F. Editor’s Choice-Endovascular vs. Open Repair for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Updated Peri-operative and Long Term Data of Randomised Controlled Trials. Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg. Off. J. Eur. Soc. Vasc. Surg. 2020, 59, 385–397.
  2. Dua, A.; Kuy, S.; Lee, C.J.; Upchurch, G.R.; Desai, S.S. Epidemiology of aortic aneurysm repair in the United States from 2000 to 2010. J. Vasc. Surg. 2014, 59, 1512–1517.
  3. Farber, A.; Eberhardt, R.T. The Current State of Critical Limb Ischemia: A Systematic Review. JAMA Surg. 2016, 151, 1070–1077.
  4. Upchurch, G.R.; Dimick, J.B.; Wainess, R.M.; Eliason, J.L.; Henke, P.K.; Cowan, J.A.; Eagleton, M.J.; Srivastava, S.D.; Stanley, J.C. Diffusion of new technology in health care: The case of aorto-iliac occlusive disease. Surgery 2004, 136, 812–818.
  5. Aboyans, V.; Ricco, J.B.; Bartelink, M.L.E.L.; Björck, M.; Brodmann, M.; Cohnert, T.; Collet, J.-P.; Czerny, M.; De Carlo, M.; Debus, S.; et al. 2017 ESC Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Peripheral Arterial Diseases, in collaboration with the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS): Document covering atherosclerotic disease of extracranial carotid and vertebral, mesenteric, renal, upper and lower extremity arteriesEndorsed by: The European Stroke Organization (ESO)The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Peripheral Arterial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and of the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS). Eur. Heart J. 2018, 39, 763–816.
  6. Doumenc, B.; Mesnard, T.; Patterson, B.O.; Azzaoui, R.; De Préville, A.; Haulon, S.; Sobocinski, J. Management of Type IA Endoleak after EVAR by Explantation or Custom Made Fenestrated Endovascular Aortic Aneurysm Repair. Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg. 2021, 61, 571–578.
  7. Coselli, J.S.; LeMaire, S.A.; Preventza, O.; de la Cruz, K.I.; Cooley, D.A.; Price, M.D.; Stolz, A.P.; Green, S.Y.; Arredondo, C.N.; Rosengart, T.K. Outcomes of 3309 thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repairs. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2016, 151, 1323–1337.
  8. Deery, S.E.; Lancaster, R.T.; Baril, D.T.; Indes, J.E.; Bertges, D.J.; Conrad, M.F.; Cambria, R.P.; Patel, V.I. Contemporary outcomes of open complex abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. J. Vasc. Surg. 2016, 63, 1195–1200.
  9. Latz, C.A.; Cambria, R.P.; Patel, V.I.; Mohebali, J.; Ergul, E.A.; Lancaster, R.T.; Conrad, M.F.; Clouse, W.D. Durability of open surgical repair of type I-III thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm. J. Vasc. Surg. 2019, 70, 413–423.
  10. D’oria, M.; Scali, S.; Mao, J.; Szeberin, Z.; Thomson, I.; Beiles, B.; Stone, D.; Sedrakyan, A.; Eldrup, N.; Venermo, M.; et al. Association Between Hospital Volume and Failure to Rescue after Open or Endovascular Repair of Intact Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms in the VASCUNET and International Consortium of Vascular Registries. Ann. Surg. 2021, 274, e452–e459.
  11. Bredahl, K.; Jensen, L.P.; Schroeder, T.; Sillesen, H.; Nielsen, H.; Eiberg, J.P. Mortality and complications after aortic bifurcated bypass procedures for chronic aortoiliac occlusive disease. J. Vasc. Surg. 2015, 62, 75–82.
  12. Pouwels, S.; Willigendael, E.M.; van Sambeek, M.R.H.M.; Nienhuijs, S.W.; Cuypers, P.W.M.; Teijink, J.a.W. Beneficial Effects of Pre-operative Exercise Therapy in Patients with an Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: A Systematic Review. Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg. 2015, 49, 66–76.
  13. Kehlet, H.; Dahl, J.B. Anaesthesia, surgery, and challenges in postoperative recovery. Lancet Lond. Engl. 2003, 362, 1921–1928.
  14. Fearon, K.C.H.; Ljungqvist, O.; Von Meyenfeldt, M.; Revhaug, A.; Dejong, C.H.C.; Lassen, K.; Nygren, J.; Hausel, J.; Soop, M.; Andersen, J.; et al. Enhanced recovery after surgery: A consensus review of clinical care for patients undergoing colonic resection. Clin. Nutr. 2005, 24, 466–477.
  15. Feldheiser, A.; Aziz, O.; Baldini, G.; Cox, B.P.B.W.; Fearon, K.C.H.; Feldman, L.S.; Gan, T.J.; Kennedy, R.H.; Ljungqvist, O.; Lobo, D.N.; et al. Enhanced Recovery after Surgery (ERAS) for gastrointestinal surgery, part 2: Consensus statement for anaesthesia practice. Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand. 2016, 60, 289–334.
  16. Batchelor, T.J.P.; Rasburn, N.J.; Abdelnour-Berchtold, E.; Brunelli, A.; Cerfolio, R.; Gonzalez, M.; Ljungqvist, O.; Petersen, R.H.; Popescu, W.M.; Slinger, P.D.; et al. Guidelines for enhanced recovery after lung surgery: Recommendations of the Enhanced Recovery after Surgery (ERAS®) Society and the European Society of Thoracic Surgeons (ESTS). Eur. J. Cardio-Thoracic Surg. 2019, 55, 91–115.
  17. Melloul, E.; Hübner, M.; Scott, M.; Snowden, C.; Prentis, J.; Dejong, C.H.C.; Garden, O.J.; Farges, O.; Kokudo, N.; Vauthey, J.-N.; et al. Guidelines for Perioperative Care for Liver Surgery: Enhanced Recovery after Surgery (ERAS) Society Recommendations. World J. Surg. 2016, 40, 2425–2440.
  18. Wainwright, T.W.; Gill, M.; McDonald, D.A.; Middleton, R.G.; Reed, M.; Sahota, O.; Yates, P.; Ljungqvist, O. Consensus statement for perioperative care in total hip replacement and total knee replacement surgery: Enhanced Recovery after Surgery (ERAS®) Society recommendations. Acta Orthop. 2020, 91, 3–19.
  19. Debono, B.; Wainwright, T.W.; Wang, M.Y.; Sigmundsson, F.G.; Yang, M.M.; Smid-Nanninga, H.; Bonnal, A.; Le Huec, J.-C.; Fawcett, W.J.; Ljungqvist, O.; et al. Consensus statement for perioperative care in lumbar spinal fusion: Enhanced Recovery after Surgery (ERAS®) Society recommendations. Spine J. 2021, 21, 729–752.
  20. McGinigle, K.L.; Spangler, E.L.; Pichel, A.C.; Ayyash, K.; Arya, S.; Settembrini, A.M.; Garg, J.; Thomas, M.M.; Dell, K.E.; Swiderski, I.J.; et al. Perioperative care in open aortic vascular surgery: A consensus statement by the Enhanced Recovery after Surgery (ERAS) Society and Society for Vascular Surgery. J. Vasc. Surg. 2022, 75, 1796–1820.
  21. Cusack, B.; Buggy, D. Anaesthesia, analgesia, and the surgical stress response. BJA Educ. 2020, 20, 321–328.
  22. Soeters, P.B.; Grimble, R.F. Dangers, and benefits of the cytokine mediated response to injury and infection. Clin. Nutr. 2009, 28, 583–596.
  23. Richardson, J.; Sabanathan, S. Prevention of respiratory complications after abdominal surgery. Thorax 1997, 52, S35–S40.
  24. Twine, C.P.; Humphreys, A.K.; Williams, I.M. Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Retroperitoneal versus the Transperitoneal Approach to the Abdominal Aorta. Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg. 2013, 46, 36–47.
  25. Bakhos, C.T.; Fabian, T.; Oyasiji, T.O.; Gautam, S.; Gangadharan, S.P.; Kent, M.S.; Martin, J.; Critchlow, J.F.; DeCamp, M.M. Impact of the Surgical Technique on Pulmonary Morbidity after Esophagectomy. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2012, 93, 221–226; discussion 226–227.
  26. Older, P.; Smith, R. Experience with the Preoperative Invasive Measurement of Haemodynamic, Respiratory and Renal Function in 100 Elderly Patients Scheduled for Major Abdominal Surgery. Anaesth. Intensiv. Care 1988, 16, 389–395.
  27. Zammert, M.; Gelman, S. The pathophysiology of aortic cross-clamping. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Anaesthesiol. 2016, 30, 257–269.
  28. Norwood, M.; Bown, M.; Sayers, R. Ischaemia-Reperfusion Injury and Regional Inflammatory Responses in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair. Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg. 2004, 28, 234–245.
  29. Katseni, K.; Chalkias, A.; Kotsis, T.; Dafnios, N.; Arapoglou, V.; Kaparos, G.; Logothetis, E.; Iacovidou, N.; Karvouni, E. The Effect of Perioperative Ischemia and Reperfusion on Multiorgan Dysfunction following Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair. BioMed. Res. Int. 2015, 2015, 98980.
  30. Chee, Y.; Liu, S.; Irwin, M. Management of bleeding in vascular surgery. Br. J. Anaesth. 2016, 117, 85–94.
  31. Pham, H.P.; Shaz, B.H. Update on massive transfusion. Br. J. Anaesth. 2013, 111, 71–82.
  32. Engström, M.; Schött, U.; Romner, B.; Reinstrup, P. Acidosis Impairs the Coagulation: A Thromboelastographic Study. J. Trauma: Inj. Infect. Crit. Care 2006, 61, 624–628.
  33. Vascular Events In Noncardiac Surgery Patients Cohort Evaluation (VISION) Study Investigators; Devereaux, P.J.; Chan, M.T.V.; Alonso-Coello, P.; Walsh, M.; Berwanger, O.; Villar, J.C.; Wang, C.Y.; Garutti, R.I.; Jacka, M.J.; et al. Association Between Postoperative Troponin Levels and 30-Day Mortality among Patients Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery. JAMA 2012, 307, 2295–2304.
  34. Wanhainen, A.; Verzini, F.; Van Herzeele, I.; Allaire, E.; Bown, M.; Cohnert, T.; Dick, F.; van Herwaarden, J.; Karkos, C.; Koelemay, M.; et al. Editor’s Choice–European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) 2019 Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Management of Abdominal Aorto-iliac Artery Aneurysms. Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg. 2019, 57, 8–93.
  35. Qaseem, A.; Snow, V.; Fitterman, N.; Hornbake, E.R.; Lawrence, V.A.; Smetana, G.W.; Weiss, K.; Owens, D.K.; Clinical Efficacy Assessment Subcommittee of the American College of Physicians. Risk assessment for and strategies to reduce perioperative pulmonary complications for patients undergoing noncardiothoracic surgery: A guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann. Intern. Med. 2006, 144, 575–580.
  36. Fleisher, L.A.; Fleischmann, K.E.; Auerbach, A.D.; Barnason, S.A.; Beckman, J.A.; Bozkurt, B.; Davila-Roman, V.G.; Gerhard-Herman, M.D.; Holly, T.A.; Kane, G.C.; et al. 2014 ACC/AHA guideline on perioperative cardiovascular evaluation and management of patients undergoing noncardiac surgery: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2014, 64, e77–e137.
  37. Morris, C.K.; Ueshima, K.; Kawaguchi, T.; Hideg, A.; Froelicher, V.F. The prognostic value of exercise capacity: A review of the literature. Am. Heart J. 1991, 122, 1423–1431.
  38. Smetana, G.W.; Lawrence, V.A.; Cornell, J.E.; American College of Physicians. Preoperative Pulmonary Risk Stratification for Noncardiothoracic Surgery: Systematic Review for the American College of Physicians. Ann. Intern. Med. 2006, 144, 581–595.
  39. Haridas, M.; Malangoni, M.A. Predictive factors for surgical site infection in general surgery. Surgery 2008, 144, 496–503; 501–503.
  40. Inagaki, E.; Farber, A.; Eslami, M.; Kalish, J.; Rybin, D.V.; Doros, G.; Peacock, M.R.; Siracuse, J.J. Preoperative hypoalbuminemia is associated with poor clinical outcomes after open and endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. J. Vasc. Surg. 2017, 66, 53–63.e1.
  41. Weimann, A.; Braga, M.; Carli, F.; Higashiguchi, T.; Hübner, M.; Klek, S.; Laviano, A.; Ljungqvist, O.; Lobo, D.N.; Martindale, R.; et al. ESPEN guideline: Clinical nutrition in surgery. Clin. Nutr. Edinb. Scotl. 2017, 36, 623–650.
  42. Beattie, W.S.; Karkouti, K.; Wijeysundera, D.N.; Tait, G. Risk associated with preoperative anemia in noncardiac surgery: A single-center cohort study. Anesthesiology 2009, 110, 574–581.
  43. Desai, N.; Schofield, N.; Richards, T. Perioperative Patient Blood Management to Improve Outcomes. Obstet. Anesthesia Dig. 2018, 127, 1211–1220.
  44. Kozek-Langenecker, S.A.; Ahmed, A.B.; Afshari, A.; Albaladejo, P.; Aldecoa, C.; Barauskas, G.; De Robertis, E.; Faraoni, D.; Filipescu, D.C.; Fries, D.; et al. Management of severe perioperative bleeding: Guidelines from the European Society of Anaesthesiology: First update 2016. Eur. J. Anaesthesiol. 2017, 34, 332–395.
  45. Clegg, A.; Young, J.; Iliffe, S.; Rikkert, M.O.; Rockwood, K. Frailty in elderly people. Lancet 2013, 381, 752–762.
  46. Chow, W.B.; Rosenthal, R.A.; Merkow, R.P.; Ko, C.Y.; Esnaola, N.F. Optimal Preoperative Assessment of the Geriatric Surgical Patient: A Best Practices Guideline from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program and the American Geriatrics Society. J. Am. Coll. Surg. 2012, 215, 453–466.
  47. McIsaac, D.I.; MacDonald, D.B.; Aucoin, S.D. Frailty for Perioperative Clinicians: A Narrative Review. Anesth. Analg. 2020, 130, 1450–1460.
  48. Poh, A.W.Y.; Teo, S.P. Utility of Frailty Screening Tools in Older Surgical Patients. Ann. Geriatr. Med. Res. 2020, 24, 75–82.
  49. Wijeysundera, D.N.; Pearse, R.M.; Shulman, M.A.; Abbott, T.E.F.; Torres, E.; Ambosta, A.; Croal, B.L.; Granton, J.T.; Thorpe, K.E.; Grocott, M.P.W.; et al. Assessment of functional capacity before major non-cardiac surgery: An international, prospective cohort study. Lancet 2018, 391, 2631–2640.
  50. Moran, J.; Wilson, F.; Guinan, E.; McCormick, P.; Hussey, J.; Moriarty, J. Role of cardiopulmonary exercise testing as a risk-assessment method in patients undergoing intra-abdominal surgery: A systematic review. Br. J. Anaesth. 2016, 116, 177–191.
  51. West, M.A.; Jack, S.; Grocott, M.P.W. Prehabilitation before surgery: Is it for all patients? Best Pract. Res. Clin. Anaesthesiol. 2021, 35, 507–516.
  52. Boden, I.; Skinner, E.H.; Browning, L.; Reeve, J.; Anderson, L.; Hill, C.; Robertson, I.K.; Story, D.; Denehy, L. Preoperative physiotherapy for the prevention of respiratory complications after upper abdominal surgery: Pragmatic, double blinded, multicentre randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2018, 360, j5916.
  53. Theadom, A.; Cropley, M. Effects of preoperative smoking cessation on the incidence and risk of intraoperative and postoperative complications in adult smokers: A systematic review. Tob. Control 2006, 15, 352–358.
  54. Wong, J.; Lam, D.P.; Abrishami, A.; Chan, M.T.V.; Chung, F. Short-term preoperative smoking cessation and postoperative complications: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Can. J. Anaesth. 2012, 59, 268–279.
  55. Sørensen, L.T. Wound healing and infection in surgery. The clinical impact of smoking and smoking cessation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch. Surg. 2012, 147, 373–383.
  56. Khoo, C.K.; Vickery, C.J.; Forsyth, N.; Vinall, N.S.; Eyre-Brook, I.A. A prospective randomized controlled trial of multimodal perioperative management protocol in patients undergoing elective colorectal resection for cancer. Ann. Surg. 2007, 245, 867–872.
  57. Muehling, B.; Schelzig, H.; Steffen, P.; Meierhenrich, R.; Sunder-Plassmann, L.; Orend, K.H. A prospective randomized trial comparing traditional and fast-track patient care in elective open infrarenal aneurysm repair. World J. Surg. 2009, 33, 577–585.
  58. Docherty, J.; Morgan-Bates, K.; Stather, P. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Enhanced Recovery for Open Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Surgery. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg. 2022, 56, 15385744221098810.
  59. Kehlet, H.; Wilmore, D.W. Evidence-based surgical care and the evolution of fast-track surgery. Ann. Surg. 2008, 248, 189–198.
  60. Baron, D.M.; Hochrieser, H.; Posch, M.; Metnitz, B.; Rhodes, A.; Moreno, R.P.; Pearse, R.M.; Metnitz, P. Preoperative anaemia is associated with poor clinical outcome in non-cardiac surgery patients. Br. J. Anaesth. 2014, 113, 416–423.
  61. Dunkelgrun, M.; Hoeks, S.E.; Welten, G.M.J.M.; Vidakovic, R.; Winkel, T.A.; Schouten, O.; van Domburg, R.T.; Bax, J.J.; Kuijper, R.; Chonchol, M.; et al. Anemia as an independent predictor of perioperative and long-term cardiovascular outcome in patients scheduled for elective vascular surgery. Am. J. Cardiol. 2008, 101, 1196–1200.
  62. Fowler, A.J.; Ahmad, T.; Phull, M.K.; Allard, S.; Gillies, M.A.; Pearse, R.M. Meta-analysis of the association between preoperative anaemia and mortality after surgery. Br. J. Surg. 2015, 102, 1314–1324.
  63. Obi, A.T.; Park, Y.J.; Bove, P.; Cuff, R.; Kazmers, A.; Gurm, H.S.; Grossman, P.M.; Henke, P.K. The association of perioperative transfusion with 30-day morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing major vascular surgery. J. Vasc. Surg. 2015, 61, 1000–1009.e1.
  64. Shander, A.; Javidroozi, M.; Ozawa, S.; Hare, G.M.T. What is really dangerous: Anaemia or transfusion? Br. J. Anaesth. 2011, 107, i41–i59.
  65. Kuy, S.; Dua, A.; Desai, S.; Dua, A.; Patel, B.; Tondravi, N.; Seabrook, G.R.; Brown, K.R.; Lewis, B.D.; Lee, C.J.; et al. Surgical site infections after lower extremity revascularization procedures involving groin incisions. Ann. Vasc. Surg. 2014, 28, 53–58.
  66. Tan, T.W.; Farber, A.; Hamburg, N.M.; Eberhardt, R.T.; Rybin, D.; Doros, G.; Eldrup-Jorgensen, J.; Goodney, P.P.; Cronenwett, J.L.; Kalish, J.A.; et al. Blood transfusion for lower extremity bypass is associated with increased wound infection and graft thrombosis. J. Am. Coll. Surg. 2013, 216, 1005–1014.e2.
  67. Rohde, J.M.; Dimcheff, D.E.; Blumberg, N.; Saint, S.; Langa, K.M.; Kuhn, L.; Hickner, A.; Rogers, M.A. Health care-associated infection after red blood cell transfusion: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2014, 311, 1317–1326.
  68. Amin, M.; Fergusson, D.; Aziz, A.; Wilson, K.; Coyle, D.; Hébert, P. The cost of allogeneic red blood cells—A systematic review. Transfus. Med. Oxf. Engl. 2003, 13, 275–285.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Thomas Mesnard
,
Maxime Dubosq
,
Richard Azzaoui
,
Louis Pruvot
,
Benjamin O. Patterson
,
Jonathan Sobocinski
View Times: 203
Revisions: 2 times (View History)
Update Date: 08 Jun 2023
Table of Contents
    1000/1000
    Hot Most Recent
    Video Production Service
    Feedback