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Jalal, A.;  Oliveira, C.E.D.S.;  Galindo, F.S.;  Rosa, P.A.L.;  Gato, I.M.B.;  Lima, B.H.D.;  Filho, M.C.M.T. Adverse Effects of Abiotic Stress in Plants. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/40311 (accessed on 17 May 2024).
Jalal A,  Oliveira CEDS,  Galindo FS,  Rosa PAL,  Gato IMB,  Lima BHD, et al. Adverse Effects of Abiotic Stress in Plants. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/40311. Accessed May 17, 2024.
Jalal, Arshad, Carlos Eduardo Da Silva Oliveira, Fernando Shintate Galindo, Poliana Aparecida Leonel Rosa, Isabela Martins Bueno Gato, Bruno Horschut De Lima, Marcelo Carvalho Minhoto Teixeira Filho. "Adverse Effects of Abiotic Stress in Plants" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/40311 (accessed May 17, 2024).
Jalal, A.,  Oliveira, C.E.D.S.,  Galindo, F.S.,  Rosa, P.A.L.,  Gato, I.M.B.,  Lima, B.H.D., & Filho, M.C.M.T. (2023, January 17). Adverse Effects of Abiotic Stress in Plants. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/40311
Jalal, Arshad, et al. "Adverse Effects of Abiotic Stress in Plants." Encyclopedia. Web. 17 January, 2023.
Adverse Effects of Abiotic Stress in Plants
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This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/life13010211

Extreme environmental conditions, such as abiotic stresses (drought, salinity, heat, chilling and intense light), offer great opportunities to study how different microorganisms and plant nutrition can influence plant growth and development.

microorganisms stressful conditions sustainability

1. Introduction

Brassica is one of the most important and economical vegetables of the Brassicaceae family [1] and includes several species (Brassica oleracea, Brassica rapa, Nasturtium officinale, Raphanus sativus, Diplotaxis tenuifolia and Eruca vesicaria), containing secondary metabolites and beneficial contents of putative health-promoting compounds [2]. Brassicaceae are a rich source of primary and secondary metabolites (amino acids, sugars, indoles, phenolics and glucosinolates) that help in the production of antioxidants [3][4] to promote tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses [5]. Brassicaceae are emergently adapting as a research model crop in plant science due to their interaction with biotic and abiotic stresses as their high defensive mechanisms and a series of alterations in metabolites allow them to survive under climatic extremes [6]. Therefore, proper management practices are needed when encountering extreme environmental conditions (drought, salinity, temperature, heavy metals and nutrients deficiency) and to ensure optimal plant growth and productivity [7]. Extreme environmental conditions, such as abiotic stresses (drought, salinity, heat, chilling and intense light), offer great opportunities to study how different microorganisms and plant nutrition can influence plant growth and development.
Abiotic stresses disturb plant physiology and metabolism, which leads to the reduction of plant growth and productivity [8]. The growth, yield and quality of Brassica grown in arid and semi-arid areas were extremely affected by drought conditions [9]. In addition, nutrient limitation is another vulnerable condition that alters plant growth, production and quality. Plants adapt different physiological and biochemical functions to adjust to extreme challenges and avoid injuries under abiotic stresses [10]. Macronutrients mobilize and assimilate along with organic compounds that could improve plant growth and development and mitigate plant abiotic stresses [11]. The absorption of chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) was increased with chelating agents of low molecular weight, which led to the improvement of oil content in Brassica juncea up to 35% [12]. The imbalanced utilization of macro and micronutrients may cause metal toxicity in several crop plants [13]. However, Brassica species deal with the hyper-accumulation of these nutrients by improving biochemical processes and the mobilization of nutrients through the roots–shoot system [14]. In addition, the root rhizosphere is influenced by different biotic and abiotic factors including soil and root type and plant species and age. Hence, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are classified into several groups on the basis of their capacities and taxonomical status. These bacteria activate several mechanisms that alter soil organic matter to an instantly available form [15], as well as the regularization and transformation of soluble sugars, proline, amino acids and mineral nutrients in the soil above plant parts, thus improving nutrient accumulation in nutrient-deficient soils [16].
The plant and bacteria association promotes nutrient uptake and assimilation, which favors the plants’ tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses [17]. Plants and microbial communities are the components of similar limited resources with a different relationship. However, plants assist microbial communities with available nutrients from the soil rhizosphere [18] and improve nitrogen mineralization, which can enhance the uptake of other nutrients for a higher performance and yield of plants [19]. The positive association (symbiosis) and negative association (pathogenesis) of the plant rhizosphere microbial community can affect nutrient availability and resource partition, thus increasing or reducing crop production, respectively [18][20]. The positive association of the microbial community increases their activities in the rhizosphere of host plants, which can improve the soil organic matter (SOM) content and nutritional status of the plant [21]. Beneficial bacteria are the first soil-borne communities that alter and re-adjust in stressful environments for their survival; however, their activities and configurations are the first affected factors under stress [22]. The plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria community is vulnerable to stressful conditions of low water potential and nutrient availability that may be reflected in the form of physiological stress in the plants [23].
The eco-physiological and functional activities of nutrients and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) need proper attention and extensive research to improve plant tolerance to abiotic stresses.

2. Adverse Effects of Abiotic Stress in Plants

Abiotic stresses are the foremost confining factors for agricultural productivity. Crop plants overcome the drastic external pressure of intrinsic mechanisms caused by environmental and edaphic conditions that affect the growth, development and productivity of plants [24][25]. The sustainable production of vegetables such as Brassicas around the world has been compromised due to several harsh environmental conditions and the unbalanced use of synthetic fertilizers and uncertified chemicals over the years that affect the environment and human health and led to inadequate climatic conditions. Abiotic stresses consist of drought, low/high temperature, salinity, light intensity, flooding, heavy metals toxicity and nutrient starvation. The extensive use of chemicals, macro and micronutrients, non-essential elements and radionuclides are the main sources of metal toxicity in soil [13][25]. Brassicaceae are capable plant species that deal with the hyper-accumulation of heavy metals through their biochemical expression, acquisition and re-mobilization in roots [13][14]. Waterlogging/flooding is an excess of soil water that can reduce oxygen availability in plant root systems and thus negatively affect crop growth and yield [26]. Flooding has negatively affected lipid biosynthesis and the yield of several rapeseed varieties [27].
Cold stress is associated with chilly weather (0–15 °C) and frosty weather (<0 °C) that leads to the disturbance of the photosynthetic process and reduces the primary production of B. oleracea [28]. Cold stress impairs metabolic and enzymatic activities that can disrupt the cell membrane and cause seed rotting in Brassica plants [29][30]. Light radiation (low or high) affects plant morphology and the root–shoot ratio [31]. Exposure of broccoli (B. oleracea) to ultraviolet (UV) light can increase ascorbic acid [32][33]. High light causes photoinhibition of the photosystem and protein degradation in B. rapa plants [34]. In short, abiotic stresses alter several internal functions of plants by disturbing homeostasis, physio-biochemical and molecular attributes, such as water and nutrient use efficiency and assimilation, osmotic adjustment, disruption of membrane integrity and enzymatic activities, as well as reduction in photosynthetic efficiency [29][31][34]. The abiotic stresses and their consequences are summarized in Figure 1.
Life 13 00211 g001
Figure 1. Effects of abiotic stresses and their consequences on Brassicaceae.

References

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  14. Sen, A.; Shukla, K.K.; Singh, S.; Tejovathi, G. Impact of heavy Metals on Root and Shoot Length of Indian Mustard: An Initial Approach for Phytoremediation. Sci. Secure J. Biotechol. 2013, 2, 48–55.
  15. Rakshapal, S.; Sumit, K.S.; Rajendra, P.P.; Alok, K. Technology for improving essential oil yield of Ocimum basilicum L. (sweet basil) by application of bioinoculant colonized seeds under organic field conditions. Indian Crop 2013, 45, 335–342.
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  34. Jiao, S.; Emmanuel, H.; Guikema, J.A. High light stress inducing photoinhibition and protein degradation of photosystem I in Brassica rapa. Plant Sci. 2004, 167, 733–741.
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Subjects: Agronomy
Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Arshad Jalal
,
Carlos Eduardo da Silva Oliveira
,
Fernando Shintate Galindo
,
Poliana Aparecida Leonel Rosa
,
Isabela Martins Bueno Gato
,
Bruno Horschut de Lima
,
Marcelo Carvalho Minhoto Teixeira Filho
View Times: 531
Revisions: 2 times (View History)
Update Date: 18 Jan 2023
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