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Hu, Y.;  Zhao, H.;  Yu, X.;  Li, J.;  Zhang, B.;  Li, T. Magnetic Field Assisted Heat Treatment of Metallic Materials. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/36804 (accessed on 27 July 2024).
Hu Y,  Zhao H,  Yu X,  Li J,  Zhang B,  Li T. Magnetic Field Assisted Heat Treatment of Metallic Materials. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/36804. Accessed July 27, 2024.
Hu, Yujun, Hongjin Zhao, Xuede Yu, Junwei Li, Bing Zhang, Taotao Li. "Magnetic Field Assisted Heat Treatment of Metallic Materials" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/36804 (accessed July 27, 2024).
Hu, Y.,  Zhao, H.,  Yu, X.,  Li, J.,  Zhang, B., & Li, T. (2022, November 28). Magnetic Field Assisted Heat Treatment of Metallic Materials. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/36804
Hu, Yujun, et al. "Magnetic Field Assisted Heat Treatment of Metallic Materials." Encyclopedia. Web. 28 November, 2022.
Magnetic Field Assisted Heat Treatment of Metallic Materials
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This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/met12111988

Utilizing electromagnetic stirring technology, the magnetic field achieved significant advancements that improved the microstructure and characteristics of the metal solidification process. It gradually regulates the direction of the microstructure and properties of the solid metal material development, mainly reflected in magnetic field-assisted metal material heat treatment.

magnetic field treatments solid metal mechanical properties

1. Introduction

The magnetic field is a kind of non-contact, green, high-energy, multi-effect physical field, which can change the material preparation process conditions of thermodynamics and kinetics and transfer high intensity energy to the atomic scale of matter without contact. Moreover, it directly affects the material’s migration, matching, and arrangement of atoms, molecules, ions, or grain. The magnetic field has a great and profound effect on the microstructure and properties of materials [1][2].
Since the 1960s, when scholars found that magnetic field can affect the microstructure and mechanical properties of ferromagnetic materials [3][4], they tried to use the magnetic field to treat non-ferromagnetic materials and also found that it can affect material structure and properties [5][6]. Therefore, magnetic field treatment in material modification has been rapidly and widely concerned and has become an important technical means to develop new materials and optimize material properties.
In recent years, researchers have been using the magnetic field to regulate the structure and properties of different magnetic materials. With the deepening of research, many new magnetic phenomena have been discovered. Utilizing electromagnetic stirring technology, the magnetic field achieved significant advancements that improved the microstructure and characteristics of the metal solidification process. It gradually regulates the direction of the microstructure and properties of the solid metal material development, mainly reflected in magnetic field-assisted metal material heat treatment, assisted plastic deformation, and independently treated metal materials to improve material structure and properties [7][8][9][10], which have achieved good results.

2. Magnetic Field Assisted Heat Treatment of Metallic Materials

To eliminate the residual internal stress generated by the high temperature gradient and quick solidification of Ti-6.0Al-4.4V alloy during selective laser melting (SLM) process, as well as to optimize the microstructure and properties, the magnetic field-assisted annealing treatment was performed under a magnetic field induction intensity of 2–10 T magnetic field induction intensity [11][12]. The annealing temperature was 400 °C, and the annealing time was 30 min.
Under the coupling effect of temperature and magnetic field, the α’ phase of martensite was promoted to transform into α + β phase, and the width of α’/α phase was reduced and more refined. Meanwhile, when the magnetic induction intensity is 8 T, the alloy elongation reaches 15.1%, which was increased by 62.4% compared with 9.3% without the magnetic field. The tensile strength of the alloy was slightly increased by 2.8%. The strength and plasticity of Ti-6.0Al-4.4V alloy are improved synchronously by the magnetic field.
To study the influence of magnetic field on the properties of different magnetic metals, high-purity Al, Ni, and Cu samples were firstly stressed, relieving annealing, then subjected to 30% compression deformation, and finally subjected to heat preservation and alternating magnetic field [13]. With the increase of magnetic induction intensity, the microhardness of paramagnetic pure Al and Ni (temperature above Curie point) gradually increased, while the microhardness of ferromagnetic pure Ni (temperature below Curie point) and diamagnetic pure Cu steadily declined. The microhardness of alloys increased by 8.6%, increased by 5.9%, decreased by 6.2%, and decreased by 12.3%, respectively, compared with that without a magnetic field. It found that the microhardness of different magnetic metals is not consistent when the magnetic field assisted heat treatment.
After solid solution, the sample of paramagnetic Al-5%Cu alloy aged at 130 °C, and a pulsed magnetic field was applied [14]. Compared with that without magnetic field after three hours of aging, more Al2Cu phase was dispersed and precipitated inside the alloy, and the hardness value increased by 30.0% to 115.2 HV.
The paramagnetic AA2219 aluminum alloy was solid solution after forging, and an alternating magnetic field was applied during the subsequent aging process [15]. It was found that the microhardness of the alloy with magnetic field was higher than that without magnetic field at the same aging time. After 8 h of aging, the alloyʹs microhardness with magnetic field increased by 10.7% compared with that without magnetic field. The changes of microhardness of the alloy was mainly due to the magnetic field affecting the number and distribution of θʹ phase precipitation.
Diamagnetic beryllium bronze alloy, which had been solid solution treatment, was aged in the constant magnetic field of 0.7 T [16][17][18][19]. It can be found that the microhardness of beryllium bronze alloy decreases basically, and the microhardness of Cu-1.6Be alloy decreases by 25.0% at most after magnetic field treatment. However, the microhardness of Cu-1.9Be-0.33Ni alloy increased by 38.0% after the addition of the Ni element.
According to the above research contents [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21], the changes in microhardness of magnetic field-assisted heat treatment of aluminum and aluminum alloy, beryllium-bronze alloy, and titanium alloy compared with that without magnetic field are sorted into Table 1. It can be seen from Table 1 that the magnetic field can significantly change the hardness of the alloy during metal heat treatment assisted by a magnetic field. In particular, magnetic field-assisted annealing can significantly improve the plasticity of Ti-6.0Al-4.4V alloy prepared by selective laser melting process.
Table 1. The properties of metal materials by heat treating under magnetic field.
No. Alloy Types Solid Solution Process Aging Process Magnetic Field Types or Strength Microhardness Change Reference
1 Ti-6.0Al-4.4V SLM process 400 °C, 30 min 2–10 T +62.4%
(Elongation)		 [11][12]
2 High purity Al Stress relieving
+
30% compression deformation		 200 °C, 1 h Alternating magnetic field
0.05, 0.1 T		 +8.6% [13]
3 High purity Ni 500 °C, 1 h +5.9%
300 °C, 1 h −6.2%
4 High purity Cu 200 °C, 1 h −12.3%
5 Al-5%Cu 515 °C, 10 h,
Water cooling		 130 °C,
2–3 h		 Pulsed magnetic fields
Pulsed voltage 180 V
Pulse frequency 15 Hz		 +30.0% [14]
6 AA2219
Aluminum alloy		 535 °C, 35 min,
Water cooling		 175 °C, 8 h Alternating magnetic field
0.5 T		 +10.7% [15]
7 Cu-0.5Be 800 °C, 20 min,
Water cooling		 300 °C,
10–120 min		 Constant magnetic field
0.7 T		 −13.0% [16]
8 Cu-1.0Be −23.5%
9 Cu-1.6Be −25.0%
10 Cu-2.0Be 350 °C,
10–120 min		 +10.0% [17]
11 Cu-2.0Be-0.4Ni +25.0%
12 Cu-2.0Be-1.0Ni +35.0%
13 Cu57Be43 350 °C, 1 h −6.0% [18]
14 Cu-1.9Be-0.33Ni 800 °C, 30 min,
Water cooling		 400 °C, 1 h +38.0% [19]
15 Al-5.75Zn-2.3Mg-1.2Cu 470 °C, 1 h,
Water cooling		 140 °C,
2–8h		 +21.0% [20][21]
16 Al-9.25Si-1.5Cu-0.5Fe 535 °C, 2 h,
Water cooling		 175 °C,
2–8 h		 −25.0%
17 Al-4.3Cu-0.35Si-0.6Mn-0.6Mg 450 °C, 30 min,
Water cooling		 190 °C,
2–8 h		 +8.0%
18 Al-4.3Cu-1.5Mg-0.6Mn 500 °C, 20 min,
Water cooling		 190 °C,
2–12 h		 +18.0%
19 Al-4.0Mg-1.2Li 500 °C, 1 h,
Water cooling		 120 °C,
2–8 h		 +11.0%
Analyzing the microhardness changes of beryllium bronze alloys No. 7–14 in Table 1 found that the microhardness of beryllium bronze alloys without the addition of Ni element (No. 10 except) decreased with magnetic field-assisted aging. In contrast, the microhardness of alloys containing the Ni element added increases. Analyzing the microhardness changes of aluminum alloys No. 15–18 in Table 1 found that the microhardness of aluminum alloys increased with magnetic field-assisted aging as compared to that without a magnetic field. However, only the microhardness of No. 7 aluminum alloy containing the Fe element decreased. After applying the magnetic field, the microhardness of beryllium bronze alloy containing Ni and aluminum alloy containing Fe showed a different trend from that of other alloys without adding Ni or Fe whether this phenomenon is related to the ferromagnetic Fe and Ni element, and the influence of ferromagnetic elements on the properties of alloys with paramagnetic or diamagnetic base, which is worth further study.

References

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  2. Li, C.J.; He, S.Y.; Engelhardt, H.; Zhan, T.J.; Xuan, W.D.; Li, X.; Zhong, Y.B.; Ren, Z.M.; Rettenmayr, M. Alternating-magnetic-field induced enhancement of diffusivity in Ni-Cr alloys. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 18085.
  3. Cullity, B.D.; Allen, C.W. Accelerated stress relaxation caused by an alternating magnetic field. Acta Metall. 1965, 13, 933–935.
  4. Hayashi, S.; Takahashi, S.; Yamamoto, M. Plastic deformation of nickel single crystals in an alternating magnetic field. J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 1968, 25, 910.
  5. Asai, S. Birth and recent activities of electromagnetic processing of materials. ISIJ Int. 1989, 29, 981–992.
  6. Golovin, Y.I. Magnetoplastic effects in solids. Phys. Solid State 2004, 46, 789–824.
  7. He, T.; Wang, Y.; Zhao, X. The evolution of recrystallized texture of cold-rolled pure copper annealed with a magnetic field in the transverse direction. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2015, 82, 012055.
  8. Bhaumik, S.; Molodova, X.; Molodov, D.A.; Gottstein, G. Magnetically enhanced recrystallization in an aluminum alloy. Scr. Mater. 2006, 55, 995–998.
  9. Molodov, D.A.; Sheikh-Ali, A.D. Effect of magnetic field on texture evolution in titanium. Acta Mater. 2004, 52, 4377–4383.
  10. Sheikh-Ali, A.D.; Molodov, D.A.; Garmestani, H. Magnetically induced texture development in zinc alloy sheet. Scr. Mater. 2002, 46, 857–862.
  11. Li, P.X.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, W.Y.; He, Y.X.; Wang, J.X.; Han, M.X.; Wang, J.; Zhang, L.; Zhao, R.F.; Kou, H.C.; et al. Coupling effects of high magnetic field and annealing on the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of additive manufactured Ti–6Al–4V. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2021, 824, 141815.
  12. Zhao, R.F.; Li, J.S.; Zhang, Y.; Li, P.X.; Wang, J.X.; Zou, C.X.; Tang, B.; Kou, H.C.; Gan, B.; Zhang, L.; et al. Improved Mechanical Properties of Additive Manufactured Ti-6Al-4V Alloy via Annealing in High Magnetic Field. Rare Met. Mater. Eng. 2018, 47, 3678–3685.
  13. Zhang, T. Magnetoplastic Effects in Pure Metals under Action of Alternating Magnetic Field; Shanghai University: Shanghai, China, 2019. (In Chinese)
  14. Zhao, Z.F.; Liu, L.; Qi, J.G.; Wang, J.Z. Aging mechanism of Al-5%Cu alloy under pulse magnetic field. Heat Treat. Met. 2016, 41, 113–116. (In Chinese)
  15. Liu, Y.Z.; Zhan, L.H.; Ma, Q.Q.; Ma, Z.Y.; Huang, M.H. Effects of alternating magnetic field aged on microstructure and mechanical properties of AA2219 aluminum alloy. J. Alloy. Compd. 2015, 647, 644–647.
  16. Yu, V.O.; Petrov, S.S.; Pokoev, A.V.; Radzhabov, A.K.; Runov, V.V. Kinetics of aging of the Cu-Be alloy with different beryllium concentrations in an external constant magnetic field. Phys. Solid State 2012, 54, 568–572.
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  18. Osinskaya, J.V.; Pokoev, A.V. Effect of a constant magnetic field on the structure and physical-mechanical properties of Cu57Be43 alloy. J. Surf. Investig. 2017, 11, 544–548.
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Subjects: Materials Science, Composites
Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Yujun Hu
,
Hongjin Zhao
,
Xuede Yu
,
Junwei Li
,
Bing Zhang
,
Taotao Li
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Revisions: 2 times (View History)
Update Date: 29 Nov 2022
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