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HandWiki. Relations. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/35751 (accessed on 25 September 2026).
HandWiki. Relations. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/35751. Accessed September 25, 2026.
HandWiki. "Relations" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/35751 (accessed September 25, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, November 22). Relations. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/35751
HandWiki. "Relations." Encyclopedia. Web. 22 November, 2022.
Relations
Edit

Relations are ways in which things, the relata, stand to each other. Relations are in many ways similar to properties in that both characterize the things they apply to. Properties are sometimes treated as a special case of relations involving only one relatum. In philosophy (especially metaphysics), theories of relations are typically introduced to account for repetitions of how several things stand to each other.

metaphysics philosophy relatum

References

  1. Perreault J. Categories and Relators (International Classification, Vol 21, No 4, Frankfurt 1994) pp. 189ff where Perreault talks of ordinal relations (e.g. dimensions), determinative relations (e.g. activities) and subsumptive relations (e.g. types and kinds)
  2. Piaget J. Structuralism (tr. Maschler C., Routledge and Kegan Paul, London 1971) pp 24–25 where Jean Piaget refers to the mathematicians, Nicolas Bourbaki, using topological structures (derived from geometrical relations), order structures (from predecessor-successor relations) and algebraic structures (including sets and sub-sets)
  3. Norberg-Schulz C., Intentions in Architecture (Allen & Unwin Ltd., London 1963) Besides such headings as Form (geometrical and spatial relations), Building Task (functional relations) and Semantics (relations of meaning) the book refers to Charles W. Morris's division of semiology into syntactics (formal relation of signs), pragmatics (use and effect of signs) and semantics (the relation between the sign and reality)
  4. MacBride, Fraser (2020). "Relations". Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/relations/. 
  5. Honderich, Ted (2005). "relations, the nature of". The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. Oxford University Press. https://philpapers.org/rec/HONTOC-2. 
  6. Allen, Sophie. "Properties". https://iep.utm.edu/properties/. 
  7. Borchert, Donald (2006). "Relations, Internal and External". Macmillan Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2nd Edition. Macmillan. https://philpapers.org/rec/BORMEO. 
  8. Aristotle Metaphysics 1020b; cf. De Generatione 333a
  9. Plato Parmenides 129, cf. 136
  10. Aristotle Categories in Aristotle's Categories and De Interpretatione (tr. Ackrill J.L., Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1963) Ch.4
  11. Long A. & Sedley D. The Hellenistic Philosophers (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1987) p. 206
  12. Aristotle Metaphysics 998bff; cf. 1029a & 1070a; Physics 185a; Analytica Posteriora 83b
  13. Long & Sedley, op. cit. p. 480
  14. Encyclopaedia Britannica s.v. "Speusippus"
  15. Plotinus Enneads
  16. Thomas Aquinas Summa Theologiae (Blackfriars, 1967) p. 30 (note); cf. St. Augustine The Trinity (Catholic University of America Press, 1963) p. 180
  17. Gilby T. St. Thomas Aquinas: Theological Texts (Oxford University Press)
  18. Pegis A.C. Introduction to St. Thomas Aquinas (Random House, 1948) S.T. Q13.A7
  19. Hobbes T. Leviathan (Blackwell, Oxford, 1946) p. 13
  20. Locke J. Essay Concerning Human Understanding (J. F. Dove, London, 1828) pp. 367–372; 4.1.2–4.1.7
  21. Hume D. An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding (Cohen R. (ed.) Bantam, London, 1965) p. 57
  22. Kant I. Critique of Pure Reason (tr. Smith N. K., Macmillan, London, 1968)
  23. e.g. Peter of Spain and William of Sherwood
  24. Schopenhauer A. The World as Will and Representation (tr. Payne E., Dover Publications, New York, 1966) p. 459
  25. Stace W.T. The Philosophy of Hegel (Macmillan & Co., London, 1924) p. 70
  26. Peirce C.S. Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce (Hartshorne C. & Weiss P. (eds.) Harvard University Press, 1931) Vol I
  27. Wittgenstein op. cit. pp. 23 & 61
  28. Peirce op. cit. pp. 170–176
  29. Peirce op. cit. Vol II, p. 159; cf. Wittgenstein op. cit. p. 123
  30. Passmore J. A Hundred Years of Philosophy, 1957 (Penguin, 1968) pp. 58, 108; cf. Peirce op. cit. Vol II, p. 267
  31. Russell B. Analysis of Mind (George Allen & Unwin, London 1921) pp. 10 & 23
  32. Wittgenstein L. Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, 1921 (Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1961) p. 37
  33. Wittgenstein L. Philosophical Investigations, 1953 (tr. Anscombe G., Blackwell, Oxford, 1978) p. 32ff
  34. Passmore op. cit. p. 207
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