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The union of Bulgaria and Romania (Bulgarian: Съюз на България и Румъния, romanized: Sǎjúz na Bŭlgariya i Rumŭniya; Romanian: Unirea Bulgariei cu România) was a project for the unification of Bulgaria and Romania into a common state. This would be accomplished under a federation, a personal union or a confederation. The idea had great support, especially in Bulgaria, and there were several opportunities to realize it. Usually, proposals came from Bulgarians and it was the Romanians, who would have composed the ethnic majority, the ones that were supposed to govern. Nevertheless, it ultimately failed to appear mainly due to the differences between Bulgarians and Romanians and the opposition from external powers like Austria-Hungary and especially Russia. This idea had its precedents. Bulgarians and Romanians first lived together under the rule of the First Bulgarian Empire, which extended its power north of the Danube. After the fall of this state would come the Second Bulgarian Empire, established through the cooperation of Bulgarians and Vlachs (Romanians). The empire would also be defeated, this time by the Ottoman Empire, which ruled territories populated by Bulgarians and Romanians for centuries. Later, a popular concept emerged in the Balkans: the federalization of the region, aimed at fighting nearby empires and solving conflicts between its peoples. The idea eventually spread in Bulgaria and Romania, gaining certain support. Several proposals were made; that of Georgi Sava Rakovski stands out. After the establishment of an autonomous Bulgarian principality in 1878, projects with Romania were enhanced. In fact, during the search for the first modern Bulgarian prince, several Romanian nominations came out. These were Carol I, monarch of Romania, and Gheorghe G. Bibescu, son of a Wallachian prince. However, the one who ended up being elected was Alexander of Battenberg, of German origins. Alexander had good relations with Romania, but he was forced to abdicate in 1886 after a period of political turmoil in Bulgaria. This was caused by Russia, which intended to extend its influence over the country. However, Stefan Stambolov, a Russophobe (name of those Bulgarians who opposed Russian policies), ended up taking power. The regent Stambolov tried again to establish a personal union with Romania, and negotiations were conducted. Carol I would be the head of such state, which would have either two separate governments or a single united one. Carol I had interest in becoming ruler of Bulgaria as well, but Russia strongly opposed this. At the end, it threatened Romania with the breakdown of diplomatic relations and even with a military invasion, forcing Carol I to reject the offer. Again, a German prince, Ferdinand I, was elected prince of Bulgaria in June 1887. New approaches were attempted decades later, in the communist era, especially by Georgi Dimitrov, but they all met strong rejection from the Soviet Union. Joseph Stalin , its leader, deemed the proposal as impossible. A Bulgarian-Romanian union was thus never established. The reasons for this were the disapproval of several great powers, the differences in the national goals of the Bulgarians and Romanians and the lack of actual interest or even opposition between each other. In addition, the idea of federalization of the Balkans, which had great support in its time, lost strength all over the region after the conflicts of the beginning of the 20th century and the violent breakup of Yugoslavia. However, the emergence of the European Union, of which Bulgaria and Romania have been members since 2007, has revived such an idea, which could once again be considered in the future.
References
- Hitchins 2014, pp. 16–17.
- Madgearu 2016, p. 74.
- Hitchins 2014, p. 31.
- Madgearu 2016, p. 58.
- Madgearu 2016, pp. 58–59.
- Madgearu 2016, p. 62.
- Nyagulov 2012, pp. 40–41.
- Hitchins 2014, p. 26.
- Nyagulov 2012, p. 37.
- Nyagulov 2012, p. 39.
- Nyagulov 2012, pp. 37–38.
- Nyagulov 2012, p. 46.
- Nyagulov 2012, pp. 39–40.
- Nyagulov 2012, p. 41.
- Nyagulov 2012, pp. 41–42.
- Nyagulov 2012, p. 44.
- Nyagulov 2012, p. 45.
- Nyagulov 2012, p. 43.
- Lupu & Niculae 2017, p. 125.
- Nyagulov 2012, pp. 46–47.
- Nyagulov 2012, p. 47.
- Nyagulov 2012, pp. 47–48.
- Nyagulov 2012, p. 48.
- Nyagulov 2012, p. 49.
- Stoenescu 2010, p. 30.
- Nyagulov 2012, pp. 49–50.
- Nyagulov 2012, p. 50.
- Nyagulov 2012, p. 51.
- Nyagulov 2012, p. 52.
- Nyagulov 2012, pp. 50–51.
- Nyagulov 2012, pp. 51–52.
- Stoenescu 2010, p. 31.
- Petcu 2012, p. 532.
- Nyagulov 2012, p. 53.
- Nyagulov 2012, p. 54.
- Hitchins 2014, p. 150.
- Hitchins 2014, p. 158.
- Nyagulov 2012, p. 55.
- Hitchins 2014, p. 199.
- Nyagulov 2012, pp. 55–56.
- Nyagulov 2012, p. 56.
- Nyagulov 2012, p. 57.
- Nyagulov 2012, pp. 57–58.
- Nyagulov 2012, p. 58.
- Nyagulov 2012, pp. 58–59.
- Nyagulov 2012, p. 59.
- Nyagulov 2012, p. 38.
- Nyagulov 2012, p. 60.
- Nyagulov 2012, p. 61.
- Bâtca 2011.
- Bulgarian census 2011.
- Romanian census 2011.
- null
- null
- Bulgarian census 2011, p. 3.
- Romanian census 2011, p. 1.
- The number of people whose ethnicity has been registered in the 2011 censuses is 6,611,513[57] (out of 7,364,570) in Bulgaria[55] and around 18,884,800[58] (out of 20,121,641) in Romania.[56]
- Bulgarian census 2011, p. 25.
- Romanian census 2011, p. 5.
- Borisova 2018.
- Ionescu 2018.
- Alexe 2018.
