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HandWiki. Project 4.1. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/33153 (accessed on 14 September 2026).
HandWiki. Project 4.1. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/33153. Accessed September 14, 2026.
HandWiki. "Project 4.1" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/33153 (accessed September 14, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, November 07). Project 4.1. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/33153
HandWiki. "Project 4.1." Encyclopedia. Web. 07 November, 2022.
Copy Citation
Project 4.1 was the designation for a medical study conducted by the United States of those residents of the Marshall Islands exposed to radioactive fallout from the March 1, 1954 Castle Bravo nuclear test at Bikini Atoll, which had an unexpectedly large yield. Government and mainstream historical sources point to the study being organized on March 6 or March 7, 1954, six days after the Bravo shot.
medical study
radioactive fallout
yield
References
- James Reeves to Frank D. Peel, "Establishment of Program 4 and Project 4.1 in Castle" (11 March 1954), online at [1].
- Barton Hacker, Elements of Controversy, 146-147.
- Edwin J. Martin and Richard H. Rowland, "Castle Series, 1951", Defense Nuclear Agency Report DNA 6035F (1 April 1982), p. 186 and 188. Available online at http://worf.eh.doe.gov/data/ihp1c/0858_a.pdf.
- Final Report of the Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments, Chapter 12, Part 3: "The Marshallese". Available online at https://ehss.energy.gov/ohre/roadmap/achre/chap12_3.html.
- See the "Introduction" of E.P. Cronkite, C.L. Dunham, David Griffin, S.D. McPherson, Kent T. Woodward, Twelve-Month Postexposure Survey on Marshallese Exposed to Fallout Radiation (Upton, NY: Brookhaven National Laboratory, August 1955). Available online at http://worf.eh.doe.gov/data/ihp1a/1013_.pdf.
- See entry under 25 Jan 1972 at http://worf.eh.doe.gov/ihp/chron/. Quote is from unclassified telegram DISTAD Palau to SECSTATE Wash. DC, 27 Jan 72, Document 48025, CIC, available online at http://worf.eh.doe.gov/ihp/chron/G15.PDF.
- See the chronologies at both the Department of Energy Marshall Islands Chronology and Republic of the Marshall Islands Embassy . http://worf.eh.doe.gov/ihp/chron/
- E.P. Cronkite, V.P. Bond, L.E. Browning, W.H. Chapman, S.H. Cohn, R.A. Conard, C.L. Dunham, R.S. Farr, W.S. Hall, R. Sharp, N.R. Shulman, Study of Response of Human Beings Accidentally Exposed to Significant Fallout Radiation, Operation CASTLE—Final Report Project 4.1, Naval Medical Research Institute, Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory, Defense Atomic Support Agency, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Report #WT-923 (October 1954). Online at http://worf.eh.doe.gov/data/ihp2/2776_.pdf.
- Barton C. Hacker, Elements of controversy: the Atomic Energy Commission and radiation safety in nuclear weapons testing, 1947-1974 (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1994): pp. 226-228.
- United States. Dept. of the Army (1990). Nuclear handbook for medical service personnel. p. 18. https://books.google.com/books?id=CAUYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA18&dq=%22beta+burns%22&cd=65#v=onepage&q=%22beta%20burns%22&f=false.
- Johnston, Wm. Robert. "Castle Bravo nuclear test, 1954". http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/nuclear/radevents/1954USA1.html. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
- "Operation Castle". 17 May 2006. http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Tests/Castle.html. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
- Jack C. Greene; Daniel J. Strom; Health Physics Society (1988). Would the insects inherit the earth?. Pergamon Professional Publishers. p. 37.
- Richard G. Hewlett; Jack M. Holl (1989). Atoms for peace and war, 1953-1961: Eisenhower and the Atomic Energy Commission. University of California Press. p. 174.
- For example, Cronkite, et al., "Response of Human Beings Accidentally Exposed to Significant Fall-out Radiation," JAMA 159 (1 October 1955): 430-434.
- Land, CE; Bouville, A; Apostoaei, I; Simon, SL. "Projected lifetime cancer risks from exposure to local radioactive fallout in the Marshall Islands". Health Phys 99: 201–15. doi:10.1097/HP.0b013e3181dc4e84. PMID 20622551. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3892964
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