Villa Tunari Massacre

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The Villa Tunari Massacre was a 27 June 1988 mass murder committed by UMOPAR (Rural Patrol Mobile Unit) troops in response to a protest by coca-growing peasants (cocaleros) in the town of Villa Tunari in Chapare Province, Bolivia. The cocalero movement had mobilized since late May 1988 in opposition to coca eradication under Law 1008, then on the verge of becoming law. According to video evidence and a joint church-labor investigative commission, UMOPAR opened fired on unarmed protesters, at least two of whom were fatally shot, and many of whom fled to their deaths over a steep drop into the San Mateo River. The police violence caused the deaths of 9 to 12 civilian protesters, including three whose bodies were never found, and injured over a hundred. The killings were followed by further state violence in Villa Tunari, Sinahota, Ivirgarzama, and elsewhere in the region, including machine gun fire, beatings, and arrests. The massacre helped bring about the consolidation of Chapare coca growers' unions into the Coordinadora of the Six Federations of the Tropic of Cochabamba. Representatives of the National Congress, Catholic Church, Permanent Assembly for Human Rights, and the Central Obrera Boliviana labor federation formed a joint "multisectoral commission" to investigate the repression in the Chapare, which traveled to the region on 30 June 1988.

multisectoral cocaleros cocalero

References

Córtez Hurtado, Róger (1993). "Coca y cocaleros en Bolivia". in Hermes Tovar Pinzón. La coca y las economias de exportación en América Latina. Albolote, Spain: Universidad Hispanoamericana. Santa María de la Rábida. p. 142. ISBN 84-8010-017-6. "UMOPAR … es una unidad para-policial, militarizada, que se especializa en la represión antidrogas"
Painter, James (1994). Bolivia and coca: a study in dependency. United Nations University Press. p. 81. ISBN 978-92-808-0856-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=EA2JEmfTTrwC&q=umopar&pg=PA81.
Menzel, Sewall H. (1997). Fire in the Andes: U.S. Foreign Policy and Cocaine Politics in Bolivia and Peru. University Press of America. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-7618-1001-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=-jPscPbFKk0C&q=umopar&pg=PA25.
Malamud-Goti, Jaime (1990). "Soldiers, Peasants, Politicians and the War on Drugs in Bolivia Recent Developments Articles". American University Journal of International Law and Policy 6 (1): 41–42. https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/amuilr6&i=48. Retrieved 2020-08-10. "Operation Blast Furnace was designed to lower the market price of the coca leaf by destroying cocaine laboratories, thus reducing the demand for raw coca. On July 18, 1986, Bolivian troops, aided by American pilots, moved into the Beni, Chapare, and Santa Cruz regions. Before the troops arrived, however, the traffickers deserted all the drug processing labs, and the troops found no narcotics.".
Christian, Shirley (1986-09-24). "Bolivia's Coca Growers: Bitterness Over Lost Crop". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/24/world/bolivia-s-coca-growers-bitterness-over-lost-crop.html. "Despite her perception of the Leopards as being responsible for the raids, interviews with others in the region suggested that civilians employed by the United States Government, both American and Bolivian, play a major role by pushing or nudging the Bolivian policemen into action day by day. … Almost every time that the one Bolivian helicopter assigned to the anti-drug effort in the Chapare takes to the air in search of stamping pits, an American or Bolivian working for the United States Government goes along to help spot targets for ground troops to raid."
Bolivia: A Country Study. Washington, DC: Library of Congress. 1991. p. 264.
Córtez Hurtado, Róger (1993). "Coca y cocaleros en Bolivia". in Hermes Tovar Pinzón. La coca y las economias de exportación en América Latina. Albolote, Spain: Universidad Hispanoamericana. Santa María de la Rábida. p. 141. ISBN 84-8010-017-6.
Malamud-Goti, Jaime (1990-01-01). "Soldiers, Peasants, Politicians and the War on Drugs in Bolivia". American University International Law Review 6 (1): 45.
Malamud-Goti, Jaime (1990). "Soldiers, Peasants, Politicians and the War on Drugs in Bolivia Recent Developments Articles". American University Journal of International Law and Policy 6 (1): 45. https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/amuilr6&i=48. Retrieved 2020-08-10. "Peasants alleged that DEA officials in the Chapare instructed the DIRECO staff to use the herbicides.".
Centro de Documentación e Información (CEDOIN) (1988). "Villa Tunari: Dos Versiones Sobre Un Mismo Hecho". Informe "R" (153/154).
Chambi O., Víctor Hugo (1988-06-27). "La Masacre de Villa Tunari Tuvo El Sello de La Intromisión de EEUU". Cambio. https://issuu.com/cambio2020/docs/edicion_impresa_27-06-18.
US Department of State. Bureau of Diplomatic Security (1989). Significant Incidents of Political Violence Against Americans 1988. Washington: Department of State. pp. 9. ISBN 978-1-4289-6573-7.
“Cinco Muertos Habrían Causado Enfrentamientos En El Chapare.”
Centro de Documentación e Información (CEDOIN) (1988). "Represión en Villa Tunari: Cuidado con la guerra de la coca". Informe "R" (152).
Azcui, Mabel (1988-06-29). "La 'guerra de la cocaína' en Bolivia". El País (Madrid). ISSN 1134-6582. https://elpais.com/diario/1988/06/30/internacional/583624817_850215.html.
Long, William R. (1988-08-29). "Peasants' Way of Life : Coca Leaf--Not Just for Getting High". Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-08-29-mn-815-story.html.
"Tensa Calma Reina En Toda La Región Del Chapare.". Ultima Hora (La Paz). 1988-06-29.
"Comisión Investigadora Multisectorial". Informe "R" (153/154). 1988. "Cuando la columna llegó … una delegación de cuatro dirigentes campesinos solicitó entrevistarse con el Comandante, Cnl. José Luis Miranda, quien ese día estaba al mando … El Comandane de UMOPAR autorizó el ingerso de la reducida comitiva después que fueron revisados de no partara armas. El resto de los campesinos se quedó en la entrada del cuartel y de las vecinas instalaciones de DIRECO."
"Comisión Investigadora Multisectorial". Informe "R" (153/154). 1988.
“Tensa Calma Reina En Toda La Región Del Chapare”; Azcui, “La ‘guerra de la cocaína’ en Bolivia”; Centro de Documentación e Información (CEDOIN), “Represión En Villa Tunari: Cuidado Con La Guerra de La Coca,” 3
Reyes Zárate, Raúl (2018-06-28). "A 30 años de la masacre de Villa Tunari". Rebelión. https://rebelion.org/a-30-anos-de-la-masacre-de-villa-tunari/.
Kawell, Jo Ann (1989). "Under the Flag of Law Enforcement". NACLA Report on the Americas 22 (6): 25–40. doi:10.1080/10714839.1989.11723283. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F10714839.1989.11723283
"Ministro de Informaciones: Asalto al cuartel de UMOPAR originó los sucesos del Chapare". Ultima Hora (La Paz). 1988-06-30.
"Versión del Gobierno: Extrema izquierda y traficantes son responsables de incidentes". Los Tiempos (Cochabamba). 1988-06-29.
"Respecto al supuesto armamento de los campesinos o de que estuiveron ebrios, no sólo no existe una sola prueba sino que el testimonio de personas y de los religiosos es unánime en señalar que no se vio a nadie ebrio por las imágenes filmadas el 27 de junio." "Comisión Investigadora Multisectorial". Informe "R" (153/154). 1988.
Cortez Hurtado, Roger (1992). La Guerra de la coca: una sombra sobre los Andes. La Paz: CID, Centro de Informacion para el Desarrollo : FLACSO, Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales. pp. 128.
"He sido testigo de cómo los gringos de la DEA nos dispararon y se produjo la masacre en Villa Tunari. Después recogimos cadáveres ahogados en el río y otros con orificios de bala. Todo era por la defensa de la hoja de coca contra la Ley 1008" "Evo rinde homenaje a mártires de la masacre de Villa Tunari". Cambio. 2009-06-16. http://www.cambio.bo/noticia.php?fecha=2009-06-16&idn=1645.
US Department of State. Bureau of Diplomatic Security. 1989. Significant Incidents of Political Violence Against Americans 1988. Washington: Department of State.
Kawell, Jo Ann (1989). "Under the Flag of Law Enforcement". NACLA Report on the Americas 22 (6): 25–40. doi:10.1080/10714839.1989.11723283. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F10714839.1989.11723283
"Comisión Investigadora Multisectorial". Informe "R" (153/154). 1988. "Hay evidencias concluyentes de que en el destacamento de UMOPAR-CHIMORE partiparon agentes de la DEA y/o instructores militares norteamericanos. Lo que no ha sido posible determinar objetivamente es si llegaron a disparar armas y/o agentes químicos contra los campesinos tal cual afirman múltiples denuncias."
Lee, Rensselaer W. (1991-01-01). The White Labyrinth: Cocaine and Political Power. Transaction Publishers. pp. 75–76. ISBN 978-1-4128-3963-1.
Andreas, Peter; Youngers, Coletta (1989). "U. S. Drug Policy and the Andean Cocaine Industry". World Policy Journal 6 (3): 550. ISSN 0740-2775. http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0740-2775
"Paulatinamente retorna la tranquilidad en el Chapare". Ultima Hora (La Paz). 1988-06-30.
Ataque a población de Ivirgarzama . Pero el 27 de junio , el ataque instruido por el Gobierno y la DEA también alcanzó a otras poblaciones del Trópico , sobre todo a Ivirgarzama y Chimoré , donde se realizaban preparativos para el inicio de movilizaciones en contra de la Ley 1008 y denunciando el inicio de la 'guerra biológica.' Salazar Ortuño, Fernando (2008). Kawsachun coca. Cochabamba?: UMSS, IESE, Instituto de Estudios Sociales y Económicos : UDESTRO, Unidad de Desarrollo Económico y Social de Trópico. pp. 142. ISBN 978-99954-0-300-3.
Centro de Documentación e Información (CEDOIN) (1988). "2ª Quincena de junio". Informe "R" (152). "Población de Ivirgazama denuncia que helicóptero de DEA ametralló concentración campesina dejando saldo de tres heridos."
"Hoy comienza paro de la COB que fue declarado ilegal". Ultima Hora. 1988-06-30.
"In 1988, shortly after the Massacre of Villa Tunari, Morales and a group of associates, who called themselves the “Anti-Imperial Front” (Frente Amplio de Masas Anti-Imperialistas—FAMAI), were elected to the leadership." Grisaffi, Thomas (2018-12-31). Coca Yes, Cocaine No: How Bolivia's Coca Growers Reshaped Democracy. Duke University Press. ISBN 978-1-4780-0433-2.
Sivak, Martín (2010). Evo Morales: The extraordinary rise of the first indigenous president of Bolivia. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 43. ISBN 978-0-230-62305-7.
Terán, Néstor Taboada (2006). Tierra mártir: del socialismo de David Toro al socialismo de Evo Morales. Editora H & P. pp. 100.
Thoumi, Francisco E. (2003). Illegal drugs, economy and society in the Andes. Woodrow Wilson Center Press. p. 115. ISBN 978-0-8018-7854-1. "Nevertheless, there was substantial accommodation: aerial spraying was banned as well as the use of defoliants and herbicides in coca eradication efforts (Malamud-Goti 1994). In addition, international funding was required for alternative development and peasant compensation programs in the Chapare."
Andreas, Peter; Youngers, Coletta (1989). "U. S. Drug Policy and the Andean Cocaine Industry". World Policy Journal 6 (3): 529–562. ISSN 0740-2775. http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0740-2775
Malamud-Goti, Jaime (1990). "Soldiers, Peasants, Politicians and the War on Drugs in Bolivia Recent Developments Articles". American University Journal of International Law and Policy 6 (1): 46. https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/amuilr6&i=48. Retrieved 2020-08-10. "This law restricted the means of eradication to inefficient manual procedures. Thus, coca growers have demonstrated that as an organized force, they have enough political power to influence and restrain the Bolivian government.".

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