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HandWiki. Empathy Gap. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/32952 (accessed on 03 October 2026).
HandWiki. Empathy Gap. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/32952. Accessed October 03, 2026.
HandWiki. "Empathy Gap" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/32952 (accessed October 03, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, November 04). Empathy Gap. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/32952
HandWiki. "Empathy Gap." Encyclopedia. Web. 04 November, 2022.
Empathy Gap
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The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Philosophy:Empathy_gap

A hot-cold empathy gap is a cognitive bias in which people underestimate the influences of visceral drives on their own attitudes, preferences, and behaviors. The most important aspect of this idea is that human understanding is "state-dependent". For example, when one is angry, it is difficult to understand what it is like for one to be calm, and vice versa; when one is blindly in love with someone, it is difficult to understand what it is like for one not to be, (or to imagine the possibility of not being blindly in love in the future). Importantly, an inability to minimize one's gap in empathy can lead to negative outcomes in medical settings (e.g., when a doctor needs to accurately diagnose the physical pain of a patient), and in workplace settings (e.g., when an employer needs to assess the need for an employee's bereavement leave). Hot-cold empathy gaps can be analyzed according to their direction: They can also be classified in regards to their relation with time (past or future) and whether they occur intra- or inter-personally: The term hot-cold empathy gap was coined by Carnegie Mellon University psychologist George Loewenstein. Hot-cold empathy gaps are one of Loewenstein's major contributions to behavioral economics.

physical pain visceral cognitive bias

References

  1. Loewenstein, George (1996). "Out of Control: Visceral Influences on Behavior". Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 65 (3): 272–292. doi:10.1006/obhd.1996.0028. http://www.uibk.ac.at/economics/bbl/lit_se/lit_se_ss06_papiere/loewenstein_(1996).pdf. 
  2. Loewenstein, George (1999). "A Visceral Account of Addiction" (in en). Getting Hooked: Rationality and Addiction. Cambridge University Press. pp. 235–264. ISBN 9780521640084. http://www.cmu.edu/dietrich/sds/docs/loewenstein/VisceralAcctAddiction.pdf. 
  3. Risen, Jane L. (2007). "Visceral Influences". Encyclopedia of Social Psychology. SAGE Publications. doi:10.4135/9781412956253.n603. ISBN 9781412916707.  https://dx.doi.org/10.4135%2F9781412956253.n603
  4. Nordgren, L. F.; Van Der Pligt, J; Van Harreveld, F (2006). "Visceral drives in retrospect: Explanations about the inaccessible past". Psychological Science 17 (7): 635–640. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01756.x. PMID 16866751. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6919053. 
  5. Ariely, D.; Loewenstein, G.F. (2006). "The Heat of the Moment: The Effect of Sexual Arousal on Sexual Decision Making". Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 19 (2): 87–98. doi:10.1002/bdm.501. http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~gl20/GeorgeLoewenstein/Papers_files/pdf/HeatMoment.pdf. 
  6. Robers, S., Zhang, J., and Truman, J. (2010). "Indicators of School Crime and Safety: 2010" (NCES 2011-002/NCJ 230812). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, and Bureau of Justice Statistics, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. Washington, DC. https://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/pdf/iscs10.pdf
  7. "The empathy gap in bullying". http://www.physorg.com/news/2011-01-empathy-gap-bullying.html.  Cites (Nordgren Banas)
  8. Nordgren, Loran F.; Banas, Kasia; MacDonald, Geoff (2011). "Empathy gaps for social pain: Why people underestimate the pain of social suffering". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 100 (1): 120–128. doi:10.1037/a0020938. PMID 21219077.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2Fa0020938
  9. Sayette, Michael A.; Loewenstein, George; Griffin, Kasey M.; Black, Jessica J. (2008). "Exploring the Cold-to-Hot Empathy Gap in Smokers". Psychological Science 19 (9): 926–932. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02178.x. PMID 18947359.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2630055
  10. Handgraaf, Michel J. J.; Van Dijk, Eric; Vermunt, Riël C.; Wilke, Henk A. M.; De Dreu, Carsten K. W. (2008). "Less power or powerless? Egocentric empathy gaps and the irony of having little versus no power in social decision making". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 95 (5): 1136–1149. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.95.5.1136. PMID 18954198. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/23422009. 
  11. Carlson, Neil R.; Buskist, William; Heth, C. Donald; Schmaltz, Rod (2010) (in English). Psychology: The Science of Behaviour (4th Canadian ed.). Pearson Education Canada. ISBN 9780205645244. https://archive.org/details/psychologyscienc0004unse. 
  12. Van Boven, Leaf; Loewenstein, George; Dunning, David (2003). "Mispredicting the endowment effect: Underestimation of owners' selling prices by buyer's agents". Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 51 (3): 351–365. doi:10.1016/S0167-2681(02)00150-6. http://www.andrew.cmu.edu/user/gl20/GeorgeLoewenstein//Papers_files/pdf/vb_loew_dun_jebo.pdf. 
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