Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Submitted Successfully!
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic. For video creation, please contact our Academic Video Service.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1 handwiki Camila Xu -- 1764 2022-11-01 01:31:15

Video Upload Options

We provide professional Academic Video Service to translate complex research into visually appealing presentations. Would you like to try it?
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
HandWiki. Autism and LGBT Identities. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/32278 (accessed on 23 September 2026).
HandWiki. Autism and LGBT Identities. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/32278. Accessed September 23, 2026.
HandWiki. "Autism and LGBT Identities" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/32278 (accessed September 23, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, November 01). Autism and LGBT Identities. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/32278
HandWiki. "Autism and LGBT Identities." Encyclopedia. Web. 01 November, 2022.
Autism and LGBT Identities
Edit

Although it is not known exactly what causes one to be on the autism spectrum or what causes one's sexual orientation or gender identity, a few limited studies into autistic people have shown higher rates of LGBT identities and feelings among autistic people than the general population.

sexual orientation autism spectrum lgbt

References

  1. Hillier, Ashleigh; Gallop, Nicholas; Mendes, Eva; Tellez, Dylan; Buckingham, Abigail; Nizami, Afreen; OToole, Derek (22 April 2019). "LGBTQ + and autism spectrum disorder: Experiences and challenges". International Journal of Transgender Health: pp. 98–110. doi:10.1080/15532739.2019.1594484. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7430467/. 
  2. Sullivan, Amanda; Caterino, Linda C. (2008). "Addressing the Sexuality and Sex Education of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders". Education and Treatment of Children 31 (3): 381–394. ISSN 0748-8491. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42899984. 
  3. Schöttle, Daniel; Briken, Peer; Tüscher, Oliver; Turner, Daniel (December 2017). "Sexuality in autism: hypersexual and paraphilic behavior in women and men with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder". Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience: pp. 381–393. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5789215/. 
  4. Gilmour, L.; Schalomon, P.M.; Smith, V. (1 January 2012). "Sexuality in a community based sample of adults with autism spectrum disorder". Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders 6 (1): 313–318. doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2011.06.003. ISSN 1750-9467. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1750946711001115. 
  5. Byers, E.S.; Nichols, S.; Voyer, S.D. (2013). "Challenging stereotypes: Sexual functioning of single adults with high functioning autism spectrum disorder". Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 43: 2617–2627. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Shana-Nichols-2/publication/236077894_Challenging_Stereotypes_Sexual_Functioning_of_Single_Adults_with_High_Functioning_Autism_Spectrum_Disorder/links/53e234000cf2235f352c1c1c/Challenging-Stereotypes-Sexual-Functioning-of-Single-Adults-with-High-Functioning-Autism-Spectrum-Disorder.pdf. 
  6. George, R.; Stokes, M. A. (2018). "Sexual Orientation in Autism Spectrum Disorder". Autism Research 11 (1): 133–141. doi:10.1002/aur.1892. ISSN 1939-3806. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/aur.1892. 
  7. Dewinter, Jeroen; Vermeiren, Robert; Vanwesenbeeck, Ine; Lobbestael, Jill; Van Nieuwenhuizen, Chijs (March 2015). "Sexuality in adolescent boys with autism spectrum disorder: self-reported behaviours and attitudes". Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 45 (3): 731–741. doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2226-3. ISSN 1573-3432. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25212415/. 
  8. "Gender Dysphoria". American Psychiatric Publishing. http://www.dsm5.org/documents/gender%20dysphoria%20fact%20sheet.pdf. 
  9. Lauden, Kathleen. "Gender Identity Issues Linked to Autism, ADHD". MedScape. http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/822077. 
  10. Glidden, Derek; Bouman, Walter Pierre; Jones, Bethany A.; Arcelus, Jon (2016). "Gender Dysphoria and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systemic Review of the Literature". Sexual Medicine Reviews 4 (1): 3–14. doi:10.1016/j.sxmr.2015.10.003. PMID 27872002. http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/35588/1/13151_Jones.pdf. 
  11. Vries, A.L.C.; Noens, I.L.J.; Cohen-Kettenis, P.T.; Berckelaer-Onnes, I.A.V.; Doreleijers, T.A. (22 January 2010). "Autism Spectrum Disorders in Gender Dysphoric Children and Adolescents". Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 40 (8): 930–936. doi:10.1007/s10803-010-0935-9. PMC 2904453. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10803-010-0935-9. 
  12. Miesen, Anna I. R. Van Der; Hurley, Hannah; Vries, Annelou L. C. De (January 2, 2016). "Gender dysphoria and autism spectrum disorder: A narrative review". International Review of Psychiatry 28 (1): 70–80. doi:10.3109/09540261.2015.1111199. ISSN 0954-0261. PMID 26753812. https://doi.org/10.3109/09540261.2015.1111199. 
  13. Tateno, M.; Tateno, Y.; Saito, T. (14 April 2008). "Comorbid childhood gender identity disorder in a boy with Asperger syndrome". Child: Care, Health & Development 62 (2): 238. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2008.01761.x. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1440-1819.2008.01761.x. 
  14. Mukaddes, N.M. (25 July 2003). "Gender identity problems in autistic children". Child: Care, Health & Development 23: 35–40. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2214.2002.00301.x. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1365-2214.2002.00301.x. 
  15. Gallucci, G.; Hackerman, F.; Schmidt Jr, C.W. (March 2005). "Gender Identity Disorder in an Adult Male with Asperger's Syndrome". Sexuality and Disability 23: 35–40. doi:10.1007/s11195-004-2078-4. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11195-004-2078-4. 
  16. Landén, M.; Rasmussen, P. (September 1997). "Gender identity disorder in a girl with autism —a case report". European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 6: 170–173. doi:10.1007/BF00538990. ISSN 1573-3432. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00538990. 
  17. Kraemer, B.; Delsignore, A.; Gundelfinger, R.; Schnyder, U.; Hepp, U. (August 2005). "Comorbidity of Asperger syndrome and gender identity disorder". European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 14 (5): 292–6. doi:10.1007/s00787-005-0469-4. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00787-005-0469-4. 
  18. Lemaire, M.; Thomazeau, B.; Bonnet-Brilhault, F. (February 2014). "Gender Identity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder in a 23-Year-Old Female". Archives of Sexual Behavior 43: 395–8. doi:10.1007/s00787-005-0469-4. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-013-0141-x. 
  19. Ableson, A.G. (November 1981). "The development of gender identity in the autistic child". Child: Care, Health & Development 7 (6): 347–356. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2214.1981.tb00851.x. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2214.1981.tb00851.x. 
  20. VanderLaan, D.P.; Leef, J.H.; Wood, H.; Hughes, S.K.; Zucker, K.J. (11 December 2014). "Autism Spectrum Disorder Risk Factors and Autistic Traits in Gender Dysphoric Children". Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 45: 1742–1750. doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2331-3. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10803-014-2331-3. 
  21. Urquart, Evan (March 21, 2018). "A Disproportionate Number of Autistic Youth Are Transgender. Why?". https://slate.com/human-interest/2018/03/why-are-a-disproportionate-number-of-autistic-youth-transgender.html. 
  22. White, Bryony (November 15, 2016). "The Link Between Autism and Trans Identity". https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2016/11/the-link-between-autism-and-trans-identity/507509/. 
  23. Rudacille, Deborah (April 13, 2016). "Living between genders". https://www.spectrumnews.org/features/deep-dive/living-between-genders/. 
  24. Skagerberg, E.; Di Ceglie, D.; Carmichael, P. (15 March 2015). "Brief Report: Autistic Features in Children and Adolescents with Gender Dysphoria". Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 45: 2628–2632. doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2413-x. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10803-015-2413-x. 
  25. Strang, J.; Kenworthy, L.; Dominska, A.; Sokoloff, J.; Kenealy, L.E.; Bearl, M.; Walsh, K.; Menvielle, E. et al. (12 March 2014). "Increased Gender Variance in Autism Spectrum Disorders and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder". Archives of Sexual Behavior 43: 1525–1533. doi:10.1007/s10803-010-0935-9. PMC 2904453. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-014-0285-3. 
  26. Laurye, Sharon (March 6, 2016). "Study: Autistic kids more likely to be gender non-conforming". https://www.phillyvoice.com/study-autistic-kids-more-likely-be-gender-non-conforming/. 
  27. Rohr, Bob (February 4, 2016). "Transgender Youth More Likely to Have Autism". http://www.pridesource.com/article.html?article=75172. 
  28. Jacobs, L.; Rachlin, Katherine; Erickson-Schroth, L.; Janssen, A. (11 December 2014). "Gender Dysphoria and Co-Occurring Autism Spectrum Disorders: Review, Case Examples, and Treatment Considerations". LGBT Health 1 (4): 277–82. doi:10.1089/lgbt.2013.0045. https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/lgbt.2013.0045. 
  29. van Schalkwyk, G.I.; Klingensmith, K.; Volkmar, F.R. (4 March 2015). "Gender identity and autism spectrum disorders". Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 88: 81–3. PMID 25744543. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4345542/. 
  30. Shumer, D.E.; Reisner, S.L.; Edwards-Leeper, L.; Tishelman, A. (1 October 2016). "Evaluation of Asperger Syndrome in Youth Presenting to a Gender Dysphoria Clinic". LGBT Health 88: 81–3. doi:10.1089/lgbt.2015.0070. PMC 5073215. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5073215/. 
  31. Kaltiala-Heino, R.; Sumia, M.; Työläjärvi, M.; Lindberg, N. (9 April 2015). "Two years of gender identity service for minors: overrepresentation of natal girls with severe problems in adolescent development". Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health 9 (9). doi:10.1186/s13034-015-0042-y. PMC 4396787. https://capmh.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13034-015-0042-y. 
  32. Stagg, S.; Vincent, J. (September 2019). "Autistic traits in individuals self-defining as transgender or nonbinary". European Psychiatry 61: 17–22. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2019.06.003. PMID 31260907. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0924933819301014. 
  33. Murphy, J.; Prentice, F.; Walsh, R.; Catmur, C.; Bird, G. (January 2020). "Autism and transgender identity: Implications for depression and anxiety". Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders 69 (101466). doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2019.101466. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1750946719301540. 
  34. Jones, R.M.; Wheelwright, S.; Farrell, K.; Martin, E.; Green, R.; Di Ceglie, D.; Baron-Cohen, S. (30 March 2011). "Brief report: female-to-male transsexual people and autistic traits". Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 42: 301–6. doi:10.1007/s10803-011-1227-8. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10803-011-1227-8. 
  35. Pasterski, V.; Gilligan, L.; Curtis, R. (18 July 2013). "Traits of autism spectrum disorders in adults with gender dysphoria". Archives of Sexual Behavior 43: 301–6. doi:10.1007/s10508-013-0154-5. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10508-013-0154-5. 
  36. "Transgender and gender-diverse individuals are more likely to be autistic and report higher autistic traits" (Press release). Cambridge, UK: University of Cambridge. 7 August 2020. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 2021-09-11. https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/transgender-and-gender-diverse-individuals-are-more-likely-to-be-autistic-and-report-higher-autistic
  37. Warrier, V.; Greenberg, D.M.; Weir, E.; Buckingham, C.; Smith, Paula; Lai, M.C.; Allison, C.; Baron-Cohen, S. (7 August 2020). "Elevated rates of autism, other neurodevelopmental and psychiatric diagnoses, and autistic traits in transgender and gender-diverse individuals". Nature Communications 11 (3959). doi:10.1038/s41467-020-17794-1. PMC 7415151. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-17794-1. 
  38. Janssen, A.; Huang, H.; Duncan, C. (18 February 2019). "Gender Variance Among Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Retrospective Chart Review". Transgender Health 1 (1): 63–68. doi:10.1089/trgh.2015.0007. PMC 5367474. https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/trgh.2015.0007. 
  39. Kristensen, Z.E.; Broome, M.R. (16 January 2016). "Autistic Traits in an Internet Sample of Gender Variant UK Adults". International Journal of Transgenderism 16 (4): 234–45. doi:10.1080/15532739.2015.1094436. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15532739.2015.1094436. 
  40. Strang, J.F.; Kemworthy, L.; Dominska, A.; Sokoloff, J.; Kenealy, L.E.; Berl, M.; Walsh, K.; Menvielle, E. et al. (12 March 2014). "Increased gender variance in autism spectrum disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder". Archives of Sexual Behavior 43 (8): 1525–33. doi:10.1007/s10508-014-0285-3. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10508-014-0285-3. 
  41. Cullinan, Heidi (June 2015). "Representing autism and romantic orientation in fiction". Spectrums Magazine (Portland, Oregon: Spectrums Magazine LLC): 10–11. https://issuu.com/autismempowerment/docs/spectrums_magazine_summer2015_web/10. Retrieved September 11, 2021. 
  42. Dolan, Naoise (March 4, 2021). "'Embracing queerness delayed my coming to terms with autism. We need more visibility,' says acclaimed author Naoise Dolan". PinkNews (Interview). Interviewed by Patrick Kelleher. Archived from the original on March 5, 2021. Retrieved September 11, 2021. https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2021/03/04/naoise-dolan-exciting-times-paperback-edition-queer-autistic-brexit-ireland/
  43. "Fiction Book Review: An Unseen Attraction by K.J. Charles". February 20, 2017. https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-399-59396-3. 
  44. Devaney, Beulah Maud (March 29, 2019). "Reading Pathway: K.J. Charles". https://bookriot.com/reading-pathway-k-j-charles/. 
  45. Charles, K.J.. "Reading Order". https://kjcharleswriter.com/reading-order/. 
  46. "Your Summer Reads Focus on Mental Health Awareness". American Library Association. May 26, 2015. http://www.yalsa.ala.org/thehub/2015/05/26/your-summer-reads-focus-on-mental-health-awareness/. 
  47. "Doctor's Orders". https://www.heidicullinan.com/copy-of-carry-the-ocean. 
  48. Bourke, Liz (September 20, 2019). "Liz Bourke Reviews The Outside by Ada Hoffmann". https://locusmag.com/2019/09/liz-bourke-reviews-the-outside-by-ada-hoffman/. 
  49. "Sci-Fi/Fantasy/Horror Book Review; The Outside by Ada Hoffman". March 26, 2019. https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-85766-813-4. 
  50. Hopkins, Elloise (September 28, 2019). "THE OUTSIDE by Ada Hoffmann. Review.". http://www.britishfantasysociety.org/reviews/the-outside-by-ada-hoffmann-review/. 
  51. "Revealing The Fallen, Sequel to Ada Hoffman’s The Outside". September 9, 2020. https://www.tor.com/2020/07/09/revealing-the-fallen-sequel-to-ada-hoffmans-the-outside/. 
  52. Walsh, Dominic (July 14, 2021). "In Review: The Fallen by Ada Hoffmann". https://www.scifipulse.net/in-review-the-fallen-by-ada-hoffmann/. 
  53. Leary, Alaina (March 9, 2020). "Amanda Leduc and Fantasy Authors Challenge the Trope of "Broken" Disabled People". https://www.bitchmedia.org/article/review-disfigured-amanda-leduc-fairy-tales-disability. 
  54. West, Xan (May 20, 2019). "Guest Post: Their Troublesome Crush by Xan West". https://queerbooksunbound.com/2019/05/20/guest-post-their-troublesome-crush-by-xan-west/. 
  55. West, Xan. "Author Interview: Xan West". Let's Fox About It (Interview). Interviewed by Ceillie Simkiss. WordPress. Archived from the original on September 27, 2020. Retrieved September 12, 2021. https://letsfoxaboutit.com/author-interview-xan-west/
  56. Pryde, Jessica. "Read Harder: A Fat-Positive Romance". https://bookriot.com/read-harder-2021-a-fat-positive-romance/. 
  57. "Tonight We Rule the World [Review"]. July 13, 2021. https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/zack-smedley/tonight-we-rule-the-world/. 
  58. Sackton, Laura (June 26, 2019). "50 Must-Read Queer Romance Novellas". https://bookriot.com/queer-romance-novellas/. 
  59. "Cover Reveal: Tenderness by Xan West". Let's Fox About It. WordPress. https://letsfoxaboutit.com/cover-reveal-tenderness-by-xan-west/. 
  60. Kirichanskaya, Michele (August 9, 2021). "Brain Power: Cartoons Diversify the Face of Neurodivergence". https://www.bitchmedia.org/article/animated-children-shows-celebrate-neurodivergence. 
  61. Ostertag, Molly; Stevenson, Noelle (June 9, 2020). "We're doing a charity stream for BLM on 6/9 at 5pm PST - send donations and requests here!". https://www.twitch.tv/videos/646313443.  Alt URL
  62. From 3:55:40 to 3:57:26 in the video, Noelle says, "Entrapta has a lot of robot boyfriends and girlfriends...Entrapdak is canon...The robots learn to love because of her, and that's like Hordak," while making a number of other comments about Entrapta and Hordak.
  63. Zachary, Brandon (May 18, 2020). "She-Ra: Noelle Stevenson on Horde Prime, Entrapta & the Heart of the Series". https://www.cbr.com/she-ra-noelle-stevenson-horde-prime-entrapta-heart-of-the-show/. 
  64. Geiger, Rae (May 18, 2020). "I don't know if this counts as spoilers but was Entrapdak and Catradora always planned or was it more of a random thought while working on the different seasons?". https://raegeii.tumblr.com/post/618934445486047233/i-dont-know-if-this-counts-as-spoilers-but-was. 
  65. Geiger, Rae (May 2020). "i loooooved all of the outfits in s5!! what was the process for choosing adora's "wish" outfit and hair?". https://raegeii.tumblr.com/post/618934551160520704/i-loooooved-all-of-the-outfits-in-s5-what-was. She clarified that "I’ve never intended for every character who swaps items as described above to be married."
  66. Baron, Reuben (March 14, 2020). "Steven Universe: A Crystal Gem Is Confirmed As Asexual". https://www.cbr.com/steven-universe-crystal-gem-confirmed-asexual-peridot/. 
  67. Peterson and, Maya [@rr_tweet] (March 11, 2020). "I know many people read that in her, but not as far as I know. It doesn't mean she's not! Just that the topic hasn't ever come up in my period of employment. But then again, I would think it'd be an important point of discussion for this past ep." (in en). https://twitter.com/rr_tweet/status/1237684714044968962. 
  68. Cassidy, Eve (March 29, 2020). "Steven Universe Creator Rebecca Sugar Doesn't See the Gems as Neurotypical". https://www.cbr.com/steven-universe-neurodivernt-crystal-gems/. 
  69. Stevens, Nia (October 14, 2016). "The "Steven Universe" team on the characters' evolutions". https://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-steven-universe-team-on-the-characters-evolutions/. 
  70. Gilchrest, Tracy E. (March 21, 2020). "Everything's Gonna Be Okay Shows 'Dual Spectrum' of Autism and LGBTQ Identities". https://www.advocate.com/television/2020/3/12/everythings-gonna-be-okay-shows-dual-spectrum-autism-lgbtq. 
More
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Others
Contributor MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
View Times: 2.8K
Entry Collection: HandWiki
Revision: 1 time (View History)
Update Date: 01 Nov 2022
Notice
You are not a member of the advisory board for this topic. If you want to update advisory board member profile, please contact office@encyclopedia.pub.
OK
Confirm
Only members of the Encyclopedia advisory board for this topic are allowed to note entries. Would you like to become an advisory board member of the Encyclopedia?
Yes
No
${ textCharacter }/${ maxCharacter }
Submit
Cancel
There is no comment~
${ textCharacter }/${ maxCharacter }
Submit
Cancel
${ selectedItem.replyTextCharacter }/${ selectedItem.replyMaxCharacter }
Submit
Cancel
Confirm
Are you sure to Delete?
Yes No
Academic Video Service