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HandWiki. WRKY Transcription Factor. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/31717 (accessed on 25 September 2026).
HandWiki. WRKY Transcription Factor. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/31717. Accessed September 25, 2026.
HandWiki. "WRKY Transcription Factor" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/31717 (accessed September 25, 2026).
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HandWiki. "WRKY Transcription Factor." Encyclopedia. Web. 28 October, 2022.
WRKY Transcription Factor
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The WRKY transcription factor family (pronounced ‘worky’) is a class of DNA-binding proteins. WRKY transcription factors are primarily specific to plants and algae (Viridiplantae); although, individual WRKY proteins do appear in the human protozoan parasite Giardia lamblia and slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. These transcription factors recognize a (T/A)TGAC(T/A) cis-regulatory element, also known as a W-box, in the promoters of target genes. WRKY transcription factors play a major role in plant defense to abiotic and biotic stresses, but also contribute to plant development and secondary metabolism. These roles are governed by an ever increasingly complex network of interactions with other DNA-binding and non-DNA-binding proteins.

plant development plant defense slime mold

References

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  27. Ding, Yan, Xu, Li and Zheng (2013) WRKY46 functions as a transcriptional repressor of ALMT1, regulating aluminum-induced malate secretion in Arabidopsis. The Plant Journal. 76(5). 825-835
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  31. Niu, Wei, Zhou, Tian, Hao, et al. (2012) Wheat WRKY genes TaWRKY2 and TaWRKY19 regulate abiotic stress tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Plant, Cell & Environment. 35(6). 1156-1170, Zhou, Tian, Zou, Xie, Lei, et al. (2008) Soybean WRKY-type transcription factor genes, GmWRKY13, GmWRKY21, and GmWRKY54, confer differential tolerance to abiotic stresses in transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Plant Biotechnology Journal. 6(5). 486-503, Li, Gao, Xu, Dai, Deng, et al. (2013) ZmWRKY33, a WRKY maize transcription factor conferring enhanced salt stress tolerances in Arabidopsis. Plant Growth Regulation. 70(3). 207-216, Qin, Tian, Han and Yang (2013) Constitutive expression of a salinity-induced wheat WRKY transcription factor enhances salinity and ionic stress tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 441(2). 476-481
  32. Wang, Hao, Chen, Hao, Wang, et al. (2007) Overexpression of rice WRKY89 enhances ultraviolet B tolerance and disease resistance in rice plants. Plant Molecular Biology. 65(6). 799-815
  33. Liu, Schiff and Dinesh-Kumar (2004) Involvement of MEK1 MAPKK, NTF6 MAPK, WRKY/MYB transcription factors, COI1 and CTR1 in N-mediated resistance to tobacco mosaic virus. The Plant Journal. 38(5). 800-809, Yoda, Ogawa, Yamaguchi, Koizumi, Kusano, et al. (2002) Identification of early-responsive genes associated with the hypersensitive response to tobacco mosaic virus and characterization of a WRKY-type transcription factor in tobacco plants. Molecular Genetics and Genomics. 267(2). 154-161
  34. Zheng, Mosher, Fan, Klessig and Chen (2007) Functional analysis of Arabidopsis WRKY25 transcription factor in plant defense against Pseudomonas syringae. BMC Plant Biology. 7(1). 2, Hu, Dong and Yu (2012) Arabidopsis WRKY46 coordinates with WRKY70 and WRKY53 in basal resistance against pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. Plant Science. 185(288-297, Deslandes, Olivier, Peeters, Feng, Khounlotham, et al. (2003) Physical interaction between RRS1-R, a protein conferring resistance to bacterial wilt, and PopP2, a type III effector targeted to the plant nucleus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 100(13). 8024-8029
  35. Liu, Hong, Zhang, Li, Huang, et al. (2014) Tomato WRKY transcriptional factor SlDRW1 is required for disease resistance against Botrytis cinerea and tolerance to oxidative stress. Plant Science. 227(0). 145-156, Shimono, Sugano, Nakayama, Jiang, Ono, et al. (2007) Rice WRKY45 Plays a Crucial Role in Benzothiadiazole-Inducible Blast Resistance. The Plant Cell Online. 19(6). 2064-2076, Zheng, Qamar, Chen and Mengiste (2006) Arabidopsis WRKY33 transcription factor is required for resistance to necrotrophic fungal pathogens. The Plant Journal. 48(4). 592-605
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  39. Dong, Chen and Chen (2003) Expression profiles of the Arabidopsis WRKY gene superfamily during plant defense response. Plant Molecular Biology. 51(1). 21-37
  40. Schluttenhofer, Pattanaik, Patra and Yuan (2014) Analyses of Catharanthus roseus and Arabidopsis thaliana WRKY transcription factors reveal involvement in jasmonate signaling. BMC Genomics. 15(1). 502
  41. Guo, Guo, Xu, Gao, Li, et al. (2014) Evolution and expression analysis of the grape (Vitis vinifera L.) WRKY gene family. Journal of Experimental Botany. 65(6). 1513-1528
  42. Jiang, Liang, Yang and Yu (2014) Arabidopsis WRKY57 Functions as a Node of Convergence for Jasmonic Acid– and Auxin-Mediated Signaling in Jasmonic Acid–Induced Leaf Senescence. The Plant Cell. 26(1). 230-245
  43. Li, Brader and Palva (2004) The WRKY70 Transcription Factor: A Node of Convergence for Jasmonate-Mediated and Salicylate-Mediated Signals in Plant Defense. Plant Cell. 16(2). 319-331
  44. Grunewald, De Smet, Lewis, Löfke, Jansen, et al. (2012) Transcription factor WRKY23 assists auxin distribution patterns during Arabidopsis root development through local control on flavonol biosynthesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109(5). 1554-1559
  45. Suttipanta, Pattanaik, Kulshrestha, Patra, Singh, et al. (2011) The Transcription Factor CrWRKY1 Positively Regulates the Terpenoid Indole Alkaloid Biosynthesis in Catharanthus roseus. Plant Physiology. 157(4). 2081-2093, Xie, Zhang, Zou, Yang, Komatsu, et al. (2006) Interactions of two abscisic-acid induced WRKY genes in repressing gibberellin signaling in aleurone cells. The Plant Journal. 46(2). 231-242
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  47. Ishiguro and Nakamura (1994) Characterization of a cDNA encoding a novel DNA-binding protein, SPF1, that recognizes SP8 sequences in the 5′ upstream regions of genes coding for sporamin and β-amylase from sweet potato. Molecular and General Genetics MGG. 244(6). 563-571
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  49. Castrillo, Sánchez-Bermejo, De Lorenzo, Crevillén, Fraile-Escanciano, et al. (2013) WRKY6 Transcription Factor Restricts Arsenate Uptake and Transposon Activation in Arabidopsis. The Plant Cell Online. 25(8). 2944-2957
  50. Wang, Hao, Chen, Hao, Wang, et al. (2007) Overexpression of rice WRKY89 enhances ultraviolet B tolerance and disease resistance in rice plants. Plant Molecular Biology. 65(6). 799-815, Wang, Avci, Nakashima, Hahn, Chen, et al. (2010) Mutation of WRKY transcription factors initiates pith secondary wall formation and increases stem biomass in dicotyledonous plants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107(51). 22338-22343, Guillaumie, Mzid, Méchin, Léon, Hichri, et al. (2010) The grapevine transcription factor WRKY2 influences the lignin pathway and xylem development in tobacco. Plant Molecular Biology. 72(1-2). 215-234
  51. Schluttenhofer and Yuan (2014) Regulation of Specialized Metabolism by WRKY Transcription Factors. Plant Physiology.
  52. Suttipanta, Pattanaik, Kulshrestha, Patra, Singh, et al. (2011) The Transcription Factor CrWRKY1 Positively Regulates the Terpenoid Indole Alkaloid Biosynthesis in Catharanthus roseus. Plant Physiology. 157(4). 2081-2093, Li, Zhang, Zhang, Fu and Yu (2013) Functional analysis of a WRKY transcription factor involved in transcriptional activation of the DBAT gene in Taxus chinensis. Plant Biology. 15(1). 19-26, Ma, Pu, Lei, Ma, Wang, et al. (2009) Isolation and Characterization of AaWRKY1, an Artemisia annua Transcription Factor that Regulates the Amorpha-4,11-diene Synthase Gene, a Key Gene of Artemisinin Biosynthesis. Plant and Cell Physiology. 50(12). 2146-2161, Kato, Dubouzet, Kokabu, Yoshida, Taniguchi, et al. (2007) Identification of a WRKY Protein as a Transcriptional Regulator of Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloid Biosynthesis in Coptis japonica. Plant and Cell Physiology. 48(1). 8-18, Xu, Wang, Wang, Wang and Chen (2004) Characterization of GaWRKY1, a Cotton Transcription Factor That Regulates the Sesquiterpene Synthase Gene (+)-δ-Cadinene Synthase-A. Plant Physiology. 135(1). 507-515
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  55. Sun, Palmqvist, Olsson, Borén, Ahlandsberg, et al. (2003) A Novel WRKY Transcription Factor, SUSIBA2, Participates in Sugar Signaling in Barley by Binding to the Sugar-Responsive Elements of the iso1 Promoter. The Plant Cell Online. 15(9). 2076-2092
  56. Brand, Fischer, Harter, Kohlbacher and Wanke (2013) Elucidating the evolutionary conserved DNA-binding specificities of WRKY transcription factors by molecular dynamics and in vitro binding assays. Nucleic Acids Research. 41(21). 9764-9778
  57. Brand, Fischer, Harter, Kohlbacher and Wanke (2013) Elucidating the evolutionary conserved DNA-binding specificities of WRKY transcription factors by molecular dynamics and in vitro binding assays. Nucleic Acids Research. 41(21). 9764-9778
  58. Brand, Fischer, Harter, Kohlbacher and Wanke (2013) Elucidating the evolutionary conserved DNA-binding specificities of WRKY transcription factors by molecular dynamics and in vitro binding assays. Nucleic Acids Research. 41(21). 9764-9778
  59. Cheng, Zhou, Yang, Chi, Zhou, et al. (2012) Structural and Functional Analysis of VQ Motif-Containing Proteins in Arabidopsis as Interacting Proteins of WRKY Transcription Factors. Plant Physiology. 159(2). 810-825
  60. Jiang, Liang, Yang and Yu (2014) Arabidopsis WRKY57 Functions as a Node of Convergence for Jasmonic Acid– and Auxin-Mediated Signaling in Jasmonic Acid–Induced Leaf Senescence. The Plant Cell. 26(1). 230-245
  61. Kim, Lai, Fan and Chen (2008) Arabidopsis WRKY38 and WRKY62 Transcription Factors Interact with Histone Deacetylase 19 in Basal Defense. The Plant Cell. 20(9). 2357-2371
  62. Xu, Chen, Fan and Chen (2006) Physical and Functional Interactions between Pathogen-Induced Arabidopsis WRKY18, WRKY40, and WRKY60 Transcription Factors. The Plant Cell Online. 18(5). 1310-1326
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  65. Li, Meng, Wang, Mao, Han, et al. (2012) Dual-Level Regulation of ACC Synthase Activity by MPK3/MPK6 Cascade and Its Downstream WRKY Transcription Factor during Ethylene Induction in Arabidopsis. PLoS Genet. 8(6). e1002767
  66. Mao, Meng, Liu, Zheng, Chen, et al. (2011) Phosphorylation of a WRKY Transcription Factor by Two Pathogen-Responsive MAPKs Drives Phytoalexin Biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. The Plant Cell. 23(4). 1639-1653
  67. Qiu, Fiil, Petersen, Nielsen, Botanga, et al. (2008) Arabidopsis MAP kinase 4 regulates gene expression through transcription factor release in the nucleus. EMBO J. 27(16). 2214-2221
  68. Yu, Xu, Wang, Wang, Yao, et al. (2013) The Chinese wild grapevine (Vitis pseudoreticulata) E3 ubiquitin ligase Erysiphe necator-induced RING finger protein 1 (EIRP1) activates plant defense responses by inducing proteolysis of the VpWRKY11 transcription factor. New Phytologist. 200(3). 834-846
  69. Matsushita, Inoue, Goto, Nakayama, Sugano, et al. (2013) Nuclear ubiquitin proteasome degradation affects WRKY45 function in the rice defense program. The Plant Journal. 73(2). 302-313
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