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HandWiki. Triangulation (Psychology). Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/31017 (accessed on 11 September 2026).
HandWiki. Triangulation (Psychology). Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/31017. Accessed September 11, 2026.
HandWiki. "Triangulation (Psychology)" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/31017 (accessed September 11, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, October 25). Triangulation (Psychology). In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/31017
HandWiki. "Triangulation (Psychology)." Encyclopedia. Web. 25 October, 2022.
Triangulation (Psychology)
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The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Philosophy:Triangulation_(psychology)

Triangulation is a term most closely associated with the work of Murray Bowen called Family Theory. Bowen theorized that a two-person emotional system is unstable, in that under stress it forms itself into a three-person system or triangle.

triangulation stress family

References

  1. "How triangulation in family relationships can lead to love triangles". NYC Therapist. 2010-11-06. http://psychotherapist-nyc.blogspot.com/2010/11/how-triangulation-in-family.html. 
  2. Johnson, R. Skip. "Escaping Conflict and the Karpman Drama Triangle". BPDFamily. https://bpdfamily.com/content/karpman-drama-triangle. 
  3. Carr, Alan (2015). The Handbook of Child and Adolescent Clinical Psychology: A Contextual Approach. Routledge. https://books.google.com/books?id=2bFACwAAQBAJ&pg=PT114&lpg=PT114&dq=%22covert+triangulation%22&source=bl&ots=PEdVGrXMYt&sig=ACfU3U2b71xfY6cZOf7-I45kanGnj2Ro9w&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiP47-mnMHzAhVKZc0KHfplBm8Q6AF6BAgPEAM#v=onepage&q=%22covert%20triangulation%22&f=false. 
  4. Fosco, Gregory. "Triangulation and Parent-Adolescent Relationships: Implications for Adolescent Dating Competence and Abuse". Journal of Research on Adolescence 26 (3): 524-537. doi:10.1111/jora.12210. https://epublications.marquette.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1264&context=psych_fac. 
  5. Watzlawick, Paul; Weakland, John H. (1977). The Interactional View. Studies at the Mental Research Institute, Palo Alto: W. W. Norton & Co.. ISBN 9780393333305. https://archive.org/details/interactionalvie00watzrich. 
  6. Scarf, Maggie. Intimate Partners, The Atlantic, Nov 1986, accessed 04 October 2016 https://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/issues/86nov/scarf2.htm
  7. "peverse triangle (definition)". Behavenet. http://behavenet.com/perverse-triangle. 
  8. Hoffman, Lynn (1981). Foundations of family therapy: a conceptual framework for systems change. Basic Books. ISBN 9780876687611. https://archive.org/details/foundationsoffa100hoff.  Details.
  9. Staff writer (1995-05-10), "perverse triangles (definition)", in Miermont, Jacques, The dictionary of family therapy, Blackwell, ISBN 9780631170488, https://archive.org/details/dictionaryoffami00mier  Available online.
  10. Scarf, Maggie (November 1986). "Intimate partners". The Atlantic (Atlantic Media). https://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/issues/86nov/scarf2.htm. 
  11. Gottlieb, Linda J. (2012). The parental alienation syndrome: a family therapy and collaborative systems approach to amelioration. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas Publisher Ltd.. pp. 4, 87, 180, 214, 222, 249, 254, 258, 259. ISBN 9780398087364.  Preview. https://books.google.com/books?id=WMTwCAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover
  12. Baker, Amy J. L.; Sauber, S. Richard (2013). Working with alienated families: a clinical guidebook. New York London: Routledge. pp. 200, 230, 238. ISBN 9780415518031.  Preview. https://books.google.com/books?id=Rxq-Bsj18ZgC&pg=PT172
  13. Childress, Craig A. (2015), "Family transitions", in Childress, Craig A., An attachment-based model of parental alienation: foundations, Claremont, California: Oaksong Press, p. 33, ISBN 9780996114509. 
  14. Minuchin, Salvador (1974), "Therapeutic implications of a structural approach", in Minuchin, Salvador, Families and family therapy (1st ed.), Harvard University Press, p. 102, ISBN 9780674292369, https://archive.org/details/familiesfamilyth00minu/page/102. 
  15. Adams, Jerome (2014), "Milan systemic therapy: glossary", An introduction to marriage and family therapy, Oxford New York: Routledge, p. 143, ISBN 9780415719506.  Preview. https://books.google.com/books?id=B5pIAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA143
  16. Kerig, Patricia (October 2005). "Revisiting the construct of boundary dissolution revisiting the construct of boundary dissolution". Journal of Emotional Abuse 5 (2–3): 5–42. doi:10.1300/J135v05n02_02.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1300%2FJ135v05n02_02
  17. Abelin, Ernst (1971), "The role of the father in the separation-individuation process", Separation-individuation: essays in honor of Margaret S. Mahler, New York: International Universities Press, pp. 229–252, ISBN 9780823660650. 
  18. Abelin, Ernst. "The organizer and triangulation model (abbreviated: The O&T-Model)". Organizer Model. http://www.organizer-model.org. 
  19. Loewald, Hans W. (1951). "Ego and reality". The International Journal of Psychoanalysis (Wiley-Blackwell for the International Psychoanalytical Association) 32: 10–18. http://www.pep-web.org/document.php?id=ijp.032.0010a. 
  20. Kramer, Selma; Prall, Robert C. (February 1978). "The role of the father in the preoedipal". Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 26 (1): 143–161. doi:10.1177/000306517802600108. PMID 632531.  Also available here. http://www.pep-web.org/document.php?id=apa.026.0143a
  21. Mahler, Margaret S. (October 1967). "On human symbiosis and the vicissitudes of individuation". Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 15 (4): 740–763. doi:10.1177/000306516701500401. PMID 4170516.  Also available here. http://www.pep-web.org/document.php?id=apa.015.0740a
  22. Mahler, Margaret S. (1963). "Thoughts about development and individuation". The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child 18: 307–324. doi:10.1080/00797308.1963.11822933. PMID 14147283. http://www.pep-web.org/document.php?id=psc.018.0307a.  Abstract also printed as: Mahler, Margaret S. (1975), "334. MAHLER, MARGARET SCHOENBERGER. Thoughts about development and individuation. 18:307-324, 1963", in Eissler, Ruth S., The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, volumes 1-25: abstracts and index, New Haven: Yale University Press, p. 222.  Preview.
  23. Morrigan, Danu You're Not Crazy - It's Your Mother: Understanding and Healing for Daughters of Narcissistic Mothers
  24. Bailey-Rug C (2014) It's All About ME! The Facts About Maternal Narcissism
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