Submitted Successfully!
To reward your contribution, here is a gift for you: A free trial for our video production service.
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1 -- 1087 2022-08-31 15:23:02 |
2 format correct Meta information modification 1087 2022-09-01 10:37:26 |

Video Upload Options

Do you have a full video?

Confirm

Are you sure to Delete?
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
Abdelrahman, M.M.;  Alhidary, I.A.;  Aljumaah, R.S.;  Faye, B. Trace Minerals Functions in Ruminant Animals. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/26740 (accessed on 28 March 2024).
Abdelrahman MM,  Alhidary IA,  Aljumaah RS,  Faye B. Trace Minerals Functions in Ruminant Animals. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/26740. Accessed March 28, 2024.
Abdelrahman, Mutassim M., Ibrahim A. Alhidary, Riyadh S. Aljumaah, Bernard Faye. "Trace Minerals Functions in Ruminant Animals" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/26740 (accessed March 28, 2024).
Abdelrahman, M.M.,  Alhidary, I.A.,  Aljumaah, R.S., & Faye, B. (2022, August 31). Trace Minerals Functions in Ruminant Animals. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/26740
Abdelrahman, Mutassim M., et al. "Trace Minerals Functions in Ruminant Animals." Encyclopedia. Web. 31 August, 2022.
Trace Minerals Functions in Ruminant Animals
Edit

Trace minerals play an important role in animal health and productivity. They are involved also in many physiological activities, and their deficiency causes a variety of pathological problems and metabolic defects, reducing consequently the animal productivity.

trace element mineral deficiency mineral toxicity

1. Introduction

The arid lands of Africa and Asia are under pressure due to global warming, which is affecting the rangelands’ productivity and the feed resources for livestock [1], especially the camel, which is the most adapted domestic animal to such ecosystems. As a result of these changes, the trend for camel farmers is to modify their production system based on herd mobility to primarily settled, semi-intensive systems [2][3]. For the livestock remaining under extensive systems, wide seasonal variations affect the quality and quantity of the feedstuffs and consequently the nutritional status of the grazing animals, as well as their health and productivity directly and indirectly [4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. Under more intensive systems, camel feeding is progressively becoming dependent on supplements as a means of meeting the nutrient requirements [11]. In this context, the feeding system is changing from a highly diversified diet (with high variability in nutritive value and grazed ecosystems) to a standard diet (typically alfalfa + occasionally barley + concentrates) [3]. Such diets do not necessarily cover the nutrient requirements, including trace minerals [12], leading to low growth or low milk productivity [13][14].
Trace minerals contribute to the camels’ health and productivity, especially when they become a limiting factor in the diet [15]. In herbivores, trace minerals play a pivotal role in many physiological activities, and their deficiency causes a variety of pathological problems and metabolic disorders [16][17][18][19], including in camels [20]. Infertility, non-infectious abortion, anemia and metabolic diseases are some of the main clinical signs of deficiencies and abnormalities [21][22]. A few scientific studies have shown some evidence of the sensitivity of camels to trace mineral disorders, resulting in either deficiency or toxicity in the same way as in other ruminants [23]. Faye et al. [24], Faye and Bengoumi [23] and Liu et al. [25] have reported several incidences of clinical mineral deficiencies in camels being underestimated because the signs of subclinical deficiencies may remain undetected for long periods. Regarding toxicity, the evidence is even rarer, although some cases of selenosis have been described [26], as well as fluorosis [27].
Under field conditions, the trace mineral status of animals in terms of deficiency, adequate supply or excess are difficult to assess. Different substrates such as urine, feces, and hair can be convenient for investigating the mineral status of animals [15], but blood remains the most common biological material used in practice to detect a deficiency or toxicity under field conditions.

2. General Overview of Trace Minerals Functions

Factors such as the level of nutrition, mineral availability and mineral utilization affect the production and reproductive ability of both males and females in ruminant animals [19]. The effect of a specific mineral on metabolism can be observed in the four stages that characterize the development of deficiency. The first stage, the initial depletion, is restricted to changes in the metabolism of the element itself (the adjustment of absorption and upregulation of carriers). The second stage, the compensated metabolic phase, is characterized by changes in the element-dependent function; this can be compensated for by another independent system unless stress is imposed. The third stage, metabolic deficiency, involves changes in the major metabolic pathways (nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and fats). The fourth stage, clinical deficiency, involves clinical symptoms, disease and eventually death [28].
Because the diversity of proteins and enzymes containing Zn, Cu, Mn, Co, I and Se, these trace minerals are essential for a wide variety of physiological processes regulating growth, production, reproduction, and health. Deficiencies in these nutrients consequently lead to reduce performance, and dairy cattle diets are therefore formulated with trace mineral supplements to prevent these deficiencies as mentioned in many papers [29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41]. For example, cobalt is a main component of vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) and plays an important role in microorganisms of the rumen [42] while iodine is involved in the synthesis of thyroid hormones [43].
One of the most important roles of trace elements is their contribution to the antioxidative function. This role is particularly efficient in stressful situations [30][32][44]. Oxidation is a normal process that produces free radicals, and the antioxidant system is activated to neutralize these free radicals before they cause cellular damage. Zn, Cu and Mn are integral components of this system due to their presence in superoxide dismutase (SOD), which reduces the free radical superoxide to hydrogen peroxide. Selenium is a component of glutathione peroxidase (GSHpx), which then converts hydrogen peroxide into water. Oxidative stress is an imbalance between antioxidants and oxidants in favor of the latter [45].
In a healthy animal, the antioxidant system reduces free radicals as several agents are produced to prevent them from damaging cells and metabolites. However, under severe stress, the rate of free radical production can exceed the rate of free radical neutralization by the antioxidant system, and this can lead to oxidative damage to the lipids, carbohydrates and proteins within cells [44]. Examples of such times of oxidative stress include calving, infection and heat stress [44][46]. Higher-producing cows have also been shown to have greater concentrations of oxidatively damaged lipids than lower-producing cows [47].
During late gestation, the immune function is weakened, and dairy cows have a decreased capacity to stay in good health [48]. Oxidative stress, non-esterified fatty acids, ketones, negative energy balance and inadequate calcium status are the main factors believed to be responsible for this immunosuppression [49]. The health disorders associated with oxidative stress include mastitis, retained fetal membranes and udder edema. The trace minerals with an antioxidant function include Se, Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe. Some diets have a role in directly quenching free radicals [50]. Minimizing health disorders during late gestation is economically advantageous because diseases are costly, not only in terms of treatment costs, but also because of the subsequent decreases in lactation performance and reproduction, the increased risk for additional health disorders and the decreased market value and productive life [51].
Thus, a deficit of minerals could be associated with different situations of stress, notably during seasonal changes, leading for example to a decrease in serum concentrations of copper (Cu), Co and Zn, as it has been reported in grazing dairy cattle in western Sudan during the late dry season [52]. Similar seasonal changes in mineral profiles (Cu, Zn, Mn and Co) were detected in the serum samples of grazing Jordanian sheep [53] and cattle [54]. Another study on the mineral and vitamin status of sheep in Syria, Jordan and Turkey, in which blood samples were collected from 18 sites, indicated a decrease in Cu and Zn levels at the end of the winter season [55].

References

  1. FAO. Livestock’s Long Shadow. Environmental Issues and Options; LEAD/FAO: Rome, Italy, 2006; Available online: http://www.fao.org/3/a0701e/a0701e.pdf (accessed on 2 February 2021).
  2. Faye, B. Typology of camel farming system in Saudi Arabia. Emir. J. Food Agric. 2013, 25, 250–260.
  3. Breulmann, M.; Boer, B.; Wernery, U.; Wernery, R.; El-Shaer, H.; Alhadrami, G.; Gallacher, D.; Peacock, J.; Chaudhary, S.A.; Brown, G. The Camel, from Tradition to Modern Times; Unesco Doha: Doha, Qatar, 2007; Available online: https://fr.scribd.com/document/115925500/The-Camel-From-Tradition-to-Modern-Times (accessed on 2 February 2021).
  4. Khan, Z.I.; Hussain, A.; Ashraf, M.; Ahraf, Y.; Yousaf, M. A review of mineral Imbalances in grazing livestock and usefulness of soil, dietary components, animal tissues and fluid analysis in the assessment of these imbalances. J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 2004, 3, 394–412.
  5. Khan, Z.I.; Ahraf, M.; Hussain, A.H.W.; Koyro, H.W.; Huchzermeyer, B. Seasonal variation in the status of selenium in goats grazing native and improved pasture in a semiarid region in Pakistan. Dtsch. Tierarztiche Worchenschrift 2005, 11, 460–465.
  6. McDowell, L.R.; Conard, J.H.; Glen, H.F. Minerals for Grazing Ruminants in Tropical Regions. Animal Science Department, Centre for tropical Agricultural, University of Florida; The U.S. Agency for International Development and Caribbean Basin Advisory Group (CBAG): Gainesville, FL, USA, 1993.
  7. Lacetera, N.; Bernabucci, U.; Ronchi, B.; Nardone, A. Body condition score, metabolic status and milk production of early lactating dairy cows exposed to warm environment. Riv. Agric. Subtrop. Trop. 1996, 90, 43–55.
  8. Ronchi, B.; Bernabucci, U.; Lacetera, N.; Verini Supplizi, A.; Nardone, A. Distinct and common effects of heat stress and restricted feeding on metabolic status of Holstein heifers. Zootec. Nutr. Anim. 1999, 25, 11–20.
  9. Nardone, A.; Lacetera, N.G.; Bernabucci, U.; Ronchi, B. Composition of colostrum from dairy heifers exposed to high air temperatures during late pregnancy and early postpartum period. J. Dairy Sci. 1997, 80, 838–844.
  10. Moore, C.E.; Kay, J.K.; Collier, R.J.; VanBaale, M.J.; Baumgard, L.H. Effect of supplemental conjugated linoleic acids on heat-stressed brown Swiss and Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 2005, 88, 1732–1740.
  11. Faye, B. The camel, new challenges for a sustainable development. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 2016, 48, 689–692.
  12. Abu Damir, H.; Abbas, T.A.; Ali, M.A. Copper status in breeding and racing camels (Camelus dromedaries) and response to cupric oxide needle capsules. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 2008, 40, 643–648.
  13. El-Zubeir, I.E.M.; Ehsan, M.N. Studies on some camel management practices and constraints in pre-urban areas of Khartoum State, Sudan. Int. J. Dairy Sci. 2010, 5, 276–284.
  14. Faye, B. Camel Farming Sustainability: The Challenges of the Camel Farming System in the XXIth Century. J. Sustain. Dev. 2013, 6, 74–82.
  15. Faye, B.; Bengoumi, M. Camel Clinical Biochemistry and Hematology. Chapter 7. Trace Elements; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2018; pp. 217–274.
  16. Deen, A.; Bhati, A.; Sahani, M. Trace mineral profiles of camels blood and sera. J. Camel Pract. Res. 2004, 11, 135–136.
  17. El-Bahrawy, K.; El Hassanein, E.E. Seasonal variation of some blood and seminal plasma biochemical parameters of male Dromedary camel. Am.-Eurasian J. Agric. Environ. Sci. 2011, 10, 354–360.
  18. Ali, A.; Tharwat, M.; Al-Sobayl, L. Hormonal, biochemical, and hematological profiles in female camels (Camelus dromedaries) affected with reproductive disorders. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 2010, 118, 372–376.
  19. Underwood, E.J. The incidence of trace element deficiency diseases. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 1981, 294, 3–8.
  20. Essawi, W.M.; Gouda, H.F. Inter-relationship between some trace elements during pregnancy and newborn birth weight in dromedary camels. Zagazig Vet. J. 2020, 48, 319–327.
  21. McDowell, L.R.; Conrad, J.H.; Ellis, G.L.; Loosli, J.K. Minerals for Grazing Ruminants in Tropical Regions; Centre for Tropical Agriculture University of Florida Gainesville and the US Agency for International Development: Gainesville, FL, USA, 1983.
  22. Bicknell, D.V.M. Trace minerals and reproduction. Zimb. Herd Book 1995, 21, 19.
  23. Faye, B.; Bengoumi, M. Trace elements in camels: A review. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 1994, 42, 1–11.
  24. Faye, B.; Saint-Martin, G.; Cherrier, R. The influence of high dietary protein, energy, and mineral intake on deficient young camels (Camelus dromedaries). I. Change in mineral status. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 1992, 102, 417–424.
  25. Liu, Z.P.; Ma, Z.; Zhang, Y.J. Studies on the relationship between sway disease of Bactrian camels and copper status in Gansu Province. Vet. Res. Commun. 1994, 18, 251–260.
  26. Seboussi, R.; Faye, B.; Alhadrami, G.; Askar, M.; Bengoumi, M.; Elkhouly, A. Chronic selenosis in camels. J. Camel Pract. Res. 2009, 16, 25–38.
  27. Diacono, E.; Bengoumi, M.; Kessabi, M.; Abdendi, E.; Faye, B. Hydrotelluric and industrial fluorosis survey in the dromedary camel the south of Morocco. In Proceedings of the International Workshop, “Impact of pollution on animal products”, Almaty, Kazakhstan, 27–30 September 2007; Faye, B., Sinyavskiy, Y., Eds.; NATO Series. Springer: Dordrecht, The Netrherlands, 2008; pp. 85–90.
  28. Mertz, W. The essential trace elements. Sciences 1981, 18, 1332–1338.
  29. Tomlinson, D.J.; Mülling, C.H.; Fakler, T.M. Invited review: Formation of keratins in the bovine claw: Roles of hormones, minerals, and vitamins in functional claw integrity. J. Dairy Sci. 2004, 87, 797–809.
  30. Andrieu, S. Is there a role for organic trace element supplements in transition cow health? Vet. J. 2008, 176, 77–83.
  31. Healy, J.; Tipton, K. Ceruloplasmin and what it might do. J. Neural Transmis. 2007, 114, 777–781.
  32. Tomlinson, D.J.; Socha, M.T.; DeFrain, J.M. Role of trace minerals in the immune system. In Proceedings of the Penn State Dairy Cattle Nutrition Workshop, Grantville, PA, USA, 22–23 April 2008; pp. 39–52.
  33. Vallee, B.L.; Falchuk, K.H. The biochemical basis of zinc physiology. Physiol. Rev. 1993, 73, 79–118.
  34. Predieri, G.; Tegoni, M.; Cinti, E.; Leonardi, G.; Ferruzza, S. Metal chelates of 2-hydroxy-4-methylthiobutanoic acid in Anim. Feeding: Preliminary investigations on stability and bioavailability. J. Inorg. Bioch. 2003, 95, 221–224.
  35. Ibrahim, A.A.; Abdelrahman, M.M.; Rifat, U.K.; Raafat, M.H. Antioxidant status and immune responses of growing camels supplemented a long-acting multi trace minerals rumen bolus. Italian J. Anim. Sci. 2016, 15, 343–349.
  36. Ogawa, Y.; Kawamura, T.; Shimada, S. Zinc and skin biology. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 2016, 611, 113–119.
  37. Ogawa, Y.; Kinoshita, M.; Shimada, S.; Kawamura, T. Zinc and skin disorders. Nutrients 2018, 10, 199.
  38. Hay, V.W.; Swenson, M.J. Minerals and bones. In Dukes Physiology of Domestic Animals, 10th ed.; Cornel University Press: Ithaca, NY, USA, 1985; pp. 449–466.
  39. Tinggi, U. Essentiality and toxicity of selenium and its status in Australia: A review. Toxicol. Lett. 2003, 137, 103–110.
  40. Chen, L.; Giesy, J.P.; Adamovsky, O.; Svirčev, Z.; Meriluoto, J.; Codd, G.A.; Mijovic, B.; Shi, T.; Tuo, X.; Li, S.H.; et al. Challenges of using blooms of Microcystis spp. in animal feeds: A comprehensive review of nutritional, toxicological and microbial health evaluation. Sci. Total Environ. 2021, 764, 42319.
  41. Keith, M.; Erikson, K.M.; Aschner, M. Manganese: Its Role in Disease and Health. Met. Ions Life Sci. 2019, 19, 253–266.
  42. González-Montaña, J.R.; Escalera-Valente, F.; Alonso, A.J.; Lomillos, J.M.; Robles, R.; Alonso, M.E. Relationship between vitamin B12 and cobalt metabolism in domestic ruminant: An update. Animals 2020, 10, 1855.
  43. Soriguer, F.; Gutierrez-Repiso, C.; Gonzalez-Romero, S.; Olveira, G.; Garriga, M.J.; Velasco, I.; Santiago, P.; de Escobar, G.M.; Garcia-Fuentes, E. Iodine concentration in cow’s milk and its relation with urinary iodine concentrations in the population. Clin. Nut. 2011, 30, 44–48.
  44. Miller, W.J. Mineral and Vitamin Nutrition of Dairy Cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 1981, 64, 1196–1206.
  45. Lykkesfeldt, J.; Svendsen, O. Oxidants and antioxidants in disease: Oxidative stress in farm Animals. Vet. J. 2007, 173, 502–511.
  46. Bernabucci, U.; Lacetera, N.; Ronchi, B.; Nardone, A. Markers of oxidative status in plasma and erythrocytes for transition dairy cows during hot season. J. Dairy Sci. 2002, 85, 2173–2179.
  47. Löhrke, B.; Viergutz, T.; Kanitz, W.; Losand, B.; Weiss, D.G.; Simko, M. Short Communication: Hydroperoxides in Circulating Lipids from Dairy Cows: Implications for Bioactivity of Endogenous-Oxidized Lipids. J. Dairy Sci. 2005, 38, 1708–1710.
  48. Waldron, M. Metabolic considerations for immunity. In Proceedings of the Mid-South Ruminant Nutrition Conference, Arlington, TX, USA, 25–26 April 2010; pp. 9–18.
  49. Sordillo, L.M.; Contreras, G.A.; Aitken, S.L. Metabolic factors affecting the inflammatory response of periparturient dairy cows. Anim. Health Res. Rev. 2009, 10, 53–63.
  50. Bowman, G.; Richards, J.; Vázquez-Añión, M. Improving the antioxidant status of the dairy cow through nutrition. In Proceedings of the Intermountain Nutrition Conference, Salt Lake City, UT, USA, 29–30 January 2008.
  51. Campbell, M.H.; Miller, J.K. Effect of supplemental dietary vitamin E and zinc on reproductive performance of dairy cows and heifers fed excess iron. J. Dairy Sci. 1998, 81, 2693–2699.
  52. Abdelrahman, M.M.; Kinacaid, R.L.; Elzubeir, E.A. Mineral Deficiencies in grazing dairy cattle in Kordofan and Darfur regions in western Sudan. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 1998, 30, 123–135.
  53. Abdelrahman, M.M. The mineral status of grazing Awassi sheep at Northern part of Jordan. Egypt. J. Anim. Prod. 2003, 40, 55–62.
  54. Yokus, B.; Cakir, U.D. Seasonal and Physiological Variations in Serum Chemistry and Mineral Concentrations in Cattle. Biol. Trace Element Res. 2006, 109, 255–266.
  55. White, C.L.; Treacher, T.; Bahhad, F. The vitamin and mineral status of sheep in West Asia. In: Proc. IVth International Symposium on the Nutrition of Herbivores. Ann. Zoot. 1995, 44, 328.
More
Information
Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register : , , ,
View Times: 465
Revisions: 2 times (View History)
Update Date: 02 Sep 2022
1000/1000