Submitted Successfully!
To reward your contribution, here is a gift for you: A free trial for our video production service.
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1 -- 2200 2022-06-08 15:01:21 |
2 format correction + 11 word(s) 2211 2022-06-09 04:10:27 | |
3 format correction Meta information modification 2211 2022-06-09 04:11:56 |

Video Upload Options

Do you have a full video?

Confirm

Are you sure to Delete?
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
Leong, H.; Cheng, K.; , .; Rashid, S.N.A.; Ying Chin, L. Michelia × alba (M. alba). Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/23839 (accessed on 29 March 2024).
Leong H, Cheng K,  , Rashid SNA, Ying Chin L. Michelia × alba (M. alba). Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/23839. Accessed March 29, 2024.
Leong, Hong-Yeng, Kian-Kai Cheng,  , Siti Nor Azlina Rashid, Lim Ying Chin. "Michelia × alba (M. alba)" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/23839 (accessed March 29, 2024).
Leong, H., Cheng, K., , ., Rashid, S.N.A., & Ying Chin, L. (2022, June 08). Michelia × alba (M. alba). In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/23839
Leong, Hong-Yeng, et al. "Michelia × alba (M. alba)." Encyclopedia. Web. 08 June, 2022.
Michelia × alba (M. alba)
Edit

Michelia × alba (M. alba) is a flowering tree best known for its essential oil, which has long been used as a fragrance ingredient for perfume and cosmetics. 

Magnolia alba therapeutic bioactive compounds

1. Introduction

Michelia × alba (M. alba), also known as Magnolia × alba (D.C.) Figlar, is a perennial plant commonly found in tropical regions including Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, and China. The plant is well known for its flower essential oil, which is commonly produced through steam distillation [1]. Its scent is often described as sugary, floral, champagne like with a slight herbal scent. M. alba essential oil is registered under the category of GRAS “generally recognized as safe” (FEMA Number: 3950, CAS: 92457-18-6) under Section 201(s) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act by Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA). The essential oil is a common fragrance ingredient found in skin care, perfume, and cosmetics. In addition, it is also widely used as a flavoring agent in baked goods, beverages, condiments, frozen dairy, gelatins/pudding, meat products, and soft candy.
To date, there are about 200 patents reported on M. alba essential oil. In addition, there is an increasing trend in the number of M. alba research publications since 2001 (https://link.lens.org/3k1hpsF0pmc, accessed on 12 January 2022). There are accumulating studies reporting its potential bioactivities including tyrosinase inhibition, photoprotection, anti-stress, anti-diabetic, antioxidant, anti-gout, and antimicrobial activities. Some of the studies focused on bioactive ingredients found in M. alba such as linalool (72.8% in flower oil and 80.1% in leaf oil), α-terpineol (6.04% in flower oil), phenylethyl alcohol, β-pinene (2.39% in flower oil), and geraniol (1.23% of flower oil) [2]. Notably, linalool is the primary component found in M. alba which is also found in lavender and jasmine oils [2] Numerous studies on linalool have reported its anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective activity, anti-hypertensive activity, anti-ulcer, anti-hypertriglyceridemia, anti-psoriasis, antidepressant, and anti-diarrheal activities. In 2018, a new compound named Michelaine (C16H9NO4) was discovered from the flower of M. alba [3]. However, the bioactivities of Michelaine that are uniquely found in M. alba are not established. Taken together, the pharmacological potential of M. alba has not been fully uncovered.

2. Botanical Description

2.1. Taxonomic Classification and Nomenclature

M. alba is a hybrid of Magnolia champaca (L.) Baill. ex Pierre and Magnolia montana (Blume) Figlar (International Plant Names Index (IPNI) Life Sciences Identifier (LSID): urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:20011680-1) [4]. The taxonomic classification and nomenclature of Michelia × alba are as follows (Table 1):

Table 1: Taxonomic classification and nomenclature of Michelia × alba

Kingdom : Plantae
Division : Magnoliophyta
Class : Magnoliopsida
Order : Magnoliales
Family : Magnoliaceae
Genus Michelia
Species Michelia × alba

2.2. Botanical Name

2.2.1. Synonyms

Michelia × albaMichelia alba D.C., Figlar, Magnolia (D.C.) Figlar × albaMagnolia champaca × Magnolia montanaMagnolia longifolia Blume, Verh. Bat. Gen., Magnolia longifolia var. racemosa Blume, Fl. Java Magnol., Magnolia champaca auct. non Linne, Sampacca × longifolia (Blume) Kuntze.

2.2.2. Common Name

Bailan (白兰), White Sandalwood, White Champaca, White Chempaka, Cempaka Putih, Chempaka Puteh, Cempaka Gading, Chempak, Chempaka, Pecari Putih, White Jade Orchid Tree, tjempaka bodas, tjampaka momero, tjempaka mawuro, tjampaka pote, tjempaka putih, Djeumpa gadeng, petjari putih, sampaka kulo, s. mopoesi, bunga edga kebo, patene, bunga edja mapute, tjapaka bobudo, tjapaka bobulo.

2.3. Distribution and Plant Morphology

M. alba belongs to the genus Michelia (Magnoliaceae) which consists of about 30 species [5]M. alba is commonly cultivated in tropical and sub-tropical regions such as Southeast Asia, and it is widely cultivated in China, especially in southern regions such as Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, and Yunnan [5][6][7]. The flowering plant is also native to Thailand, Indonesia, and Malaysia. In these countries, M. alba is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant [1].
M. alba is an annual flowering plant that can grow as high as 20 m in high humidity regions [5]. The morphological features and pictures of the M. alba plant (Figure 1) are shown in Table 1. The plant starts to produce flowers at a height ranging from 10 to 15 m and the flowering time usually begins in the evening (8–9 pm). The flower scent is said to spread quickly and widely which will be faded in the afternoon. Therefore, the harvesting activities for M. alba flowers are usually conducted in the evening and at dawn [1][5].
Figure 1. Photos of M. alba. (a) carpels, (b) flower, (c) leaves, and (dM. alba plant (photo taken on M. alba planted in University Teknology Malaysia Pagoh Campus).

3. Bioactivities M. alba Extracts

To date, there are a number of reported bioactivities of M. alba extracts, including tyrosinase inhibition and photoprotective activities, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities.

3.1. Tyrosinase Inhibition and Photoprotective Activities

Tyrosinase is an enzyme that catalyzes the production of melanin. Overexpression of tyrosinase can cause various dermatologic disorders including post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation [8]. This condition is not only aesthetically undesirable, but it may affect patients’ emotions and quality of life [9]. It has been reported that (−)-N-formylanonaine, a purified compound isolated from M. alba inhibits in vitro mushroom tyrosinase activity in a dose-dependent manner with an IC50 value of 74.3 µM [10]. This inhibition activity is comparable to an established tyrosinase inhibitor, kojic acid with a recorded IC50 value of 69.4 µM. In addition, a molecular docking study suggests the tyrosinase inhibitory effect of (−)-N-formylanonaine may be due to its ability to chelate two copper ions in the active site of tyrosinase [10]. In an epidermal melanocytes cell culture study, (−)-N-formylanonaine was found to inhibit human tyrosinase activity at concentration ranges of 10–200 µM. Consequently, melanin content was also found reduced in cells treated with this compound at the same concentrations with an EC50 value of 90 µM [10]. On the other hand, a cell culture study showed the potential of α-terpineol as a skin whitening agent. Treatment of α-terpineol (at 100 and 200 µM) was reported to reduce melanin content and tyrosinase activity in B16 cells stimulated with α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) [11]. Importantly, α-terpineol at concentrations of 100 and 200 µM did not affect B16 cell viability. In the same cell model, α-terpineol also prevented oxidative stress by reducing cellular malondialdehyde and increased cellular GSH levels. Tyrosinase inhibition activity of phenylethyl alcohol has been reported by [12] using in vitro mushroom tyrosinase assay. This compound was isolated from Rosa rugosa Thunb. var. plena Regal tea. Phenylethyl alcohol inhibits mushroom tyrosinase activity in a dose-dependent manner with an IC50 value of 315 ± 13 μg/mL. However, kojic acid (positive control) showed more potent inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 80 ± 17 μg/mL.
Exposure to solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation on the skin leads to photoaging. This condition is characterized by the degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins which include type 1 collagen, elastin, proteoglycans, and fibronectin. This will then damage the connective tissue and reduce the elasticity of the dermis [13]. Irradiation of UV promotes the formation of reactive oxygen species, induces the expression of the mitogen-activated (MAP) kinase signaling pathway, and upregulates the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, MMP-3, and MMP-9 [13]M. alba extract inhibits the expression of the three matrix metalloproteinases in UVB-induced activation of p-JNK and p-ERK on cultured human fibroblasts cells and consequently restores total collagen synthesis [13].

3.2. Antimicrobial Activity

Natural products from microorganisms, plants, animals, and algae may serve as a good source of novel antimicrobial compounds [14]. A number of phytochemical extracts from flowers (including M. alba) or their essential oils have been reported to have potential antimicrobial activities for treating various diseases [15][16][17].

3.2.1. Antibacterial and Anti-Fungal Activities

The antimicrobial activity of the Magnolia family may be due to the presence of various bioactive constituents extracted from different parts of the plants. M. alba is rich in carbohydrates, alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, and phenols. It has been used not only in traditional medicine but also as a potential antiseptic for the prevention and treatment of microbial infections [18]M. champaca seed and flower extracts were reported to inhibit the microbial growth of Aeromonas hydrophilaE. coliEdwardsiella tardaFlavobacterium spp., Klebsiella pneumoniaSalmonella typhiVibrio alginolyticusV. parahaemolyticusV. choleraePseudomonas aeruginosaStaphylococcus aureusBacillus subtilis, and Shigella dysenteriae [17][19][20].
M. alba and M. champaca exhibited comparable effects on antibacterial inhibition of S. aureusE. coli, and Psedumonas aeuroginosa (Table 1). Notably, the antimicrobial activity of leaf oil was found stronger than that of stem oil on growth inhibition of S. aureus ATCC 13709; E. coli ATCC 25922; Candida albican ATCC 10231 [21]. In addition, [22] reported the M. alba dichloromethane leaf extract with 76.6% linalool gave a better inhibitory effect on the growth of Psedumonas aeuroginosaC. albican, and Fusarium oxysporium compared with the n-pentane flower extract (PF) with 63.2% linalool. The dichloromethane leaf extract was an efficient C. albicans growth inhibitor, while F. oxysporium was more susceptible to the dichloromethane flower extract [22].
The methanol extract of M. alba bark was reported to inhibit the growth of C. Verruculosa, which causes leaf spot disease on rice [23]. It was found that the antifungal activity of M. alba essential oil was strongly correlated with linalool and caryophyllene which are known to inhibit the growth of Aspergillus flavus [24]. In addition, the antifungal activity of M. alba oil against the growth of Aspergillus nigerAspergillus flavusPenicillium sp.Rhizopus sp.Fusarium sp., and Cladosporium sp. was demonstrated through the application of the oil to the surface of bamboo paper packaging boxes [25].

3.2.2. Antiparasitics

Anti-parasitic agents have various applications including organic or conventional livestock production systems. Domestic animals such as cattle, pigs, dogs, and cats carry harmful parasites such as Trypanosoma cruzi [26]T. cruzi can easily infest livestock animals and becomes an endemic that causes a devastating impact on the livestock industry worldwide. The trypanocidal constituents from the ethanol extract of the bark of M. alba (Table 2) showed good antiparasitic activity against T. cruzi [27]. In addition, the pharmacological activities of −anonaine from M. alba have been reviewed by Li and colleagues [28] which showed that the compound gives a significant inhibitory effect against Plasmodium falciparum that causes malaria in humans. The compound also protected red blood cells against P. falciparum. As the compound shows low cytotoxicity in the Chinese Ovarian cell line, it may be a potential phytochemical compound for the treatment of malaria (The Pharmacological Ac.).
Table 2. Antimicrobial activities screening from different part of Michelia x alba plant.
Plant Part Types of Extract Types of Antimicrobial Assay and Pathogens Test References
Antibacterial and antifungal
Flower Essential oil Well diffusion—A. flavus [24][29]
Leaves and stems Essential oil Disc diffusion—S. aureus ATCC 13709; E. coli ATCC 25922; Candida albican ATCC 10231 [21]
Bark Crude methanol extract Well diffusion—Curvularia verruculosa [23]
Leaf Essential oil extract in dichloromethane Disc diffusion and in vitro assay—Psedumonas aeuroginosa and C. albican; disc diffusion and in vitro assay—F. oxysporium [22]
Flower Extract
- Essential oil In vitro assay: A. nigerA. flavusPenicillium sp., Rhizopus sp., Fusarium sp. and Cladosporium sp. [25]
- Essential oil Agar plate of spore and mycellium of A. flavus WU 1511 [24]
Flower Essential oil Disc diffusion: S. aureus and E. coli [30]
Antiparasitics
Bark Caryophyllene oxide, costunolide, dihydrocostunolide, parthenolide, dihydroparthenolide, 11,13-dehydrolanuginolide, santamarine, and dehydrolinalool oxide Trypanosoma cruzi [27]
- Individual compound isolated from M. alba: (−)-anonaine Plasmodium falciparum [28]

3.3. Anti-Diabetic Activity

The anti-diabetic potential of M. alba essential oil was demonstrated through the inhibition of α-amylase, a digestive enzyme found in saliva and pancreatic juice. This enzyme digests complex carbohydrates into oligosaccharides and disaccharides. α-amylase inhibitors delay the hydrolysis of carbohydrates in the intestines [31]. Therefore, inhibition of α-amylase may serve as a therapeutic target for the prevention and medical treatment of diabetes [32]. The essential oil from M. alba inhibits α-amylase activity with an IC50 value of 0.67 mg/mL. The inhibition activity is lower than the positive control, acarbose, which showed an IC50 value of 0.06 mg/mL. GC-MS analysis of essential oil indicated the presence of β-linalool (65.03%) as its major compound [33]. A molecular docking study suggests the β-linalool forms hydrogen bonds with His-299 and Asp-300 residues of α-amylase with a binding energy of − 5.20 kcal/mol [33]. On the other hand, aldose reductase is an enzyme that converts glucose into sorbitol in the presence of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). Accumulation of sorbitol in the cells has been associated with the development of diabetic neuropathy. Aldose reductase inhibitor can be used as a target to reduce the concentration of sorbitol in the cells. Lee et al. [34] reported that M. alba flower extract dose-dependently inhibits aldose reductase activity with an IC50 value of 1.98 µg/mL.

3.4. Anti-Inflammatory Activity

Gout is an inflammatory arthritis characterized by the accumulation of uric acid in the blood and further deposited within visceral tissues and joints. Xanthine oxidase catalyzes the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and its further conversion to uric acid. A number of plant extracts and their metabolites showed inhibition against xanthine oxidase [35]. Leaves extract of M. alba inhibits in vitro xanthine oxidase activity by 22.49% at a concentration of 100 µg/mL. The observed inhibition activity is higher than Gliricidia sepium which showed 6.94% at the same concentration. However, the inhibition activity of M. alba extract was found lower than several medicinal plants such as Antegonon leptopus (59%), Mimosa pudica (62.36%), and Vitex negundo (38.4%) at 100 µg/mL [36].

3.5. Antioxidant Activity

Oxidative stress has been recognized as one of the classical risk factors for human diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and neurodegenerative diseases [37]. In biological systems, macromolecules such as lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are prone to oxidation upon exposure to free radicals. Excessive production of free radicals and a low antioxidant level collectively contribute to oxidative stress leading to a negative impact on physiological function.
In 2018, Zheng and colleagues reported antioxidant activity and phenolics profile of 65 edible flowers in China [38]). In the study, the M. alba flower was extracted using a mixture of acetone/water/acetic acid (70:29.5:0.5, v/v/v). Its 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) results showed that the extract recorded 58.22 µmol Trolox equivalents (TE)/g sample) on a dry weight basis, higher than several other edible flowers including Panax pseudoginseng (15.18 µmol TE/g sample), Prunella vulgaris (21.39 µmol TE/g sample), and Siraitia grosvenorii (21.03 µmol TE/g sample) [38]. In the 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays, the extract showed 111.54 µmol TE/g of dry weight sample and 15.51 mmol of Fe2+E/100 g sample, respectively [38]. In another study, petroleum ether extract of M. alba flower showed DPPH free radical scavenging activity with an IC50 value of 0.7155 mg/mL. This inhibition activity is higher than in several other aromatic plants such as Plumeria alba and Cananga odorata [39].

References

  1. Pensuk, W.; Padumanonda, T.; Pichaensoonthon, C. Comparison of the chemical constituents in Michelia alba flower oil extracted by steam distillation, hexane extraction and enfleurage method. J. Thai Tradit. Altern. Med. 2007, 5, 30–39.
  2. Ueyama, Y.; Hashimoto, S.; Nii, H.; Furukawa, K. The chemical composition of the flower oil and the leaf oil of Michelia alba D.C. J. Essent. Oil Res. 1992, 4, 15–23.
  3. Chen, C.; Kao, C.; Li, W.; Yeh, H.; Huang, S.; Li, H. Chemical Constituents of the Flowers of Michelia alba. Chem. Nat. Compd. 2018, 54, 512–514.
  4. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew—Plants of the World Online Herbarium Specimen: K000681585. Available online: https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/20011680-1 (accessed on 14 April 2022).
  5. Lee, C.H.; Chen, H.L.; Li, H.T.; Chao, W.Y.; Chen, C.Y. Review on pharmacological activities of Michelia alba. Int. J. Pharm. Ther. 2014, 5, 289–292.
  6. Liang, C.B.; Nooteboom, H.P. Notes on Magnoliaceae III: The Magnoliaceae of China. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 1993, 80, 999–1104.
  7. Xia, E.Q.; Song, Y.; Ai, X.X.; Guo, Y.J.; Xu, X.R.; Li, H.B. A new high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination and distribution of linalool in Michelia alba. Molecules 2010, 15, 4890–4897.
  8. Vashi, N.A.; Kundu, R.V. Facial hyperpigmentation: Causes and treatment. Br. J. Dermatol. 2013, 169, 41–56.
  9. Darji, K.; Varade, R.; West, D.; Armbrecht, E.S.; Guo, M.A. Psychosocial impact of postinflammatory hyperpigmentation in patients with acne vulgaris. J. Clin. Aesthetic Dermatol. 2017, 10, 18.
  10. Wang, H.-M.; Chen, C.-Y.; Chen, C.-Y.; Ho, M.-L.; Chou, Y.-T.; Chang, H.-C.; Lee, C.-H.; Wang, C.-Z.; Chu, I.-M. (−)-N-Formylanonaine from Michelia alba as a human tyrosinase inhibitor and antioxidant. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2010, 18, 5241–5247.
  11. Chao, W.-W.; Su, C.-C.; Peng, H.-Y.; Chou, S.-T. Melaleuca quinquenervia essential oil inhibits α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-induced melanin production and oxidative stress in B16 melanoma cells. Phytomedicine 2017, 34, 191–201.
  12. Ren, G.; Xue, P.; Sun, X.; Zhao, G. Determination of the volatile and polyphenol constituents and the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and tyrosinase inhibitory activities of the bioactive compounds from the by-product of Rosa rugosa Thunb. var. plena Regal tea. BMC Complementary Altern. Med. 2018, 18, 307.
  13. Chiang, H.-M.; Chen, H.-C.; Lin, T.-J.; Shih, I.-C.; Wen, K.-C. Michelia alba extract attenuates UVB-induced expression of matrix metalloproteinases via MAP kinase pathway in human dermal fibroblasts. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2012, 50, 4260–4269.
  14. Abdel-Razek, A.S.; El-Naggar, M.E.; Allam, A.; Morsy, O.M.; Othman, S.I. Microbial natural products in drug discovery. Processes 2020, 8, 470.
  15. Al-Shukaili, N.B.M.B.A.; Hossain, M.A. Antimicrobial and cytotoxic potential of seeds and flowers crude extracts of sunflower. Grain Oil Sci. Technol. 2019, 2, 103–108.
  16. Pathania, R.; Khan, H.; Kaushik, R.; Khan, M.A. Essential oil nanoemulsions and their antimicrobial and food applications. Curr. Res. Nutr. Food Sci. 2018, 6, 626–643.
  17. Wei, L.S.; Wee, W.; Siong, J.Y.F.; Syamsumir, D.F. Characterization of antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer property and chemical composition of Piper betle L. Leaf Extr. Arab. Gulf. J. Sci. Res. 2017, 35, 40–45.
  18. Elizabeth, K.M.; Jaya Lakshmi, Y.A.S. Antimicrobial activity of Michelia champaca. Asian J. Chem. 2006, 18, 196–200.
  19. Lavanya, T.; Ananthi, T. Evaluation of Preliminary Antibacterial Activity and Uv-Specroscopic Analysis of Michelia Champaca (L.). Eur. J. Pharm. Med. Res. 2017, 4, 430–434.
  20. Parimi, U.; Kolli, D. Antibacterial and free radical scavenging activity of Michelia champaca Linn. flower extracts. Free radic. antioxid. 2012, 2, 58–61.
  21. Ha, C.T.T.; Thai, T.H.; Diep, L.N.; Thanh, T.X.; Thu Thuy, D.T.; Tra, N.T.; Thu Ha, N.T. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils from stems and leaves of Michelia alba D.C. growing in Vietnam. Acad. J. Biol. 2018, 40.
  22. Abu Shah, N. Chemical Constituents and Biological Activities of Essential Oil from Chempaka (Michelia alba De Candolle). Ph.D. Thesis, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia, 18 January 2013.
  23. Swantara, I.M.D.; Bawa, I.G.A.G.; Suprapta, D.N.; Agustina, K.K.; Temaja, I.G.R.M. Identification Michelia alba barks extract using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and its antifungal properties to inhibit microbial growth. Biodiversitas J. Biol. Divers. 2020, 21, 1541–1550.
  24. Songsamoe, S.; Matan, N.; Matan, N. Antifungal activity of Michelia alba oil in the vapor phase and the synergistic effect of major essential oil components against Aspergillus flavus on brown rice. Food Control 2017, 77, 150–157.
  25. Suhem, K.; Matan, N.; Matan, N.; Danworaphong, S.; Aewsiri, T. Enhanced antifungal activity of michelia oil on the surface of bamboo paper packaging boxes using helium-neon (HeNe) laser and its application to brown rice snack bar. Food Control 2017, 73, 939–945.
  26. Gürtler, R.E.; Cecere, M.C.; Lauricella, M.A.; Cardinal, M.V.; Kitron, U.; Cohen, J.E. Domestic dogs and cats as sources of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in rural northwestern Argentina. Parasitology 2007, 134, 69–82.
  27. Asaruddin, M.R.; Honda, G.; Tsubouchi, A.; Nakajima-Shimada, J.; Aoki, T.; Kiuchi, F. Trypanocidal constituents from Michelia alba. Nat. Med. 2003, 57, 61–63.
  28. Li, H.T.; Wu, H.M.; Chen, H.L.; Liu, C.M.; Chen, C.Y. The pharmacological activities of (−)-anonaine. Molecules 2013, 18, 8257–8263.
  29. Songsamoe, S.; Koomhin, P.; Matan, N. The effects of Michelia alba oil against mould on brown rice and assessing the brain response using electroencephalogram (EEG). J. Food Sci. Technol. 2021, 58, 1776–1787.
  30. Nasution, R.; Azwar, A.I.; Helwati, H.; Marianne. Antibacterial Activities of Perfume: Combination Flower Magnolia alba, Cananga odorata and Mimusops elengi L, Fixed with Pogostemon cablin Oil. Indones. J. Pharm. Clin. Res. 2019, 2, 19–23.
  31. Kazeem, M.; Adamson, J.; Ogunwande, I. Modes of inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase by aqueous extract of Morinda lucida Benth leaf. BioMed Res. Int. 2013, 2013, 527570.
  32. Narita, Y.; Inouye, K. Chapter 84—Inhibition of Porcine Pancreas α-Amylase by Chlorogenic Acids from Green Coffee Beans and Cinnamic Acid Derivatives: A Focus on Kinetic. In Coffee in Health and Disease Prevention; Preedy, V.R., Ed.; Academic Press: San Diego, CA, USA, 2015; pp. 757–763.
  33. Khammee, T.; Jaratrungtawee, A.; Kuno, M. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis, In Vitro Activities, and In Silico Molecular Docking of Major Components of Michelia Alba D.C. Essential Oil and Scented Extracts. Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res. 2018, 11, 499–504.
  34. Lee, Y.M.; Kim, Y.S.; Bae, K.H.; Kim, J.H.; Kim, J.S. Screening of Chinese herbal medicines with inhibitory effect on aldose reductase (IV). Korean J. Pharmacogn. 2010, 41, 289–296.
  35. Abu Bakar, F.I.; Abu Bakar, M.F.; Rahmat, A.; Abdullah, N.; Sabran, S.F.; Endrini, S. Anti-gout potential of Malaysian medicinal plants. Front. Pharmacol. 2018, 9, 261.
  36. Apaya, K.L.; Chichioco-Hern, C.L. Xanthine oxidase inhibition of selected Philippine medicinal plants. J. Med. Plants Res. 2011, 5, 289–292.
  37. Yang, Q.; Cai, X.; Yan, A.; Tian, Y.; Du, M.; Wang, S. A specific antioxidant peptide: Its properties in controlling oxidation and possible action mechanism. Food Chem. 2020, 327, 126984.
  38. Zheng, J.; Yu, X.; Maninder, M.; Xu, B. Total phenolics and antioxidants profiles of commonly consumed edible flowers in China. Int. J. Food Prop. 2018, 21, 1524–1540.
  39. Leelapornpisid, P.; Chansakaow, S.; Chaiyasut, C.; Wongwattananukul, N. Antioxidant activity of some volatile oils and absolutes from Thai aromatic plants. Int. Workshop Med. Aromat. Plants 2007, 786, 61–66.
More
Information
Subjects: Plant Sciences
Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register : , , , ,
View Times: 1.9K
Revisions: 3 times (View History)
Update Date: 10 Jun 2022
1000/1000