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Vascularization is another hallmark of cancer, whereby cancer cells promote the formation of blood vessels to deliver nutrients for fast-growing solid tumors. The most well-known process of vascularization is angiogenesis. In normal cells and tissues, the angiogenesis is a controlled process that is turned on or off depending on the needs of the cells; however, in cancerous cells and tumors, the angiogenesis process is continuous and there is a dysregulation of pro- and antiangiogenesis factors . This continuous activation of angiogenesis allows the cancer cells to form blood vessels to obtain sufficient nutrients for continuous growth and proliferation. There are other ways tumors can achieve vascularization, such as vascular co-option, intussusceptive microvascular growth and vasculogenic mimicry.
No | miRNA | Cancer | Target | Action | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | miR-124-3p | Glioblastoma | NRP-1, transcriptional | Overexpression leads to the attenuation of angiogenesis | [14] |
2 | miR-526b/miR-655 | Breast cancer | PTEN tumor suppressor, transcriptional | Overexpression improved angiogenesis suggesting roles as oncomiR via PTEN-regulated HIF1-α pathway | [15] |
3 | miR-9 | Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma | MDK, exosomal secretion | Suppression of miR-9 in patient suggest its role as oncomiR. Overexpression attenuated tubal formation HUVECs | [16] |
4 | miR-205 | Ovarian Cancer | PTEN tumor suppressor, exosomal secretion | Treatment of HUVECs with miR-205 exosome leads to an increase in tubal formation | [17] |
5 | miR-6868-5p | Colorectal Cancer | FOXM1, transcriptional | Overexpression leads to the reduction in endothelial tubal formation | [18] |
6 | miR-143-3p | Gallbladder Carcinoma | ITGA6, transcriptional | Suppression was observed in bad overall survival patients. Overexpression leads to increased tubal formation | [19] |
7 | miR-130b | Prostate cancer | TNF-α, transcriptional | Inhibition leads to attenuation of VEGFA, a downstream target of TNF-α suppressing angiogenesis | [20] |
8 | mR-23a | Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma | TSGA10, exosomal secretion | Exosomal overexpression enhanced angiogenesis | [21] |
9 | miR-21 | Renal cell carcinoma | PCD4, proteomal | Inhibition of miR-21 attenuated MMP levels, besides inhibiting angiogenesis | [22] |
10 | miR-574-5p | Gastric Cancer Cells | PTPN3 proteomal | Binds to PTPN3, enhancing ERK/JNK activity and driving angiogenesis | [23] |
11 | miR-27a | Pancreatic Cancer | BTG2, Exosomal | miR-27a was highly expressed in cancer tissue. Exosomal mir-27a stimulates HMVEC tubal formation. | [24] |
12 | miR-155 | Gastric Carcinoma | C-MYB/, Exosomal | Stimulates VEGF expression, leading to enhanced angiogenesis observed on HUVEC | [25] |
13 | miR-183-5p | Colorectal Cancer | FOXO1, Exosomal | CRC-derived- exosome enhanced tubal formation of HMEC-1 cells | [26] |
14 | miR-619-5p | Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer | RCAN1.4, Exosomal | Mimic transfection and leads to the increase in HUVEC tube length and tube abundance | [27] |
15 | miR-3064-5p | Hepatocellular carcinoma | FOXA1, transcriptional | Overexpression improves overall survival of mice and reduces tumor size; angiogenic factor suppression observed | [28] |
16 | miR-141 | Pancreatic cancer | TM5SF1 transcriptional | Angiogenic factors were induced following inhibition of miR-141 | [29] |
17 | miR-195 | Squamous cell lung cancer | VEGF transcriptional | miRNA-195 attenuates tubal formation | [30] |
18 | miR-136 | Gall Bladder cancer | MAP2K4 transcriptional | Mimic treatment resulted in activation of angiopoiesis | [31] |
19 | miR-302 | Chronic Myeloid leukemia | VEGFA, secretome | Low expression was associated with bad OS. Treatment of K562 media on HUVECS attenuate capillary formation |
[32] |
20 | miR-148a miR-30 |
Glioblastoma | FIH1 | Regulates HIF1-α via binding directly to its inhibitor FIH1 and attenuating vascularization | [11] |
21 | miR-29b | Breast cancer | AKT3 | Overexpression resulted in the attenuation of vascularization by downregulating AKT3, which is crucial for VEGF activation | [33] |
22 | miR-140-5p | Breast cancer | VEGFA | Abrogates vascularization by binding and attenuating VEGFA | [34] |
23 | miR-1 | Gastric cancer | VEGFA | Inhibition of miR-1 leads to accumulation of VEGFA | [35] |
24 | miR-30d | Prostate cancer | MYPT1 | Downregulation resulted in the attenuation of angiogenesis, leading to reduction in endothelial capillary tube formation | [36] |
25 | miR-210 | Hepatocellular carcinoma | SMAD4, STAT6 | Promote angiogenesis by inhibiting SMAD4 and STAT6 | [13] |