Submitted Successfully!
To reward your contribution, here is a gift for you: A free trial for our video production service.
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1
Peng Ye
 + 2608 word(s) 2608 2022-03-25 03:54:40 |
2 FORMAT CHANGE
Jessie Wu
-3 word(s) 2605 2022-03-28 02:47:32 |

Video Upload Options

Do you have a full video?
Send video materials Upload full video

Confirm

Are you sure to Delete?
Yes No
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
Ye, P. Remote Sensing Monitoring Approaches. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/21045 (accessed on 25 April 2024).
Ye P. Remote Sensing Monitoring Approaches. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/21045. Accessed April 25, 2024.
Ye, Peng. "Remote Sensing Monitoring Approaches" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/21045 (accessed April 25, 2024).
Ye, P. (2022, March 25). Remote Sensing Monitoring Approaches. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/21045
Ye, Peng. "Remote Sensing Monitoring Approaches." Encyclopedia. Web. 25 March, 2022.
Remote Sensing Monitoring Approaches
Edit
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/ijerph19063701

Meteorological disaster monitoring is an important research direction in remote sensing technology in the field of meteorology, which can serve many meteorological disaster management tasks. The key issues in the remote sensing monitoring of meteorological disasters are monitoring task arrangement and organization, meteorological disaster information extraction, and multi-temporal disaster information change detection. To accurately represent the monitoring tasks, it is necessary to determine the timescale, perform sensor planning, and construct a representation model to monitor information. On this basis, the meteorological disaster information is extracted by remote sensing data-processing approaches. Furthermore, the multi-temporal meteorological disaster information is compared to detect the evolution of meteorological disasters. Due to the highly dynamic nature of meteorological disasters, the process characteristics of meteorological disasters monitoring have attracted more attention. Although many remote sensing approaches were successfully used for meteorological disaster monitoring, there are still gaps in process monitoring. In future, research on sensor planning, information representation models, multi-source data fusion, etc., will provide an important basis and direction to promote meteorological disaster process monitoring.

remote sensing monitoring extraction

1. Monitoring Task Arrangement and Organization

In the monitoring of meteorological disasters, it is first necessary to reasonably and comprehensively determine the monitoring tasks to clarify the monitoring timescale, carry out sensor planning and construct the conceptual model of monitoring information. The accurate representation of monitoring tasks is the basis and premise of accurately and effectively obtaining disaster information.

1.1. Timescale Determination in Monitoring

As an important branch of geography, the meteorological disaster system has the dual attributes of “natural” and “social”, and it is also “scale” dependent on nature. On the one hand, the dependence is manifested in the significant timescale effect of disaster factors. Table 1 summarizes the appropriate observation timescale for different meteorological disaster factors [1][2][3]. On the other hand, the dependence is reflected in disaster measurement and monitoring methods, and there are also significant timescale effects [4][5]. For instance, it is necessary to choose remote sensing data with a short cycle for monitoring typhoons with drastic change. Therefore, the timescale is one of the original characteristics of meteorological disasters.
Table 1. Appropriate observation timescale for different meteorological disaster elements.
Scale Classifications Timescales Applicable Types of Disaster Elements
Extent Granularity
(/y)		 Pregnant Environment Causing Factor Disaster-Bearing Body
Time Range(/y) Timespan(/y)
Extra-long scale >100 >1000 100 Solar activity, climate change, landform change - Human, economic, environmental, social, and other major categories
100–1000 10, 50, 100
Long scale 10–100 50–100 10 Climate change, desertification, soil erosion - Human, economic, environmental, social, and other major categories
10–50 1, 5, 10
Meso scale 1–10 5–10 1 Land use, vegetation cover Drought, precipitation, cold wave Population (rural population, urban population, etc.), industry (heavy industry, light industry, etc.), agriculture (planting industry, breeding industry, etc.), construction (infrastructure, housing, etc.), transportation (land transport, water transport, etc.) and objects in the primary and secondary classifications in other categories.
1–5 1 month, 1 year
Short scale ≤1 1 year 10 days, 1 month, 1 season - Rainstorms, typhoons, high temperatures, cold waves, snowfall, hail, and other weather phenomena Population (rural youth population, urban youth population, etc.), industry (food processing industry, metal manufacturing, etc.), agriculture (corn, wheat, etc.), construction (factory, community, etc.), transportation (railway, aircraft, etc.) and other objects in the primary, secondary, and tertiary classifications in other categories
1 season 10 days, 1 month
10 days 1 day, 1 week
1 week 1 day
1 day 1 hour, 30 minutes, 1 minute
With the introduction of the timescale, when conducting meteorological disaster monitoring, the time boundary to be monitored should first be determined according to the time extent, and the disaster monitoring is limited to a certain period [6]. To understand the detailed characteristics of disasters in a certain period, the temporal dynamic characteristics of meteorological disasters can be obtained according to the time granularity [7][8]. Only by selecting a reasonable and appropriate timescale can the effectiveness of and difference in meteorological disaster monitoring be truly identified [9]. In practical applications, the temporal extent and granularity should be considered when selecting a reasonable timescale for meteorological disaster monitoring. It must be noted that there is often more than one applicable scale in scale selection, and multi-scale analysis is often required in the research.

1.2. Sensor Planning in Monitoring

There are three main types of sensor planning solutions: single sensor, multi-sensor in single platform, and multi-sensor in multiple platforms. For the planning of a single sensor, due to the small number of sensors, the data processing steps are relatively simple, and the data specifications between the multi-period data are unified [10]. For instance, Sivanpillai et al. studied rapid flood inundation mapping based on Landsat images [11]. However, due to the single sensor type, fewer types of disaster information can be monitored. When using a multi-sensor in a single platform, it refers to the remote sensing data collected by different sensors on the same platform. For instance, the operational land imager (OLI) data and the thermal infrared sensor (TIRS) data were contained in Landsat-8. Kumar et al. derived the flooded areas from Landsat 8 OLI-TIRS image [12]. Due to the limited number of sensors available on a single platform, it is also relatively easy to obtain information about the available sensor’s observation capabilities [13]. When using a multi-sensor on multiple platforms, because of the abundance of available data types, the types of disaster information that can be monitored are more diverse. For instance, Kyriou et al. also studied flood mapping, while the approach used data from active and passive remote sensing sensors such as Sentinel-1 and Landsat-8 [14]. In addition, the potential utility of multi-sensor data fusion for different phases of disaster management: vulnerability assessment, early warning systems, disaster mitigation, response, damage assessment and recovery are delineated [15]. However, the difficulty in using multi-source sensor data will increase to a certain extent, which is mainly reflected in the differences in data specifications (resolution, coordinate system, etc.), the inconsistency of the monitoring period, and the applicability of band fusion.
However, most sensor planning is based on the technical conditions of the sensor itself, which lacks the planning based on the meteorological disaster process monitoring; thus, this kind of planning method would not obtain detailed and specific solutions [16]. For example, it is difficult to directly obtain answers to questions such as “To monitor the status of a certain stage of a meteorological disaster, which combination of sensors is more suitable for current needs?”. Since each type of meteorological disaster has a unique evolutionary process, existing sensor planning methods cannot accommodate the long-term, continuous process monitoring requirements for a single disaster. Researchers are gradually focusing on sensor requirements for different meteorological disasters, analyzing the applicability of sensors according to three aspects: temporal, spatial, and spectral resolution. The existing research results are summarized in Table 2.
Table 2. Desired specifications of sensor focusing on meteorological disasters.
Types Revisit Period
(/d)		 Spatial Resolution
(/m)		 Spectral Resolution
(/nm)		 Spectral Range
(/μm)
Drought [17]   2–6 5–1000 2–50 0.76–14.0
Precipitation Flood [18] 1–2 0.5–30 5–50 0.76–2.5
Typhoon [19]   2–12 h 50–1000 5–50 0.76–2.5
Snow Snow cover [20] 1–2 5–30 2–50 0.76–2.5
Sea ice [21] 2–5 30–1000 10–50 0.76–2.5
Ice slush [22] 2–5 5–30 10–50 0.76–2.5

1.3. Monitoring Information Modeling

In disaster management, the use of multi-period, multi-area, multi-source, and multi-department meteorological disaster monitoring information has gradually become normal. If there is no uniform standard for meteorological disaster information, it will be difficult to share information in disaster management, which is disadvantageous to efficient monitoring and emergency warning [23]. Therefore, the establishment of a reasonable meteorological disaster information representation model is the basic aim of meteorological disaster process monitoring.
The unified management of the distributed sensors and data resources by establishing metadata model specifications has become an important method for disaster information modeling. Considering the universality of the model, it is usually divided into the general metadata model and the dedicated metadata model. General metadata models include Common Alert Protocol (CAP), Emergency Data Exchange Language Distribution Element (EDXL-DE) and EDXL-rm [24]. The dedicated metadata model is specific to specific types of disasters, such as Tsunami Warning Markup Language (TWML) [25][26] and Cyclone Warning Markup Language (CWML) [27], associated with meteorological disasters. However, these specifications are biased towards the service of disaster warning, do not emphasize the importance of disaster monitoring information, and are not fully applicable to the process monitoring needs [28].
The knowledge representation method can provide semantic integration among people, heterogeneous systems, and people-to-systems. The following related techniques are gradually being introduced to disaster information modeling: 1) Ontology. Ontology is helpful in expressing the concept of disaster and eliminating semantic heterogeneity. After the foundation of standardized geographic ontology proposed by Kolas et al. [29], more specific geospatial ontologies have been established in disaster management, such as MDO, DOLCE+DnS, etc. [30][31]; 2) Knowledge graph. The knowledge graph can describe various entities and their complex relationships and is good at expressing various entities or events existing in the real world. The graph frameworks for natural disaster monitoring and assessment have been established and are currently used to represent information on typhoons, landslides, and their secondary disasters [32].
In summary, the existing disaster information models rarely consider the spatio-temporal factor; most of them record spatio-temporal information as common attributes [33]. A meteorological disaster system is a typical kind of structure and process, which is inherently bound to time and space. Disaster monitoring information is closely related to the disaster evolution process. It is necessary to consider the time and space characteristics in the disaster monitoring information model to support the further formal description and in-depth analysis of disaster monitoring information according to the spatio-temporal framework.

2. Meteorological Disaster Information Extraction

2.1. Information Extraction of Pregnant Environment

The pregnant environment is the natural and human environment that causes disasters. The monitoring of the pregnant environment, mostly before the disaster occurs, and the monitoring results can help to evaluate the disaster risk and predict the disaster. For meteorological disasters, monitoring the pregnant environment is mainly carried out by the extraction of surface environmental information from the lithosphere to the atmosphere. There is a lot of information regarding the pregnant environment, such as altitude, slope, river, road, formation lithology, fault zone, etc., which can be divided into two categories: surface parameters and land cover.

Extraction of Surface Parameters

The methods of extracting surface parameters using remote sensing methods mainly include the empirical model method and the physical model method. The empirical model method is mainly implemented by establishing an empirical regression model between remote sensing observation signals and surface parameters [34]. To improve the precision of information extraction, the empirical model is constructed in the following two ways: (1) constructing the empirical model using the remote sensing data after the topographic correction; (2) direct use of topographic data (such as altitude, slope, aspect) to participate in the construction of empirical models [35]. However, the empirical model method is not strong in terms of spatio-temporal extension, and its applicability is often limited by time and space [36][37]. This is because the empirical model is based on a large number of remote sensing data characteristics and the corresponding statistical results of ground realities. The difference in weather and insolation at different times affects the characteristics of remote sensing data. The difference in land type in different spaces affects the statistical results of ground realities. Therefore, the empirical model built under a specific space-time is not suitable for a large-scale extension.
The main strategies for retrieving surface parameters based on physical models are as follows: (1) on the basis of considering the influence of local terrain on the imaging geometry, the surface parameters are extracted using a physical model that is suitable for a flat surface [38]; (2) on the basis of considering the spatial heterogeneity of the surface space, appropriately adjust the value range of the driving data of the existing flat physical model to make it more in line with the actual situation of the surface [39]; (3) develop physical models for specific terrain; this will also be the direction in which a great breakthrough may be made in the inversion modeling of special terrain surface parameters [40][41].

Extraction of Land Cover Information

To improve the accuracy of remote sensing extraction of land cover information, it is necessary to involve as much multi-source and multi-temporal remote sensing information and existing knowledge as possible, and also to develop scientific methods to effectively fuse heterogeneous information and eliminate redundancy [42][43]. A variety of methods have been developed to integrate multi-source information and can be summarized by the following three aspects: (1) based on the remote sensing image characteristics, such as spectral characteristics, shape characteristics, texture characteristics, and context characteristics, introduce the current mature artificial intelligence algorithms or mathematical methods, such as a decision tree model [44], Markov chain model [45], convolutional neural network model [46], etc., to develop a classification algorithm; (2) develop new classification algorithms to effectively coordinate multi-source and multi-temporal remote sensing data [47][48]; (3) introduce various thematic information and relevant geoscience knowledge into the research on land-cover classification with multi-source and heterogeneous information [49][50].
In recent years, with the acceleration of global urbanization, a great deal of infrastructure construction has rapidly changed land cover in a few decades or less [51]. The impact of urbanization on the changing pregnant environment, and even the occurrence of meteorological disasters, has gradually become one of the focuses of pregnant environment monitoring. Urbanization and urban consumption produce large amounts of greenhouse gases, which upset the balance of the earth’s ecosystem. This is a direct driver of climate change, contributing to global warming and to the deterioration of the pregnant environment in the ecosystem. Monitoring the pregnant environment under urbanization by remote sensing is an important reference to assess the risk of meteorological disasters [52]. For instance, Waghwala et al. assessed flood risk based on the satellite image of Resources-1, then they proposed that a change from a low to a high urbanization pattern is the main driver for increasing flood risk [53] (Figure 1).
Ijerph 19 03701 g002 550
Figure 1. (a) Urban flood risk area of year 1968; (b) Urban flood risk area of year 2006 [53].

2.2. Information Extraction of Causing Factor

The cause of meteorological disasters is the weather phenomena that may cause disasters. The characteristic parameters of meteorological disasters can reflect the genetic characteristics, structural characteristics, and development process characteristics of disasters and are an important basis for the monitoring and evaluation of the causes. The monitoring of causes based on disaster-characteristic parameters focuses on the type of characteristic parameter on the one hand and on the method of extraction used for each characteristic parameter on the other hand. The extraction of information regarding the causes of different meteorological disasters is discussed in the following parts.

Drought

In principle, remote sensing approaches to drought monitoring can be divided into two categories: 1) the change in soil moisture can cause changes of soil spectral characteristics; 2) the change in plant physiological processes caused by drought can change the spectral properties of leaves and significantly affect the spectral properties of plant canopy. Sensors for drought remote sensing include a visible light band, near-infrared band, thermal infrared band, microwave band, etc. The common approaches include the soil thermal inertia method, soil moisture inversion method, vegetation index method, surface temperature method, and composite index method (Table 3).
Table 3. Information extraction of drought.
Type Index/Method Description
Soil thermal inertia Apparent thermal inertia (ATI) [54] The higher the soil moisture content, the greater the soil thermal inertia, resulting in a small temperature difference between day and night.
Soil moisture Microwave-based soil moisture retrieval [55] The dielectric properties of liquid water are obviously different from those of dry soil.
Vegetation index Vegetation condition index (VCI) [56] Drought reduced the absorption of soil nutrients by vegetation and limited the growth of vegetation, resulting in changes in vegetation index.
Anomaly vegetation index (AVI) [57]
Vegetation health index (VHI) [58]
Surface temperature Temperature condition index (TCI) [59] Drought means that the soil water supply decreases, the surface temperature increases, the vegetation cover area will appear and the vegetation canopy temperature increases.
Normalized difference temperature index (NDTI) [60]
Composite index Temperature vegetation drought index (TVDI) [61] Considering the relationship between “vegetation index + land surface temperature” and drought. Due to the diversity of indexes, the inversion of these indexes usually depends on multi-source remote sensing data (Figure 3).
Synthesized drought index (SDI) [62]
Optimized meteorological drought index (OMDI) and optimized vegetation drought index (OVDI) [63]
 

References

  1. Esteban, M.; Yamamoto, L.; Jamero, L.; Mino, T. Time-Scale in Framing Disaster Risk Reduction in Sustainability. In Framing in Sustainability Science. Science for Sustainable Societies; Mino, T., Kudo, S., Eds.; Springer: Singapore, 2020.
  2. Orimoloye, I.R.; Belle, J.; Ololade, O. Leveraging Climate Projections and Remote Sensing Information for Drought Disasters Appraisal. In Proceedings of the American Association of Geographers (AAG) Annual Meeting 2021, Washington, DC, USA, 7–11 April 2021.
  3. Ahammed, K.; Pandey, A.C. Geospatial Application for Coastal Morphology Changes Along the Sand Mining Coast: A Case Study on Alappad, Kerala. In Recent Technologies for Disaster Management and Risk Reduction; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2021.
  4. Blaikie, P.; Cannon, T.; Davies, I.; Wisner, B. At Risk: Natural Hazards, People’s Vulnerability, and Disasters; Routledge: London, UK, 1994.
  5. Kumar, V.; Rachel, A.D. Application of a regional hurricane wind risk forecasting model forwood-frame houses. Risk Anal. 2007, 27, 45–58.
  6. Zhao, N.; Yu, X.; Hou, K.; Liu, X.; Wang, H. Full-time scale resilience enhancement framework for power transmission system under ice disasters. Int. J. Elec. Power 2021, 126, 106609.
  7. Jain, V.; Davidson, R.; Rosowsky, D. Modeling changes in hurricane risk over time. Nat. Hazards Rev. 2005, 6, 88–96.
  8. Ghozat, A.; Sharafati, A.; Hosseini, S.A. Long-term spatiotemporal evaluation of CHIRPS satellite precipitation product over different climatic regions of Iran. Theor. Appl. Climatol. 2021, 143, 211–225.
  9. Kaplan, S.; Garrick, B. On the Quantitative Definition of Risk. Risk Anal. 1981, 1, 11–27.
  10. Al-Ghamdi, K.; Hermas, E.S. Assessment of dune migration hazards against landuse northwest Al-lith City, Saudi Arabia, using multi-temporal satellite imagery. Arab. J. Geosci. 2015, 8, 11007–11018.
  11. Sivanpillai, R.; Jacobs, K.M.; Mattilio, C.M.; Piskorski, E.V. Rapid flood inundation mapping by differencing water indices from pre- and post-flood Landsat images. Front. Earth Sci. 2021, 15, 1–11.
  12. Kumar, R.; Singh, R.; Gautam, H.; Pandey, M. Flood Hazard Assessment of August 20, 2016 Floods in Satna District, Madhya Pradesh, India. Remote Sens. Appl. Soc. Envron. 2018, 11, 104–118.
  13. Sv, S.S.; Roy, P.S.; Chakravarthi, V.; Srinivasarao, G.; Bhanumurthy, V. Extraction of detailed level flood hazard zones using multi-temporal historical satellite data-sets–a case study of Kopili River Basin, Assam, India. Geomat. Nat. Haz. Risk 2017, 8, 792–802.
  14. Kyriou, A.; Nikolakopoulos, K. Flood mapping from Sentinel-1 and Landsat-8 data: A case study from river Evros, Greece. In Proceedings of the Earth Resources and Environmental Remote Sensing/GIS Applications, Toulouse, France, 20 October 2015.
  15. Rochon, G.L.; Niyogi, D.; Chaturvedi, A.; Arangarasan, R.; Madhavan, K.; Biehl, L.; Quansah, J.; Fall, S. Adopting Multisensor Remote Sensing Datasets and Coupled Models for Disaster Management. In Remote Sensing and GIS Technologies for Monitoring and Prediction of Disasters. Environmental Science and Engineering (Environmental Science); Nayak, S., Zlatanova, S., Eds.; Springer: Heidelberg/Berlin, Germany, 2008.
  16. Kotawadekar, R. Satellite data: Big data extraction and analysis. Artifi. Intell. Data Min. 2021, 177–197.
  17. Rhee, J.; Im, J.; Carbone, G.J. Monitoring agricultural drought for arid and humid regions using multi-sensor remote sensing data. Remote Sens. Environ. 2010, 114, 2875–2887.
  18. Faisal1, A.; Khan, H.A.H. Application of GIS and remote sensing in disaster management: A critical review of flood management. Proceedings of International Conference on Disaster Risk Mitigation, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 23–24 September 2017.
  19. Hu, T.; Zhang, R.; Wang, J.; Zhang, Y. Review of Typhoon Monitoring Technology based on Remote Sensing Satellite Data. Remote Sens. Technol. Appl. 2013, 28, 994–999.
  20. Jiang, H.; Qin, Q.; Zhang, N.; Zhao, S.; You, L.; Dong, H. A comparative study on snow cover monitoring of different spatial resolution remote sensing images. In Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Cape Town, South Africa, 12–17 July 2009.
  21. Yuan, S.; Liu, C.; Liu, X.; Zhang, Y. Research advances in remote sensing monitoring of sea ice in the Bohai sea. Earth Sci. Inform. 2021, 14, 1729–1743.
  22. Liu, R.; Zhou, C.; Liang, Q. Monitoring the Changes of Ice Shelf and Glaciers Around Zhongshan Station Using Multiple-Source Remote Sensing Data. Chin. J. Polar Res. 2017, 29, 446–453.
  23. Clark, N.E. Towards a standard licensing scheme for the access and use of satellite earth observation data for disaster management. Acta Astronaut. 2017, 139, 325–331.
  24. Iannella, R. Towards a National Emergency Warning Framework. Available online: https://publications.csiro.au/rpr/pub?pid=nicta:2028 (accessed on 10 January 2022).
  25. Robinson, K.; Iannella, R. Information Standards for Disaster Response and Recovery. Available online: http://xml.coverpages.org/RobinsonIannella-Disaster2006.pdf (accessed on 10 January 2022).
  26. Corporation, W. System and Method for Flexibly Sending Commercial Mobile Alert System Messages (CMAS) and Earthquake and Tsunami Warning System (EWTS) Alert Messages. Available online: https://www.freepatentsonline.com/y2015/0281928.html (accessed on 10 January 2022).
  27. Cyclone Warning Markup Language (CWML) (Version 1.0). Available online: http://xml.coverpages.org/NICTA-CWML-v10-2006.pdf (accessed on 10 January 2022).
  28. Frye, S.; Percivall, G.; Moe, K.; Mandl, D.; Handy, M.; Evans, J. Towards a sensor web architecture for Disaster management: Insights from the Namibia flood pilot. In Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Melbourne, VIC, Australia, 21–26 July 2013; pp. 807–810.
  29. Kolas, D.; Hebeler, J.; Dean, M. Geospatial Semantic Web: Architecture of Ontologies. In GeoSpatial Semantics. GeoS 2005. Lecture Notes in Computer Science; Rodríguez, M.A., Cruz, I., Levashkin, S., Egenhofer, M.J., Eds.; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2005.
  30. Zhong, S.; Fang, Z.; Zhu, M.; Huang, Q. A geo-ontology-based approach to decision-making in emergency management of meteorological disasters. Nat. Hazards 2017, 89, 531–554.
  31. Subedi, J.; Houston, J.B.; Sherman-Morris, K. Interdisciplinary Research as an Iterative Process to Build Disaster Systems Knowledge. Risk Anal. 2021, 41, 1072–1077.
  32. Li, Z.; Xu, S.; Li, B.; Li, J. Information fusion technology of disaster scenario based on knowledge graph. J. North China Inst. Sci. Tech. 2019, 16, 1–5.
  33. Yang, C.; Luo, J.; Hu, C.; Tian, L.; Li, J.; Wang, K. An Observation Task Chain Representation Model for Disaster Process-Oriented Remote Sensing Satellite Sensor Planning: A Flood Water Monitoring Application. Remote Sens. 2018, 10, 375.
  34. Huang, T.; Sun, H.; Kim, K.J.; Nikovski, D.; Xie, L. A Holistic Framework for Parameter Coordination of Interconnected Microgrids against Disasters. arXiv 2020, arXiv:2006.13840.
  35. Hendrawan, V.; Komori, D. Developing flood vulnerability curve for rice crop using remote sensing and hydrodynamic modeling. Int. J. Disast. Risk Re. 2021, 54, 102058.
  36. Blackard, J.A.; Finco, M.V.; Helmer, E.H.; Holden, G.R.; Hoppus, M.L.; Jacobs, D.M.; Lister, A.J.; Moisen, G.G.; Nelson, M.D.; Riemann, R.; et al. Mapping U.S. forest biomass using nationwide forest inventory data and moderate resolution information. Remote Sens. Environ. 2008, 112, 1658–1677.
  37. Yang, G.J.; Pu, R.L.; Zhang, J.X.; Zhao, C.J.; Feng, H.K.; Wang, J.H. Remote sensing of seasonal variability of fractional vegetation cover and its object-based spatial pattern analysis over mountain areas. ISPRS J. Photogramm. 2013, 77, 79–93.
  38. Salsabila, H.N.; Sahitya, A.F.; Mahyatar, P. Spatio-temporal pattern analysis of forest fire event in South Kalimantan using integration remote sensing data and GIS for forest fire disaster mitigation. IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 2020, 540, 012011.
  39. Zhong, Z.; Chen, N.; Hu, G.; Han, Z.; Ni, H. Aggravation of debris flow disaster by extreme climate and engineering: A case study of the Tongzilin Gully, Southwestern Sichuan Province, China. Nat. Hazards 2021, 109, 237–253.
  40. Gonsamo, A.; Chen, J.M. Improved LAI algorithm implementation to MODIS data by incorporating background, topography, and foliage clumping information. IEEE T. Geosci. Remote 2014, 52, 1076–1088.
  41. Pasolli, L.; Asam, S.; Castelli, M.; Bruzzone, L.; Wohlfahrt, G.; Zebisch, M.; Notarnicola, C. Retrieval of Leaf Area Index in mountain grasslands in the Alps from MODIS satellite imagery. Remote Sens. Environ. 2015, 165, 159–174.
  42. Hidayat, R.; Arymurthy, A.M.; Dewantara, D.S. Disaster Impact Analysis Uses Land Cover Classification, Case study: Petobo Liquefaction. In Proceedings of the 2020 3rd International Conference on Computer and Informatics Engineering (IC2IE), Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 15–16 September 2020; pp. 432–436.
  43. Chinnasamy, P.; Honap, V.U.; Maske, A.B. Impact of 2018 Kerala Floods on Soil Erosion: Need for Post-Disaster Soil Management. J. Indian Soc. Remote Sens. 2020, 48, 1373–1388.
  44. Zhu, L.J.; Xiao, P.F.; Feng, X.Z.; Zhang, X.L.; Wang, Z.; Jiang, L.Y. Support vector machine-based decision tree for snow cover extraction in mountain areas using high spatial resolution remote sensing image. J. Appl. Remote Sens. 2014, 8, 084698.
  45. Aurdal, L.; Huseby, R.B.; Eikvil, L.; Solberg, R.; Vikhamar, D.; Solberg, A. Use of hidden Markov models and phenology for multitemporal satellite image classification: Applications to mountain vegetation classification. In Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Analysis of Multi-Temporal Remote Sensing Images, Biloxi, MS, USA, 16–18 May 2005; pp. 220–224.
  46. Jin, B.; Ye, P.; Zhang, X.; Song, W.; Li, S. Object-Oriented Method Combined with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks for Land-Use-Type Classification of Remote Sensing Images. J. Indian Soc. Remote Sens. 2019, 47, 951–965.
  47. Campos, N.; Lawrence, R.; McGlynn, B.; Gardner, K. Effects of LiDAR-Quickbird fusion on object-oriented classification of mountain resort development. J. Appl. Remote Sens. 2010, 4, 043556.
  48. Reese, H.; Nordkvist, K.; Nyström, M.; Bohlin, J.; Olsson, H. Combining point clouds from image matching with SPOT 5 multispectral data for mountain vegetation classification. Int. J. Remote Sens. 2015, 36, 403–416.
  49. Osman, J.; Inglada, J.; Dejoux, J.F.; Hagolle, O.; Dedieu, G. Crop mapping by supervised classification of high resolution optical image time series using prior knowledge about crop rotation and topography. In Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Melbourne, VIC, Australia, 21–26 July 2013; pp. 2832–2835.
  50. Soni, P.K.; Rajpal, N.; Mehta, R.; Kumar, V. Urban land cover and land use classification using multispectral sentinal-2 imagery. Multimed. Tools Appl. 2021, 1–15.
  51. Shakya, A.K.; Ramola, A.; Kashyap, A.; Van Pham, D.; Vidyarthi, A. Susceptibility Assesment of Changes Developed in the Landcover Caused Due to the Landslide Disaster of Nepal from Multispectral LANDSAT Data. In Futuristic Trends in Networks and Computing Technologies; Singh, P., Sood, S., Kumar, Y., Paprzycki, M., Pljonkin, A., Hong, W.C., Eds.; Springer: Singapore, 2020.
  52. He, X.; Zou, A. The Risk Assessment of Urban Flood Disaster Based on Elevation Ladder Data. Adv. Mater. Res. 2012, 446, 3046–3050.
  53. Waghwala, R.K.; Agnihotri, P.G. Flood risk assessment and resilience strategies for flood risk management: A case study of Surat City. Int. J. Disast. Risk Re. 2019, 40, 101155.
  54. Price, J.C. On the analysis of thermal infrared imagery: The limited utility of apparent thermal inertia. Remote Sens. Environ. 1985, 18, 59–73.
  55. Li, X. A study on soil moisture monitoring by using microwave remote sensing. Remote Sens. Technol. Appl. 1995, 10, 1–8.
  56. Kogan, F.N. Remote sensing of weather impacts on vegetation in non-homogeneous areas. Int. J. Remote Sens. 1990, 11, 1405–1419.
  57. Chen, W.; Xiao, Q.; Sheng, Y. Application of anomaly vegetation index to monitoring heavy drought in 1992. Remote Sens. Environ. China 1994, 9, 106–112.
  58. Kogan, F.N. Operational space technology for global vegetation assessment. B. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 2001, 82, 1949–1964.
  59. Kogan, F.N. Application of vegetation index and brightness temperature for drought detection. Adv. Space Res. 1995, 15, 91–100.
  60. Peng, J.; Liu, Y.; Loew, A. Uncertainties in Estimating Normalized Difference Temperature Index from TOA Radiances. IEEE T. Geosci. Remote 2013, 51, 2487–2497.
  61. Wang, P.; Wan, Z.; Gong, J.; Li, X.; Wang, J. Advances in drought monitoring by using remotely sensed normalized difference vegetation index and land surface temperature products. Adv. Earth Sci. 2003, 18, 527–533.
  62. Du, L.; Tian, Q.; Yu, T.; Meng, Q.; Jancso, T.; Udvardy, P.; Huang, Y. A comprehensive drought monitoring method integrating MODIS and TRMM data. Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. 2013, 23, 245–253.
  63. Hao, C.; Zhang, J.; Yao, F. Combination of multi-sensor remote sensing data for drought monitoring over Southwest China. Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. 2015, 35, 270–283.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Contributor MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Peng Ye
View Times: 380
Revisions: 2 times (View History)
Update Date: 19 Apr 2022
Table of Contents
    1000/1000
    Hot Most Recent
    Feedback