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The vegetation in constructed wetlands (CWs) plays an important role in wastewater treatment. Popularly, the common emergent plants in CWs have been vegetation of natural wetlands. However, there are ornamental flowering plants that have some physiological characteristics similar to the plants of natural wetlands that can stimulate the removal of pollutants in wastewater treatments.
Country |
Type of Wastewater |
Vegetation |
Removal Efficiency of Pollutants (%) |
Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Brazil |
Domestic |
Heliconia psittacorum |
TSS: 88, COD: 95, BOD: 95 |
Paulo et al. [26] |
Domestic |
Alpinia purpurataArundina bambusifoliaCanna spp. Heliconia psittacorum L.F. |
COD: 48-90, PO4-P: 20, TKN: 31 and TSS: 34. |
Paulo et al. [27] |
|
Swine |
Hedychium coronarium Heliconia rostrata |
COD: 59, TP: 44, TKN: 34 and NHx 35 COD: 57, TP: 38, TKN: 34 and NHx: 37 |
Sarmento et al. [28] |
|
Hemerocallis flava |
COD: 72, BOD: 90, TN: 52, TP: 41 and SST: 72. |
Prata et al. [29] |
||
Heliconia psittacorum L.F. |
Teodoro et al. [30] |
|||
China |
Municipal |
Canna indica |
COD: 77, BOD: 86, TP: >82, TN: >45 |
Shi et al. [31] |
Aquaculture ponds |
Canna indica mixed with other species |
BOD: 71, TSS: 82, chlorophyll-a: 91.9, NH4-N: 62, NO3-N: 68 and TP: 20. |
Li et al. [32] |
|
Domestic |
Canna indica Linn |
COD: 82.31, BOD: 88.6, TP: >80, TN: >85 |
Yang et al. [33] |
|
Municipal |
Canna indica |
NH4-N: 99, PO4-P: 87 |
Zhang et al. [34] |
|
Drain of some factories |
R. carnea, I. pseudacorus, L. salicaria |
COD: 58-92, BOD: 60-90 TN: 60-92, TP: 50-97, |
Zhang et al. [35] |
|
River |
Canna sp |
COD: 95, N-NH4: 100, N-NO3: 76, TN: 72 |
Sun et al. [36] |
|
Domestic |
Canna indica |
TP: 60, NH4-N: 30-70, TN: ~25 |
Cui et al. [37] |
|
Aquaculture ponds |
Canna indica mixed with other natural wetland plants |
BOD: 56, COD: 26, TSS: 58, TP: 17, TN: 48 and NH4-N: 34. |
Zhang et al. [38] |
|
Wastewater from a student dormitory (University) |
Canna indica mixed with other natural wetland plants |
COD: 50–70, BOD: 60–80, N-NO3: 65–75, TP: 50–80 |
Qiu et al. [39] |
|
Domestic |
Canna indica and Hedychium coronarium |
TP: 40–70 |
Wen et al. [40] |
|
Polluted river |
Iris pseudacorus mixed with other natural wetland plants |
TN: 68, NH4-N: 93, TP: 67 |
Wu et al. [41] |
|
Sewage |
Iris pseudacorus, mixed with other plants of natural wetlands |
TN: 20 and TP: 44 |
Xie et al. [42] |
|
Municipal |
Canna indica |
COD: 60, NO3-N: 80, TN: 15, TP: 52 |
Chang et al. [43] |
|
Simulated polluted river water |
Iris sibirica |
COD: 22, TN: 46, NH4-N: 62, TP: 58 |
Gao et al. [44] |
|
Synthetic |
Canna sp |
Fluoride: 51, Arsenic: 95 |
Li et al. [45] |
|
Simulated polluted river water |
Iris sibirica |
Cd: 92 |
Gao et al. [46] |
|
Synthetic |
Canna indica L. |
N: 56–60 |
Hu et al. [47] |
|
Synthetic (hydrophonic sol.) |
Canna indica L. |
TN: 40–60, N-NO3: 20–95, NH4-N: 20–55 |
Wang et al. [48] |
|
Chile |
Sewage |
Zantedeschia aethiopica, Canna spp. and Iris spp |
BOD: 82, TN: 53, TP: 60. |
Morales et al. [49] |
Sewage |
Tulbaghia violácea, and Iris pseudacorus. |
BOD: 57–88, COD: 45–72, TSS: 70–93, PO4-P: 6–20. |
Burgos et al. [50] |
|
Ww rural community |
Zantedeschia aethiopica |
Organic matter: 60%, TSS: 90% |
Leyva et al. [51] |
|
Colombia |
Domestic |
Heliconia psíttacorum |
NH3: 57 COD: 70 |
Gutiérrez-Mosquera and Peña-Varón [52] |
Synthetic landfill leachate |
Heliconia psittacorum |
COD, TKN and NH4 (all: 65–75) |
Madera-Parra et al. [53] |
|
Cattle bath |
Alpinia purpurata |
SST: 58, TP: 85, COD: 63 |
Marrugo-Negrete et al. [54] |
|
Municipal |
Heliconia psitacorum |
Bisphenol A: 73, Nonylphenols: 63 |
Toro-Vélez et al. [55] |
|
Costa Rica |
Dairy raw manure |
Ludwigia inucta, Zantedechia aetiopica, Hedychium coronarium and Canna generalis |
BOD: 62, NO3-N: 93, PO4-P: 91, TSS: 84 |
León and Cháves [56] |
Egypt |
Municipal |
Canna sp |
TSS: 92, COD: 88, BOD: 90 |
Abou-Elela and Hellal [57] |
Municipal |
Canna sp |
TSS: 92, COD: 92, BOD: 92 |
Abou-Elela et al. [58] |
|
India |
Paper mill effluent |
Canna indica |
9,10,12,13-tetrachlor- ostearic acid: 92 and 9,10-dichlorostearic acid: 96 |
Choudhary et al. [59] |
Synthetic |
Canna indica |
Dye: 70–90 COD: 75 |
Yadav et al. [60] |
|
Synthetic greywater |
Heliconia angusta |
COD:40, BOD: 70, TSS: 62, TDS: 19 |
Saumya et al. [61] |
|
Domestic |
Canna generalis |
TN: 52, T-PO3: 9 |
Ojoawo et al. [62] |
|
Collection pond |
Canna Lily |
BOD: 70–96, COD: 64–99 |
Haritash et al. [63] |
|
Hostel greywater |
Canna indica |
COD, TKN and Pathogen all up 70 |
Patil and Munavalli, [64] |
|
Domestic |
Polianthus tuberosa L. |
Heavy metals (Pb and Fe: 73–87), (Cu and Zn: 31–34) and Ni and Al: 20–26 |
Singh and Srivastava [65] |
|
Ireland |
Domestic |
Iris pseudacorus |
TN: 30, TP:28 |
Gill and O’Luanaigh [66] |
Italy |
Synthetic |
Zantedeschia aethiopica, Canna indica |
N: 65–67, P: 63–74, Zn and Cu: 98–99, Carbamazepine: 25–51, LAS: 60–72 |
Macci et al. [67] |
Kenya |
Flower farm |
Canna spp. |
BOD: 87, COD: 67, TSS: 90, TN: 61 |
Kimani et al. [68] |
Mexico |
Municipal |
Zantedeschia aethiopoca |
COD: 35, TN: 45.6 |
Belmont and Metcalfe [69] |
Domestic |
ZantedeschiaAethiopica and Canna flaccid |
SST: 85.9, COD: 85.8, NO3-N: 81.7, NH4-N: 65.5, NT: 72.6 |
Belmont et al. [70] |
|
Coffee processing |
Heliconia psittacorum |
COD: 91, Coliformes: 93 |
Orozco et al. [71] |
|
Domestic |
Strelitzia reginae, Zantedeschia esthiopica, Canna hybrids, Anthurium andreanum, Hemerocallis Dumortieri |
COD: >75, P: >66, Coliforms: 99 |
Zurita et al. [72] |
|
Domestic |
Zantedeschia aethiopica |
BOD: 79, TN: 55, PT: 50 |
Zurita et al. [73] |
|
Wastewater form canals |
Zantedeschia aethiopica |
COD: 92, N-NH4: 85, P-PO4: 80 |
Ramírez-Carrillo et al. [74] |
|
Municipal |
Strelitzia reginae, Anthurium, andreanum. |
TSS: 62, COD: 80, BOD: 82, TP: >50, TN: >49 |
Zurita et al. [75] |
|
Groundwater |
Zantedeschia aethiopica and Anemopsis californica |
As: 75–78 |
Zurita et al. [76] |
|
Domestic |
Gladiolus spp |
BOD: 33, TN: 53, TP: 75 |
Castañeda and Flores [77] |
|
Mixture of greywater (from a cafeteria and research laboratories) |
Zantedeschia aethiopica and Canna indica |
COD: 65, NT: 22.4, PT: 5. |
Zurita and White [78] |
|
Domestic |
Zantedeschia aethiopica |
BOD: 70 |
Hallack et al. [79] |
|
Domestic |
Heliconia stricta, Heliconia psittacorum and Alpinia purpurata |
BOD: 48, COD: 64, TP: 39, TN: 39 |
Méndez-Mendoza et al. [80] |
|
Municipal |
Canna hybrids and Strelitzia reginae |
DQO: 86, NT: 30–33, PT: 24–44 |
Merino-Solís et al. [81] |
|
Municipal |
Zantedeschia aethiopica and Strelitzia reginae |
COD: 75, TN: 18, TP: 2, TSS: 88. |
Zurita and Carreón-Álvarez [82] |
|
Domiciliar |
Spathiphyllum wallisii, Zantedechia aethiopica, Iris japonica, Hedychium coronarium, Alocasia sp, Heliconia sp. and Strelitzia reginae. |
N-NH4: 64-93 BOD: 22–96 COD: 25–64 |
Garzón et al. [83] |
|
Community |
Zantedeschia aethiopica, Lilium sp, Anturium spp and Hedychium coronarium |
NT: 47, PT: 33, COD: 67 |
Hernández [84] |
|
Stillage Treatment |
Canna indica |
BOD: 87, COD: 70 |
López-Rivera et al. [85] |
|
Artificial |
Iris sibirica and Zantedeschia aethiopica |
Carbamazepine: 50–65 |
Tejeda et al. [86] |
|
Community |
Alpinia purpurata and Zantedeschia aethiopica |
|
Marín-Muñiz et al. [87] |
|
Polluted river |
Zantedeschia aethiopica |
NO3-N: 45, NH4-N: 70, PO4-P: 30 |
Hernández et al. [18] |
|
Municipal |
Spathiphyllum wallisii, and Zantedeschia aethiopica |
|
Sandoval-Herazo et al. [88] |
|
University |
Strelitzia reginae |
|
Martínez et al. [21] |
|
Nepal |
Municipal |
Canna latifolia |
TSS: 97, COD: 97, BOD: 89, TP: >30 |
Sigh et al. [89] |
Portugal |
Tannery |
Canna indica mixed with other plants |
COD: 41–73, BOD: 41–58 |
Calheiros et al. [90] |
Community |
Canna flaccida, Zantedeschia aethiopica, Canna indica, Agapanthus africanus and Watsonia borbonica |
BOD, COD, P-PO4, NH4 and total coliform bacteria (all up to 84) |
Calheiros et al. [91] |
|
Spain |
Domestic |
Iris spp |
Bacteria: 37 |
García et al. [92] |
Municipal |
Iris pseudacorus |
Bacteria: 43 |
Ansola et al. [93] |
|
Sri Lanka |
Municipal |
Canna iridiflora |
BOD: 66, TP: 89, NH4-N: 82, N-NO3: 50 |
Weragoda et al. [94] |
Taiwan |
Domestic |
Canna indica |
N-NH4: 73, BOD: 11 |
Chyan et al. [95] |
Canna indica |
N-NH4: 57, N-NO3: 57 |
Chyan et al. [96] |
||
Thailand |
Domestic |
Canna spp |
COD: 92, BOD: 93, TSS: 84, NH4-N: 88, TP: 90 |
Sirianuntapiboon and Jitvimolnimit [97] |
Seafood |
Canna siamensis, Heliconia spp and Hymenocallis littoralis |
BOD: 91–99, SS: 52–90, TN: 72–92 and TP: 72–77 |
Sohsalam et al. [98] |
|
Domestic |
Heliconia psittacorum L.f. and Canna generalis L. Bailey |
TSS: Both > 88, COD: 42-83 |
Konnerup et al. [99] |
|
Fermented fish production |
Canna hybrid |
BOD, COD, TKN: ~ 97 |
Kantawanichkul et al. [100] |
|
Collection system for business and hotel |
Cannae lilies, Heliconia |
BOD: 92, TSS: 90, NO3-N: 50, TP: 46 |
Brix et al. [101] |
|
Domestic |
Crinum asiaticum, Spathiphyllum clevelandii Schott |
PO4-P: ~20 |
Torit et al. [102] |
|
Turkey |
Municipal |
Iris australis |
NH4-N: 91, NO3-N: 89, TN: 91 |
Tunçsiper [103] |
USA |
Domestic |
Canna flaccida, Gladiolus sp., Iris sp. |
Baceria: ~50 |
Neralla et al. [104] |
Nursery |
Canna· generalis, Eleocharis dulcis, Iris Peltandravirginica. |
N: ~50, P: ~60 |
Palomsky et al. [105] |
|
Domestic |
Iris pseudacorus L., Canna x. generalis L.H. Bail., Hemerocallis fulva L. and Hibiscus moscheutosL. |
BOD > 75, TSS > 88, Fecal baceteria > 93 |
Karathanasis et al. [14] |
|
Tilapia production |
Canna sp. |
TSS: 90, NO2-N: 91, NO3-N: 76, COD: 12.5 and NH3-N: 7.5 |
Zachritz et al. [106] |
|
Stormwater runoff |
Canna x generalis Bailey, Iris pseudacorus L., Zantedeschia aethiopica (L.) |
N and P Canna (>90), Iris (>30) Zantedeschia (>90) |
Chen et al. [107] |
|
Residential |
Aeonium purpureum and Crassula ovate, Equisetum hyemale, Nasturtium, Narcissus impatiens, and Anigozanthos |
TSS: 95 BOD: 97 |
Yu et al. [16] |
|
Vietnam |
Fishpond |
Canna generalis |
BOD: 50, COD: 25–55 |
Konnerup et al. [108] |
United Kingdom |
Herbicide polluted water |
Iris pseudacorus |
Atrazine: 90–100 |
McKinlay and Kasperek. [109] |