Submitted Successfully!
To reward your contribution, here is a gift for you: A free trial for our video production service.
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1
Mohmad Farooq Shaikh
 + 1959 word(s) 1959 2021-07-01 09:37:44 |
2 format correct
Vivi Li
 Meta information modification 1959 2021-08-04 04:21:06 |

Video Upload Options

Do you have a full video?
Send video materials Upload full video

Confirm

Are you sure to Delete?
Yes No
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
Shaikh, M.F.; Paudel, Y.N.; Angelopoulou, E.; Piperi, C.; Othman, I. Neurodegenerative Proteins in Epilepsy. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/12708 (accessed on 26 April 2024).
Shaikh MF, Paudel YN, Angelopoulou E, Piperi C, Othman I. Neurodegenerative Proteins in Epilepsy. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/12708. Accessed April 26, 2024.
Shaikh, Mohmad Farooq, Yam Nath Paudel, Efthalia Angelopoulou, Christina Piperi, Iekhsan Othman. "Neurodegenerative Proteins in Epilepsy" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/12708 (accessed April 26, 2024).
Shaikh, M.F., Paudel, Y.N., Angelopoulou, E., Piperi, C., & Othman, I. (2021, August 03). Neurodegenerative Proteins in Epilepsy. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/12708
Shaikh, Mohmad Farooq, et al. "Neurodegenerative Proteins in Epilepsy." Encyclopedia. Web. 03 August, 2021.
Neurodegenerative Proteins in Epilepsy
Edit
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/biology9060122

Lack of disease-modifying therapy against epileptogenesis reflects the complexity of the disease pathogenesis as well as the high demand to explore novel treatment strategies. In the pursuit of developing new therapeutic strategies against epileptogenesis, neurodegenerative proteins have recently gained increased attention. Owing to the fact that neurodegenerative disease and epileptogenesis possibly share a common underlying mechanism, targeting neurodegenerative proteins against epileptogenesis might represent a promising therapeutic approach.

neurodegeneration epileptogenesis alpha-synuclein Aβ tau

1. Introduction

Epileptogenesis refers to the gradual process by which the normal brain develops epilepsy. It involves an early brain-damaging insult, which prompts a cascade of molecular and cellular alterations that might ultimately lead to the occurrence of spontaneous seizures [1]. Epilepsy is a devastating brain disorder exhibited by an enduring susceptibility to induce epileptic seizures [2]. It is characterized by the occurrence (more than 24 h apart) of two unprovoked seizures, a single unprovoked seizure with a high risk of relapse, and the appearance of epileptic syndrome [3]. Epilepsy is caused by abnormal coordinated firing of neuronal cells mainly due to disparity among excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission [4]. Epilepsy has emerged as a serious global health concern affection around 70 million individuals of the population worldwide [5]. There is an increased understanding that epilepsy does not merely exist alone, and it is always associated with other neurobehavioral comorbidities, including cognitive impairment, depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, autism, etc., possibly sharing a bidirectional relationship [6][7]. Epilepsy is a disease where people at risk can be identified but nothing can be done to halt or prevent the disease progression [8]. Despite the availability of around 30 United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) approved anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) [9], these drugs only provide symptomatic relief rather than halting/terminating the disease progression. This clearly reflects the complex pathology of epilepsy, reflecting the further extensive need for pre-clinical and clinical research.
Though the precise cause of epilepsy is still elusive, seizures might be the consequence of any insult that disturbs the normal brain function. These insults comprise of acquired causes (stroke or traumatic brain injury), infectious (such as neurocysticercosis), and autoimmune diseases, as well as genetic mutations, etc. [2]. There is an increased understanding of the contribution of neuroinflammation, channelopathies, neurodegeneration, neurogenesis, neural reorganization, and plasticity in epilepsy [10][11]. In recent years, several findings have repeatedly reinforced the role of neuroinflammation in epilepsy [7][12][13], indicating that targeting brain inflammation might be a possible therapeutic strategy against epilepsy. Similarly, traumatic brain injury (TBI) also leads to post traumatic epilepsy (PTE) [14][15]. However, the time duration that the TBI leads to PTE is not well understood, with different existing opinions regarding the percentage that develop epilepsy after TBI. Epilepsy also exhibits idiopathic “genetic” etiology or symptomatic “acquired” elements. Several susceptibility genes encoding ion channels, including voltage-gated sodium, potassium, and calcium channels, have been unraveled from genetic investigations [11]. Mutations in three alpha subunit genes (SCN1A, SCN2A, SCN8A) of the voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) have been implicated in epilepsy [16]. Voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels, calcium-activated potassium channels, inwardly rectifying (Kir) channels, and tandem pore domain (K2P) channels have also been implicated in epilepsy [17]. The high-voltage-activated (HVA) Cav2.1 (P/Q-type) channel, encoded by CACNA1A, has been associated with early onset epileptic encephalopathy [18].
Neurodegeneration taking place near the epileptogenic regions may induce neuroinflammatory response, network re-organization, and/or a series of molecular changes that may contribute to the transformation of the normal brain to an epileptic state, i.e., temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) [19]. During epileptogenic phenomena, neurodegeneration mainly occurs in the hilus, cornu ammonis (CA)1, CA2 and CA3 pyramidal cell layer, and granule cells. Besides the hippocampus, neurodegeneration also occurs in the amygdala; the neighboring entorhinal, perirhinal, and para hippocampal cortices; the thalamus; and the cerebellum [20]. Neuroinflammation and excitotoxicity can result in neuronal loss [21], ultimately leading to changes in the hippocampal networks that account for epileptogenesis [22], further suggesting that the manipulation of neurodegenerative phenomena by inhibition of inflammation and excitotoxicity may limit the disruption of the hippocampal circuitry and the progression of epileptic seizures [23]. Moreover, there is evidence that neurodegenerative diseases and epileptogenesis after an acquired brain insult might share a common underlying mechanism [24].

2. Aβ-Mediated Neurodegeneration and Its Implication in Epilepsy

The β- and γ-secretase cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) generates Aβ, which is the key component of senile plaques and, along with abnormal Aβ accumulation, represents the hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). APP is a membrane-spanning protein exhibiting a large extracellular domain and a smaller intracellular domain. APP is acknowledged as the key source of the Aβ peptide observed in the neuritic plaques of AD patients and is a functionally crucial molecule in its full-length configuration, as well as being the source of several fragments with variable effects on neural function [25]. APP was shown to exert crucial physiological roles in the mammalian brain mainly by regulating the synaptic functions and neuronal survival, and even modulating GABA neurotransmission [26]. APP is extensively investigated against AD pathogenesis due to its role in the disease’s pathogenesis through the generation of toxic Aβ aggregates, potentially initiating neurodegeneration [27].
Progressive neurodegeneration, with subsequent cognitive and behavioral impairments, characterizes AD pathogenesis. Aβ aggregation into oligomers and eventually into fibrils is established as the driving mechanism for neurotoxicity [28]. Brain Aβ oligomers, rather than amyloid plaques, are highly associated with neuronal loss [29]. Aβ exists in two different isoforms, with Aβ40 being more abundant, whereas Aβ42 is more susceptible to aggregation and more relevant to the pathogenic process [30]. Intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of Aβ1-42 has been shown to mediate neurodegeneration and induce an AD-like phenotype in animals and non-human primates [31][32]. The underlying mechanisms behind Aβ1-42-induced neurodegeneration includes mitochondrial disruption, oxidative stress, degeneration of cholinergic neurons, and increased Aβ1-42 deposition, ultimately leading to cell death [33]. Furthermore, Aβ regulates the NMDA receptors (NMDARs) and disrupts the ionic balance between synaptic and extra synaptic NMDAR signaling [34][35]; however, the precise mechanism behind Aβ-mediated excitotoxicity stills remains obscure.
A plethora of data supports Aβ-mediated neurodegeneration in AD [36][37][38]. However, this neurodegenerative protein has also gained increased attention in epileptogenesis. Aβ has mainly been implicated in the pathology of acquired epilepsy, where increased amyloid production and deposition have been shown to contribute to acquired epilepsy [39]. In this case, spontaneous seizures are mainly initiated after injury to the normal brain as a result of brain trauma, stroke, infection, or SE [40]. Tg2576 mice expressing human APP with the Swedish mutation (K670N/M671L) guided by the hamster prion protein demonstrated electrically evoked seizures, as evident by the lower after-discharge threshold (ADT) current and increased vulnerability to kindling [39]. In accordance, Tg2576 mice exhibited spontaneous seizures, increased mortality, and lower thresholds to PTZ-induced seizures, suggesting that overexpression of APP might contribute to seizure activity in neurodegenerative disorders [41]. On the contrary, zebrafish larvae lacking APP are susceptible to PTZ-induced seizures. Moreover, it was unraveled that intact prion protein is required for the seizure susceptibility of APP mutants [42].
Investigating the role of Aβ in the context of epilepsy is of crucial importance based on several studies supporting a close association of AD and epileptic seizures, possibly sharing common underlying mechanisms [43][44][45]. In this respect, transgenic mice overexpressing mutant APP and producing excessive amounts of Aβ are crucial for understanding the mechanism of AD pathogenesis [46]. Familial AD (FAD) is the less prominent form of AD, with an earlier onset compared to sporadic AD (accounting for more than 90% of the AD cases). FAD has been associated with mutations in three major genes: APP, presenilin1 (PS-1), and presenilin 2 (PS-2), which ultimately induce an abnormal overproduction of Aβ [47]. PS-1 is the catalytic subunit of γ-secretase that contributes to the production of Aβ, and gene mutations have a tendency to increase the produced Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio [48]. Moreover, PS-1 mutations might also cause seizures independent of the APP processing [49]. In a study of APdE9 mice (carrying mutant human APPswe and PS1dE9 genes), a greater propensity of epileptic seizures was observed at the time of appearance of the first amyloid plaque compared to wild-type (WT) littermates. The Aβ-induced sustained depolarization was proposed as the cause of epileptic seizures in APdE9 mice [46]. APP metabolites and mainly the APP intracellular domain (AICD) might modulate the neuronal networks as evident by the abnormal electroencephalogram (EEG) spiking events and a strong susceptibility to induced seizures by transgenic mice overexpressing AICD and its binding partner Fe65 [49].
There is further evidence that the neurodegenerative proteins associated with AD are dysregulated during epileptogenesis. In the experimental model of TLE induced by electrical stimulation at an intratrain pulse frequency of 50 Hz in female SD rats, dysregulation in the proteins associated with Aβ processing, deposition, plaque formation, and Aβ-associated pathology was observed from bioinformatics analysis [50].
Pro-epileptogenic effects of Aβ have been reported in the 4-aminopyridine (4AP)-induced seizure model of male Wistar rats. More specifically, a single injection of Aβ was shown to facilitate 4AP-induced seizure expression and decrease the latency for 4AP-induced seizures. It further surged the number of generalized seizures, impaired the time for full recovery, and favored seizure-induced death. These pro-epileptogenic effects of Aβ have been correlated with the disruption of normal hippocampal function by affecting the synaptic efficacy and its coordinated network activity [51].
Kainic acid (KA) is an extensively used epileptogenic, and is the neuroexcitotoxic agent that acts on kainate receptors (KARs) in the central nervous system (CNS) [52]. Systemic administration of KA leads to prolonged seizures, resulting in excitotoxic hippocampal neuronal injury mainly in the CA3 area [53]. In an experimental model of induced TLE in male SD rats by KA (12 mg/kg, I.P.), increased APP expression and its processing enzymes was observed. It is worth noting that APP levels were only increased significantly at 2 and 12 days but not at 12 h post-KA administration when compared to normal control rats. In fact, in the control hippocampus, APP immunoreactivity was mainly located in the CA1-CA3 pyramidal neurons and in granule cells of the DG but not in glial cells. On the contrary, after 12 days of KA administration, APP was localized mainly in the glial cells of the hippocampus. Immunoreactive APP was found to mainly be localized in a subset of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-labelled reactive astrocytes. In addition, increased expression of beta-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) and several components of the γ-secretase complex such as presenilin 1 (PS-1), Nicastrin, presenilin enhancer 2 (PEN2), and anterior pharynx defective 1 (APH1), along with elevated expression of Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42, was observed in the hippocampus of KA-treated rats compared to normal controls. In accordance, treatment of primary rat astrocytic cultures with KA resulted in increased Aβ production/secretion without compromising the cell viability [54]. This finding suggests that activated astrocytes demonstrate a crucial role in KA-induced neuronal degeneration by upregulating APP expression and increasing Aβ peptide production. Furthermore, it implies that lowering/inhibiting Aβ levels might exert beneficial effects in lessening the seizures and reducing neurodegeneration [54].
The relation between Aβ and epilepsy has also been explored in clinical studies of patients with refractory epilepsy (RE) who had undergone resection of the temporal lobe or hippocampal sections. An increased expression of Aβ precursor protein (β-APP) was detected when compared to the controls. Moreover, immunostaining confirmed the localization of β-APP mainly in the neuronal cytoplasm and the axons of patients with RE. This finding indicates that elevated β-APP expression levels might play a crucial role in the pathomechanism underlying RE [55]. In the hippocampus and temporal lobe cortex of drug-resistant TLE patients who underwent temporal lobe resection, several molecular alterations that resemble those seen in AD patients were observed, including an upregulation of full-length APP expression and enhanced APP amyloidogenic processing, evident by increased phosphorylated APP (pAPP), Aβ42, and Aβ56 expression [56].
Although there is existing strong evidence that Aβ possibly contributes to the generation of epileptic seizures, and given the availability of several treatment strategies targeting Aβ [57], there is a lack of clinical studies targeting Aβ in epilepsy and therefore the therapeutic value of this intervention remains unanswered.

References

  1. Pitkänen, A.; Lukasiuk, K. Molecular and cellular basis of epileptogenesis in symptomatic epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2009, 14, 16–25.
  2. Devinsky, O.; Vezzani, A.; O’Brien, T.J.; Jette, N.; Scheffer, I.E.; Curtis, M.d.; Perucca, P. Epilepsy. Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers 2018, 3.
  3. Fisher, R.S.; Acevedo, C.; Arzimanoglou, A.; Bogacz, A.; Cross, J.H.; Elger, C.E.; Engel, J.J.; Forsgren, L.; French, J.A.; Glynn, M. ILAE official report: A practical clinical definition of epilepsy. Epilepsia 2014, 55, 475–482.
  4. Patel, D.C.; Tewari, B.P.; Chaunsali, L.; Sontheimer, H. Neuron–glia interactions in the pathophysiology of epilepsy. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2019, 20, 282–297.
  5. Thijs, R.D.; Surges, R.; O’Brien, T.J.; Sander, J.W. Epilepsy in adults. Lancet 2019, 393, 689–701.
  6. Mazarati, A.M.; Lewis, M.L.; Pittman, Q.J. Neurobehavioral comorbidities of epilepsy: Role of inflammation. Epilepsia 2017, 58, 48–56.
  7. Paudel, Y.N.; Shaikh, M.F.; Shah, S.; Kumari, Y.; Othman, I. Role of inflammation in epilepsy and neurobehavioral comorbidities: Implication for therapy. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2018, 837, 145–155.
  8. Dichter, M.A. Posttraumatic epilepsy: The challenge of translating discoveries in the laboratory to pathways to a cure. Epilepsia 2009, 50, 41–45.
  9. Vossler, D.G.; Weingarten, M.; Gidal, B.E.; American Epilepsy Society Treatments Committee. Summary of antiepileptic drugs available in the United States of America. Epilepsy Curr. 2018, 18, 1–26.
  10. Łukawski, K.; Andres-Mach, M.; Czuczwar, M.; Łuszczki, J.J.; Kruszyński, K.; Czuczwar, S.J. Mechanisms of epileptogenesis and preclinical approach to antiepileptogenic therapies. Pharmacol. Rep. 2018, 70, 284–293.
  11. Van Loo, K.M.; Becker, A.J. Transcriptional regulation of channelopathies in genetic and acquired epilepsies. Front. Cell. Neurosci. 2020, 13, 587.
  12. Vezzani, A.; Balosso, S.; Ravizza, T. Neuroinflammatory pathways as treatment targets and biomarkers in epilepsy. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 2019, 15, 459–472.
  13. Aronica, E.; Bauer, S.; Bozzi, Y.; Caleo, M.; Dingledine, R.; Gorter, J.A.; Henshall, D.C.; Kaufer, D.; Koh, S.; Löscher, W. Neuroinflammatory targets and treatments for epilepsy validated in experimental models. Epilepsia 2017, 58, 27–38.
  14. Webster, K.M.; Sun, M.; Crack, P.; O’Brien, T.J.; Shultz, S.R.; Semple, B.D. Inflammation in epileptogenesis after traumatic brain injury. J. Neuroinflamm. 2017, 14, 10.
  15. Brady, R.D.; Casillas-Espinosa, P.M.; Agoston, D.V.; Bertram, E.H.; Kamnaksh, A.; Semple, B.D.; Shultz, S.R. Modelling traumatic brain injury and posttraumatic epilepsy in rodents. Neurobiol. Dis. 2019, 123, 8–19.
  16. Escayg, A.; Goldin, A.L. Sodium channel SCN1A and epilepsy: Mutations and mechanisms. Epilepsia 2010, 51, 1650–1658.
  17. Bartolini, E.; Campostrini, R.; Kiferle, L.; Pradella, S.; Rosati, E.; Chinthapalli, K.; Palumbo, P. Epilepsy and brain channelopathies from infancy to adulthood. Neurol. Sci. 2020, 41, 749–761.
  18. Reinson, K.; Õiglane-Shlik, E.; Talvik, I.; Vaher, U.; Õunapuu, A.; Ennok, M.; Teek, R.; Pajusalu, S.; Murumets, Ü.; Tomberg, T. Biallelic CACNA1A mutations cause early onset epileptic encephalopathy with progressive cerebral, cerebellar, and optic nerve atrophy. Am. J. Med. Genet. A 2016, 170, 2173–2176.
  19. Acharya, M.M.; Hattiangady, B.; Shetty, A.K. Progress in neuroprotective strategies for preventing epilepsy. Prog. Neurobiol. 2008, 84, 363–404.
  20. Jutila, L.; Immonen, A.; Partanen, K.; Partanen, J.; Mervaala, E.; Ylinen, A.; Alafuzoff, I.; Paljärvi, L.; Karkola, K.; Vapalahti, M. Neurobiology of epileptogenesis in the temporal lobe. In Advances and Technical Standards in Neurosurgery; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2002; pp. 3–22.
  21. Vezzani, A.; Granata, T. Brain inflammation in epilepsy: Experimental and clinical evidence. Epilepsia 2005, 46, 1724–1743.
  22. Holopainen, I.E. Seizures in the developing brain: Cellular and molecular mechanisms of neuronal damage, neurogenesis and cellular reorganization. Neurochem. Int. 2008, 52, 935–947.
  23. Ambrogini, P.; Torquato, P.; Bartolini, D.; Albertini, M.C.; Lattanzi, D.; Di Palma, M.; Marinelli, R.; Betti, M.; Minelli, A.; Cuppini, R. Excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation and oxidant stress as molecular bases of epileptogenesis and epilepsy-derived neurodegeneration: The role of vitamin E. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis. 2019, 1865, 1098–1112.
  24. Casillas-Espinosa, P.M.; Ali, I.; O’Brien, T.J. Neurodegenerative pathways as targets for acquired epilepsy therapy development. Epilepsia Open. 2020.
  25. Turner, P.R.; O’Connor, K.; Tate, W.P.; Abraham, W.C. Roles of amyloid precursor protein and its fragments in regulating neural activity, plasticity and memory. Prog. Neurobiol. 2003, 70, 1–32.
  26. Tang, B.L. Amyloid precursor protein (APP) and GABAergic neurotransmission. Cells 2019, 8, 550.
  27. Murphy, M.P.; LeVine III, H. Alzheimer’s disease and the amyloid-β peptide. J. Alzheimer’s Dis. 2010, 19, 311–323.
  28. Jakob-Roetne, R.; Jacobsen, H. Alzheimer’s disease: From pathology to therapeutic approaches. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 3030–3059.
  29. DaRocha-Souto, B.; Scotton, T.C.; Coma, M.; Serrano-Pozo, A.; Hashimoto, T.; Serenó, L.; Rodríguez, M.; Sánchez, B.; Hyman, B.T.; Gómez-Isla, T. Brain oligomeric β-amyloid but not total amyloid plaque burden correlates with neuronal loss and astrocyte inflammatory response in amyloid precursor protein/tau transgenic mice. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 2011, 70, 360–376.
  30. Pauwels, K.; Williams, T.L.; Morris, K.L.; Jonckheere, W.; Vandersteen, A.; Kelly, G.; Schymkowitz, J.; Rousseau, F.; Pastore, A.; Serpell, L.C. Structural basis for increased toxicity of pathological aβ42: Aβ40 ratios in Alzheimer disease. J. Biol. Chem. 2012, 287, 5650–5660.
  31. Mokarizadeh, N.; Karimi, P.; Erfani, M.; Sadigh-Eteghad, S.; Maroufi, N.F.; Rashtchizadeh, N. β-Lapachone attenuates cognitive impairment and neuroinflammation in beta-amyloid induced mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Int. Immunopharmacol. 2020, 81, 106300.
  32. Sivaji, K.; Kannan, R.R.; Nandhagopal, S.; Ranjith, W.A.C.; Saleem, S. Exogenous human beta amyloid peptide interferes osteogenesis through Sox9a in embryonic zebrafish. Mol. Biol. Rep. 2019, 46, 4975–4984.
  33. Prakash, A.; Kumar, A. Role of nuclear receptor on regulation of BDNF and neuroinflammation in hippocampus of β-amyloid animal model of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurotox. Res. 2014, 25, 335–347.
  34. Raymond, C.R.; Ireland, D.R.; Abraham, W.C. NMDA receptor regulation by amyloid-β does not account for its inhibition of LTP in rat hippocampus. Brain Res. 2003, 968, 263–272.
  35. Zhang, Y.; Li, P.; Feng, J.; Wu, M. Dysfunction of NMDA receptors in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurol. Sci. 2016, 37, 1039–1047.
  36. Esposito, G.; Sarnelli, G.; Capoccia, E.; Cirillo, C.; Pesce, M.; Lu, J.; Calì, G.; Cuomo, R.; Steardo, L. Autologous transplantation of intestine-isolated glia cells improves neuropathology and restores cognitive deficits in β amyloid-induced neurodegeneration. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 22605.
  37. Kwon, K.J.; Kim, H.-J.; Shin, C.Y.; Han, S.-H. Melatonin potentiates the neuroprotective properties of resveratrol against beta-amyloid-induced neurodegeneration by modulating AMP-activated protein kinase pathways. J. Clin. Neurol. 2010, 6, 127–137.
  38. Bhattarai, P.; Thomas, A.K.; Zhang, Y.; Kizil, C. The effects of aging on Amyloid-β42-induced neurodegeneration and regeneration in adult zebrafish brain. Neurogenesis 2017, 4, e1322666.
  39. Chan, J.; Jones, N.C.; Bush, A.I.; O’Brien, T.J.; Kwan, P. A mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease displays increased susceptibility to kindling and seizure-associated death. Epilepsia 2015, 56, e73–e77.
  40. Staley, K. Molecular mechanisms of epilepsy. Nat. Neurosci. 2015, 18, 367.
  41. Westmark, C.J.; Westmark, P.R.; Beard, A.M.; Hildebrandt, S.M.; Malter, J.S. Seizure susceptibility and mortality in mice that over-express amyloid precursor protein. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol. 2008, 1, 157.
  42. Kanyo, R.; Leighton, P.L.; Neil, G.J.; Locskai, L.F.; Allison, W.T. Amyloid-β precursor protein mutant zebrafish exhibit seizure susceptibility that depends on prion protein. Exp. Neurol. 2020, 113283.
  43. Vossel, K.A.; Tartaglia, M.C.; Nygaard, H.B.; Zeman, A.Z.; Miller, B.L. Epileptic activity in Alzheimer’s disease: Causes and clinical relevance. Lancet Neurol. 2017, 16, 311–322.
  44. Friedman, D.; Honig, L.S.; Scarmeas, N. Seizures and epilepsy in Alzheimer’s disease. Cns Neurosci. Ther. 2012, 18, 285–294.
  45. Chin, J.; Scharfman, H.E. Shared cognitive and behavioral impairments in epilepsy and Alzheimer’s disease and potential underlying mechanisms. Epilepsy Behav. 2013, 26, 343–351.
  46. Minkeviciene, R.; Rheims, S.; Dobszay, M.B.; Zilberter, M.; Hartikainen, J.; Fülöp, L.; Penke, B.; Zilberter, Y.; Harkany, T.; Pitkänen, A. Amyloid β-induced neuronal hyperexcitability triggers progressive epilepsy. J. Neurosci. 2009, 29, 3453–3462.
  47. Bertram, L.; Lill, C.M.; Tanzi, R.E. The genetics of Alzheimer disease: Back to the future. Neuron 2010, 68, 270–281.
  48. Tang, N.; Dehury, B.; Kepp, K.P. Computing the Pathogenicity of Alzheimer’s Disease Presenilin 1 Mutations. J. Chem. Inf. Model. 2019, 59, 858–870.
  49. Vogt, D.; Thomas, D.; Galvan, V.; Bredesen, D.; Lamb, B.; Pimplikar, S. Abnormal neuronal networks and seizure susceptibility in mice overexpressing the APP intracellular domain. Neurobiol. Aging 2011, 32, 1725–1729.
  50. Von Rüden, E.-L.; Zellinger, C.; Gedon, J.; Walker, A.; Bierling, V.; Deeg, C.A.; Hauck, S.M.; Potschka, H. Regulation of Alzheimer’s disease-associated proteins during epileptogenesis. Neuroscience 2020, 424, 102–120.
  51. Alcantara-Gonzalez, D.; Villasana-Salazar, B.; Peña-Ortega, F. Single amyloid-beta injection exacerbates 4-aminopyridine-induced seizures and changes synaptic coupling in the hippocampus. Hippocampus 2019, 29, 1150–1164.
  52. Zheng, X.-Y.; Zhang, H.-L.; Luo, Q.; Zhu, J. Kainic acid-induced neurodegenerative model: Potentials and limitations. Biomed. Res. Int. 2011, 2011.
  53. Tsuchiya, D.; Hong, S.; Matsumori, Y.; Kayama, T.; Swanson, R.A.; Dillman, W.H.; Liu, J.; Panter, S.S.; Weinstein, P.R. Overexpression of rat heat shock protein 70 reduces neuronal injury after transient focal ischemia, transient global ischemia, or kainic acid-induced seizures. Neurosurgery 2003, 53, 1179–1188.
  54. Kodam, A.; Ourdev, D.; Maulik, M.; Hariharakrishnan, J.; Banerjee, M.; Wang, Y.; Kar, S. A role for astrocyte-derived amyloid β peptides in the degeneration of neurons in an animal model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain Pathol. 2019, 29, 28–44.
  55. Sima, X.; Xu, J.; Li, J.; Zhong, W.; You, C. Expression of β-amyloid precursor protein in refractory epilepsy. Mol. Med. Rep. 2014, 9, 1242–1248.
  56. Gourmaud, S.; Shou, H.; Irwin, D.J.; Sansalone, K.; Jacobs, L.M.; Lucas, T.H.; Marsh, E.D.; Davis, K.A.; Jensen, F.E.; Talos, D.M. Alzheimer-like amyloid and tau alterations associated with cognitive deficit in temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain 2020, 143, 191–209.
  57. Schenk, D.; Basi, G.S.; Pangalos, M.N. Treatment strategies targeting amyloid β-protein. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med. 2012, 2, a006387.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Biology
Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Mohmad Farooq Shaikh
,
Yam Nath Paudel
,
Efthalia Angelopoulou
,
Christina Piperi
,
Iekhsan Othman
View Times: 546
Revisions: 2 times (View History)
Update Date: 04 Aug 2021
Table of Contents
    1000/1000
    Hot Most Recent
    Feedback