Mining Industry Risk Assessment Methods: History
Subjects: Energy & Fuels
Contributors:
Sylwia Werbińska-Wojciechowska

Recently, there has been a growing interest in the mining industry in issues related to risk assessment and management, which is confirmed by a significant number of publications and reports devoted to these problems. However, theoretical and application studies have indicated that risk in mining should be analyzed not only in the human factor aspect but also in strategic (environmental impact) and operational ones. However, there is a lack of research on systematic literature reviews and surveys of studies that would focus on these identified risk aspects simultaneously. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to develop a literature review in the area of analysis, assessment, and risk management in the mining sector, published in the last decade and based on the concept of a human engineering system. Following this, a systematic search was performed with the use of Primo multi-search tool following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The main inclusion criteria were: (a) not older than 10 years, (b) article written in English, (c) publication type (scientific article, book, book chapter), (d) published in chosen electronic collections (Springer, Taylor and Francis, Elsevier, Science Direct, JSTOR). This resulted in the selection of the 94 most relevant papers in the area. First, a general bibliometric analysis was conducted. Later, the selected papers in this review were categorized into four groups and the critical review was developed. One of the main advantages of this study is that the results are obtained from different scientific sources/databases thanks to using a multi-search tool. Moreover, the authors identified the main research gaps in the area of the implementation of risk management in the mining industry.

  • risk assessment
  • mining industry
  • hazard event
  • disruptions

This article is focused on a literature review in order to provide a valuable resource for understanding the latest developments in risk management and assessment in the mining sector. The conducted research will be useful for many people, including risk managers, mining engineers, and researchers, who are interested in risk management/engineering issues. The authors believe that the conducted literature review will introduce the readers to the major up-to-date theory and practice in risk management/assessment problems in the mining sector. The presented study gives the possibility to identify the thematic structure related to risk assessment/management for the analyzed industry sector. In addition, it shows which topics from the studied scientific area are the most investigated in a given country/region. At the same time, the conducted analysis gave an opportunity to develop future research directions in the areas identified as research and knowledge gaps.

1. Introduction

Mining has always constituted one of the most dangerous industries. This is confirmed by data published in Eurostat, OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), or by national organizations, such as, in Poland, the State Mining Authority. The reports presented by these organizations indicate the main risk groups and the effects of their occurrence in mining plants. Prepared reports on accidents in mining indicate their causes and circumstances of occurrence. Thanks to this, it is possible to develop standards relating to actions taken to improve health and safety at work in mining, public safety, and environmental protection [1].
Moreover, the importance attributed to the risks associated with mining operations is determined not only by the fact that it is one of the most dangerous sectors of the economy but also by the scale of mining operations. Figure 1 shows total mining productions by continents in tons.
Applsci 10 05172 g001 550
Figure 1. Total mining productions by continents in 2018 in tons (developed on the basis of data available in the World Mining Data database. (World Mining Data provides an indispensable basis for commodity forecasts and activities in minerals policy at national and European level; it contains production of mineral commodities listed in detail by continents, country groups, development status, per capita income, economic blocks, political stability of producing countries, largest producers and others. The data are available online: https://www.world-mining-data.info/ (accessed on 13 July 2020).
 
Such an intensive mining process, which results in a huge scale of production, generates many risks related to both the operations and resources used, but also to the interaction between the mining system (mines) and the environment. This makes research on risk analysis, assessment and management for this sector particularly important, especially regarding ecological, social and economic aspects. Therefore, the demand for research in this area and new publications, especially for the most productive areas, such as Asia and North America, should continue to grow.
Because mines are a complex human engineering system, they are exposed to multi-faceted risk. Often, the result of this risk occurrence is the loss of life and health of people. It is important to note that these effects may apply not only to employees of mines, but also to the environment—i.e., for example, residents of areas adjacent to the mine. For this reason, the mining sector has been focusing for several years on the need to implement and develop various risk assessment and management concepts. This risk should be analyzed not only in the professional aspect (human factor) but also in strategic (environmental impact) and operational aspects (safety of machines and devices, correctness of the implemented mining process). Research conducted in Polish mining enterprises for several years confirmed that the attention of managers has been focused primarily on the specific risk that comes from within the mining company and is associated with the occurrence of natural and technical hazards, the effects of which are particularly severe for human health and life [2].
The emphasis on implementing the concept of risk management in mine operations is also reflected in the laws, regulations, and standards appearing in subsequent years that relate to risk assessment and management. An analysis of the currently applicable standards in this area has allowed us to distinguish 19 documents dedicated to the mining sector. It is worth noting that these standards can also be classified in accordance with the above-mentioned division of the analyzed risk into general and human-, machine-, and environment-focused standards. The division of the analyzed standards and directives is presented in Figure 2. Part of the presented standards are on a global scale, while others are related to the region of the European Union, but the figure also shows documents that are valid only in Poland. A detailed description of the standards is given in Appendix A, Table A1.
Applsci 10 05172 g002 550
Figure 2. Classification of the main risk-related standards for the mining sector (where: (W)—global scope of application, (E)—standards applicable in Europe, (P)—standards applicable in Poland).
 
The increasing importance of risk management in mining processes is also indicated by commercial reports prepared for the purpose of managing the mining sector. One such report is the Mining Risk Review, which is published by Willis Towers Watson. This report appeared for the first time in 2014, and since 2016 it has been published periodically every year. Each report deals with a different topic related to risk, but they all focus on emerging challenges for the mining sector and the threats therein. The list of topics covered in the years 2016—2019 is presented in Table 1. The second periodical risk report that deserves attention is the Risk and Opportunities for Mining that has been appearing for two years, published by KPMG International [3,4]. These reports present the results of research on the state of mining industry—risks and opportunities, key trends, and managers’ expectations for their organizations.
 
Table 1. The subjects of reports Mining Risk Review.

 

 

Year

Title

Goal

Main Topics

2016

Mining Risk Review 2016. Dealing with uncertainty [5]

Highlighting key developments within the industry and focusing on risk management issues

Private equity capital; social license to Operate; advances in 3D printing; maintaining tailings dam; geotechnical, people and environmental risk

2017

Mining Risk Review 2017. The future of mining is now [6]

Determination of four key challenges that mining industry must address in new, innovative ways and focusing on risk mitigation and transfer issues

Geopolitics; stakeholder relations; digitization; people

2018

Mining Risk Review 2018. Six key messages for the mining industry today [7]

Determining six key messages that are critical in ensuring that the industry remains on track

Mining risk is no longer an option; greater attention for managing project delivery; avoiding a regulatory headache; geopolitical tensions as a significant threat to the industry; Global insurance market capacity as a threat for thermal coal risks; possible change in insurance market dynamics

2019

Mining Risk Review 2019. Addressing uncertainty [8]

Addressing the uncertainties of mining risk and mining risk transfer

Digitization; bottlenecks; geopolitical risk; social economic development
The growing interest within the mining industry in issues related to risk assessment and management is also reflected in conducted scientific research. Therefore, in recent years, there have been more and more publications devoted to these issues. As a consequence, a large number of articles in a given area results in the appearance of review articles aimed at gathering, structuring and classifying knowledge about published scientific results. Analysis of publications from the last decade regarding literature reviews in the area of risk in the mining sector has allowed us to distinguish 20 articles. As well as standards, these articles can be thematically qualified into four groups: general, human factor, machine, and environment. The largest number of review articles concern research on the environmental impact of the mining sector [9–16]. Comparable attention was paid by researchers to conduct reviews on the risks related to the human factor. For this area, six review papers have appeared in the last decade. Analyses of human factor research have focused primarily on issues related to human health and safety (including accidents) [17–20] and work organization and team management [21,22]. There is a visible lack of review articles in the area of risks associated with mining machinery. The analyses carried out allowed us to identify only two reviews of literature devoted to machinery while taking into account the human factor issues [23,24]. The remaining four review articles were classified as general as they did not concern any of the groups distinguished above and were more general in nature [25–28].
Therefore, the aim of the article is to develop a literature review in the area of analysis, assessment and risk management in the mining sector, including (1) biometric analysis of publications from the period 2010–2020 using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) method, and (2) thematic analysis of the scope of analyzed publications, aimed at grouping research according to the adopted classification (human-machine-environment). Following this, the main contributions of this paper include:
- a summary of the research developed in the mining sector in the last decade in the area of risk assessment, risk management, risk analysis, and risk decision,
- conducting the qualification procedure in accordance with the adopted distribution criteria based on the concept of functioning of human engineering systems in the mining sector,
- identification of research gaps in the area of implementation of risk management concepts in the mining sector.
 
In conclusion, the outline of this review paper is as follows: In Section 2, we explain the method used to select and scan relevant journal articles on the topic of risk in the mining industry, which conforms to the PRISMA guidelines. This section also describes the strategy used for literature search process performance and criteria that were applied to assess the relevance of analyzed documents. Section 3 describes the main results of the conducted bibliometric analysis. Section 4 is focused on the presentation of results of thematic analysis aimed at grouping research according to the defined classification. Later, in Section 5, the literature research and knowledge gaps are identified. Finally, Section 6 ends with concluding remarks and recommendations for future studies.

 

 

This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/app10155172

References

  1. Wyższy Urząd Górniczy. State Mining Authority. Health and Safety at Work (In Polish). Available online: http://www.wug.gov.pl/bhp/stan_bhp_w_gornictwie (accessed on 15 June 2020).
  2. Jonek-Kowalska, I. Risk management in the hard coal mining industry: Social and environmental aspects of collieries’ liquidation. Resour. Policy 2014, 41, 124–134.
  3. Risk and Opportunities for Mining. Outlook 2020, KPMG International, 2020. Available online: https://home.kpmg/xx/en/home/insights/2020/02/2020-mining-risk-survey-report.html (accessed on 16 June 2020).
  4. Risk and Opportunities for Mining. Outlook 2019. KPMG International, 2019. Available online: https://home.kpmg/au/en/home/insights/2019/04/risks-and-opportunities-for-mining.html (accessed on 16 June 2020).
  5. Willis Towers Watson, Mining Risk Review. Dealing with Uncertainty, 2016. Available online: https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/55959431/mining-risk-review-2016 (accessed on 16 June 2020).
  6. Willis Towers Watson. Mining Risk Review. The Future of Mining Is Now, 2017. Available online: https://www.willistowerswatson.com/en-US/Insights/2017/09/mining-risk-review-2017 (accessed on 16 June 2020).
  7. Willis Towers Watson. Mining Risk Review. Six Key Messages for the Mining Industry Today, 2018. Available online:https://www.willistowerswatson.com/en-IN/insights/2018/09/mining-risk-review-2018-six-key-messages-for-the-mining-industry-today (accessed on 16 June 2020).
  8. Willis Towers Watson. Mining Risk Review. Addressing Uncertainty, 2019. Available online: https://www.willistowerswatson.com/en-US/Insights/2019/09/mining-risk-review-2019-addressing-uncertainty (accessed on 16 June 2020).
  9. Bach, L.; Norregaard, R.; Hansen, V.; Gustavson, K. Review on Environmental Risk Assessment of Mining Chemicals Used for Mineral Separation in the Mineral Resources Industry and Recommendations for Greenland. DCE Dan. Cent. Environ. Energy 2016, 203, http://dce2.au.dk/pub/SR203.pdf
  10. Fan, L.; Ma, X. A review on investigation of water-preserved coal mining in western China. Int. J. Coal Sci. Technol. 2018, 5, 411–416.
  11. Ghorbani, Y.; Kuan, S.H. A review of sustainable development in the Chilean mining sector: Past, present and future. Int. J. Min. Reclam. Environ. 2016, 31, 137–165.
  12. Li, J.; Zhuang, X.; Querol, X.; Font, O.; Moreno, N. A review on the applications of coal combustion products in China. Int. Geol. Rev. 2017, 60, 671–716.
  13. Meng, X.; Zhang, Y.; Zhao, Y.; Lou, I.C.; Gao, J. Review of Chinese Environmental Risk Assessment Regulations and Case Studies. Dose-Response 2011, 10, 274–296.
  14. Ordóñez-Alonso, A.; Alvarez, R.; Loredo, J. Asturian mercury mining district (Spain) and the environment: A review. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2013, 20, 7490–7508.
  15. Pokhrel, L.R.; Dubey, B. Global Scenarios of Metal Mining, Environmental Repercussions, Public Policies, and Sustainability: A Review. Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 43, 2352–2388.
  16. Pozo-Antonio, J.S.; Puente-Luna, I.; Lagüela-López, S.; Veiga-Ríos, M. Techniques to correct and prevent acid mine drainage: A review. DYNA 2014, 81, 73.
  17. Castelo Branco, J.; Rebbah, R.; Duarte, J.; Baptista, J. Risk assessment in the open pit mining industry—A Short review. Occup. Environ. Saf. Health 2019, 202, 13–21.
  18. Gul, M. A review of occupational health and safety risk assessment approaches based on multi-criteria decision-making methods and their fuzzy versions. Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. 2018, 24, 1723–1760.
  19. Nowrouzi, B.; Rojkova, M.; Casole, J.; Nowrouzi-Kia, B. A bibliometric review of the most cited literature related to mining injuries. Int. J. Min. Reclam. Environ. 2017, 31,276–285.
  20. Verma, S.; Chaudhari, S. Highlights from the literature on risk assessment techniques adopted in the mining industry: A review of past contributions, recent developments and future scope. Int. J. Min. Sci. Technol. 2016, 26, 691–702.
  21. Nyoni, W.; Pillay, M.; Rubin, M.; Jefferies, M. Organizational factors and risk management in the mining industry: An updated systematic literature review. Int. J. Occup. Environ. Saf. 2018, 3, 53–69.
  22. Nyoni, W.; Pillay, M.; Rubin, M.; Jefferies, M. The relationship between organizational factors and residual risk in the mining industry—A protocol for updating a systematic review. Int. J. Occup. Environ. Saf. 2019, 3, 29–37.
  23. Duarte, J.; Branco, J.C.; Matos, M.L.; Baptista, J.S. A systematic review protocol: Examining the evidence of whole body vibration produced by mining equipment. Int. J. Occup. Environ. Saf. 2018, 2, 53–58.
  24. Rogers, W.P.; Kahraman, M.M.; Drews, F.A.; Powell, K.; Haight, J.M.; Wang, Y.; Baxla, K.; Sobalkar, M. Automation in the Mining Industry: Review of Technology, Systems, Human Factors, and Political Risk. Min. Met. Explor. 2019, 36, 607–631.
  25. Kahraman, S.; Rostami, J.; Naeimipour, A. Review of Ground Characterization by Using Instrumented Drills for Underground Mining and Construction. Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 2015, 49, 585–602.
  26. Meagher, C.; Dimitrakopoulos, R.; Avis, D. Optimized open pit mine design, pushbacks and the gap problem—A review. J. Min. Sci. 2014, 50, 508–526.
  27. Newman, A.; Rubio, E.; Caro, R.; Weintraub, A.; Eurek, K. A Review of Operations Research in Mine Planning. Interfaces 2010, 40, 222–245.
  28. Ullah, M.F.; Alamri, A.M.; Mehmood, K.; Akram, M.S.; Rehman, F.; Rehman, S.U.; Riaz, O. Coal mining trends, approaches, and safety hazards: A brief review. Arab. J. Geosci. 2018, 11, 651.
  29. Liberati, A.; Altman, D.; Tetzlaff, J.; Mulrow, C.; Gøtzsche, P.; Ioannidis, J.; Clarke, M.; Devereaux, P.; Kleijnen, J.; Moher, D. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: Explanation and elaboration. PLoS Med. 2009, 6, doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000100.
  30. Belmonte, J.L.; Moreno-Guerrero, A.-J.; López-Núñez, J.-A.; Pozo-Sánchez, S. Analysis of the Productive, Structural, and Dynamic Development of Augmented Reality in Higher Education Research on the Web of Science. Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 5306.
  31. Pérez-Gómez, J.; Villafaina, S.; Adsuar, J.C.; Carlos-Vivas, J.; García-Gordillo, M. Ángel; Collado-Mateo, D. Copenhagen Adduction Exercise to Increase Eccentric Strength: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 2863.
  32. Rybarczyk, Y.; Zalakeviciute, R. Machine Learning Approaches for Outdoor Air Quality Modelling: A Systematic Review. Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 2570, doi:10.3390/app8122570.
  33. Shokravi, H.; Shokravi, H.; Bakhary, N.; Heidarrezaei, M.; Koloor, S.S.R.; Petrů, M. Application of the Subspace-Based Methods in Health Monitoring of Civil Structures: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 3607, doi:10.3390/app10103607.
  34. Badri, A.; Nadeau, S.; Gbodossou, A. A new practical approach to risk management for underground mining project in Quebec. J. Loss Prev. Process. Ind. 2013, 26, 1145–1158.
  35. Serpell, A.; Ferrada, X.; Howard, R. Assessing the Client's Risk Management Performance in Construction Procurement and Contracting: Case Studies. Procedia Eng. 2015, 123, 510–518.
  36. Asgarian, M.; Tabesh, M.; Roozbahani, A.; Bavani, E.B. Risk Assessment and Management of Wastewater Collection and Treatment Systems Using FMADM Methods. Iran. J. Sci. Technol. Trans. Civ. Eng. 2017, 42, 55–71.
  37. Domingues, M.S.; Baptista, A.; Diogo, M.T. Engineering complex systems applied to risk management in the mining industry. Int. J. Min. Sci. Technol. 2017, 27, 611–616.
  38. Freitas, S.; De Tomi, G.; Marin, T.; Rocha, M.M. Simulation-based risk quantification: A reconciliation-based performance analysis. Min. Technol. 2017, 126, 96–103.
  39. Torikian, H.; Kumral, M. Analyzing reproduction of correlations in Monte Carlo simulations: Application to mine project valuation. Georisk 2014, 8, 235–249.
  40. Hu, J.; Lin, B.; Yuan, M.; Lao, Z.; Wu, K.; Zeng, Y.; Liang, Z.; Li, H.; Li, Y.; Zhu, D.; et al. Trace metal pollution and ecological risk assessment in agricultural soil in Dexing Pb/Zn mining area, China. Environ. Geochem. Health 2018, 41, 967–980.
  41. Orsulak, M.; Vladislav, K.; Grayson, L.; Nieto, A. Risk assessment of safety violations for coal mines. Int. J. Min. Reclam. Environ. 2010, 24, 244–254.
  42. Prusek, S.; Rajwa, S.; Wrana, A.; Krzemień, A. Assessment of roof fall risk in longwall coal mines. Int. J. Min. Reclam. Environ. 2016, 31, 558–574.
  43. Donovan, S.-L.; Salmon, P.M.; Lenné, M.G.; Horberry, T. Safety leadership and systems thinking: Application and evaluation of a Risk Management Framework in the mining industry. Ergonomics 2017, 60, 1336–1350.
  44. Gul, M.; Ak, M.F.; Guneri, A.F. Pythagorean fuzzy VIKOR-based approach for safety risk assessment in mine industry. J. Saf. Res. 2019, 69, 135–153.
  45. Samantra, C.; Datta, S.; Mahapatra, S.S. A risk-based decision support framework for selection of appropriate safety measure system for underground coal mines. Int. J. Inj. Control. Saf. Promot. 2017, 24, 54–68.
  46. Wu, X.; Duan, J.; Zhang, L.; Abourizk, S. A hybrid information fusion approach to safety risk perception using sensor data under uncertainty. Stoch. Environ. Res. Risk Assess. 2017, 32, 105–122.
  47. Yang, B.; Yuan, J.; Ye, Z. Risk assessment of coal mining above confined aquifer based on maximizing deviation in a GIS environment. Arab. J. Geosci. 2018, 11, 299.
  48. Banda, W. An integrated framework comprising of AHP, expert questionnaire survey and sensitivity analysis for risk assessment in mining projects. Int. J. Manag. Sci. Eng. Manag. 2018, 14, 180–192.
  49. Eidsvik, J.; Martinelli, G.; Bhattacharjya, D. Sequential information gathering schemes for spatial risk and decision analysis applications. Stoch. Environ. Res. Risk Assess. 2017, 32, 1163–1177.
  50. Mai, N.L.; Erten, O.; Topal, E. A new generic open pit mine planning process with risk assessment ability. Int. J. Coal Sci. Technol. 2016, 3, 407–417.
  51. Mishra, R.K.; Rinne, M. Guidelines to design the scope of a geotechnical risk assessment for underground mines. J. Min. Sci. 2014, 50, 745–756.
  52. Malinowska, A.; Hejmanowski, R. Building damage risk assessment on mining terrains in Poland with GIS application. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 2010, 47, 238–245.
  53. Zhang, J.; Sun, Q.; Fourie, A.; Ju, F.; Dong, X. Risk assessment and prevention of surface subsidence in deep multiple coal seam mining under dense above-ground buildings: Case study. Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. 2018, 25, 1579–1593.
  54. Al-Hwaiti, M.S.; Brumsack, H.J.; Schnetger, B. Heavy metal contamination and health risk assessment in waste mine water dewatering using phosphate beneficiation processes in Jordan. Environ. Earth Sci. 2018, 77, 1–14.
  55. Antabe, R.; Atuoye, K.N.; Kuuire, V.Z.; Sano, Y.; Arku, G.; Luginaah, I. Community health impacts of surface mining in the Upper West Region of Ghana: The roles of mining odors and dust. Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess.2017, 23, 798–813.
  56. Bempah, C.; Ewusi, A. Heavy metals contamination and human health risk assessment around Obuasi gold mine in Ghana. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2016, 188, 261.
  57. Gedik, K.; Boran, M. Assessment of Metal Accumulation and Ecological Risk Around Rize Harbor, Turkey (Southeast Black Sea) Affected by Copper Ore Loading Operations by Using Different Sediment Indexes. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2012, 90, 176–181.
  58. Guo, G.; Song, B.; Lei, M.; Wang, Y. Rare earth elements (REEs) in PM10 and associated health risk from the polymetallic mining region of Nandan County, China. Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. 2018, 25, 672–687.
  59. Huang, H.-F.; Xing, X.-L.; Zhang, Z.-Z.; Qi, S.-H.; Yang, D.; Yuen, D.A.; Sandy, E.H.; Zhou, A.-G.; Li, X.-Q. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in multimedia environment of Heshan coal district, Guangxi: Distribution, source diagnosis and health risk assessment. Environ. Geochem. Health 2015, 38, 1169–1181.
  60. Ishtiaq, M.; Jehan, N.; Khan, S.A.; Muhammad, S.; Saddique, U.; Iftikhar, B.; Zahidullah Potential harmful elements in coal dust and human health risk assessment near the mining areas in Cherat, Pakistan. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2018, 25, 14666–14673.
  61. Lee, S.-W.; Cho, H.G.; Kim, S.-O. Comparisons of human risk assessment models for heavy metal contamination within abandoned metal mine areas in Korea. Environ. Geochem. Health 2018, 41, 481–505.
  62. Lei, M.; Tie, B.; Song, Z.; Liao, B.; Lepo, J.E.; Huang, Y.-Z. Heavy metal pollution and potential health risk assessment of white rice around mine areas in Hunan Province, China. Food Secur. 2015, 7, 45–54.
  63. Li, K.; Liang, T.; Wang, L.; Yang, Z. Contamination and health risk assessment of heavy metals in road dust in Bayan Obo Mining Region in Inner Mongolia, North China. J. Geogr. Sci. 2015, 25, 1439–1451.
  64. Li, Y. Environmental contamination and risk assessment of mercury from a historic mercury mine located in southwestern China. Environ. Geochem. Health 2012, 35, 27–36.
  65. Lin, Y.; Fang, F.; Wu, J.; Zhu, Z.; Zhang, D.; Xu, M. Indoor and outdoor levels, sources and health risk assessment of mercury in dusts from a coal-industry city of China. Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. 2017, 25, 1028–1040.
  66. Pehoiu, G.; Radulescu, C.; Murarescu, O.; Dulama, I.D.; Bucurica, I.A.; Teodorescu, S.; Stirbescu, R.M. Health Risk Assessment Associated with Abandoned Copper and Uranium Mine Tailings. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2019, 102, 504–510.
  67. Roba, C.; Rosu, C.; Piştea, I.; Ozunu, A.; Baciu, C. Heavy metal content in vegetables and fruits cultivated in Baia Mare mining area (Romania) and health risk assessment. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2015, 23, 6062–6073.
  68. Romero, A.; González, I.; Martín, J.M.; Vázquez, M.A.; Ortiz, P.; Baena, A.R. Risk assessment of particle dispersion and trace element contamination from mine-waste dumps. Environ. Geochem. Health 2014, 37, 273–286.
  69. Song, J.; Liu, Q.; Sheng, Y. Distribution and risk assessment of trace metals in riverine surface sediments in gold mining area. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2019, 191, 191.
  70. Ugwu, K.E.; Ukoha, P.O. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface sediments near a mining site in Okobo-Enjema, Nigeria: Concentrations, source apportionment and risk assessment. Environ. Geochem. Health 2017, 40, 359–373.
  71. Yang, Q.; Chen, H.; Li, B. Source Identification and Health Risk Assessment of Metals in Indoor Dust in the Vicinity of Phosphorus Mining, Guizhou Province, China. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2014, 68, 20–30.
  72. Ono, F.B.; Guilherme, L.R.G.; Penido, E.S.; Carvalho, G.S.; Hale, B.; Toujaguez, R.; Bundschuh, J. Arsenic bioaccessibility in a gold mining area: A health risk assessment for children. Environ. Geochem. Health 2011, 34, 457–465
  73. Abliz, A.; Shi, Q.-D.; Keyimu, M.; Sawut, R. Spatial distribution, source, and risk assessment of soil toxic metals in the coal-mining region of northwestern China. Arab. J. Geosci. 2018, 11, 793.
  74. Ávila, P.; Da Silva, E.F.; Candeias, C. Health risk assessment through consumption of vegetables rich in heavy metals: The case study of the surrounding villages from Panasqueira mine, Central Portugal. Environ. Geochem. Health 2016, 39, 565–589.
  75. Barkett, M.O.; Akun, E. Heavy metal contents of contaminated soils and ecological risk assessment in abandoned copper mine harbor in Yedidalga, Northern Cyprus. Environ. Earth Sci. 2018, 77, 1–14.
  76. Briki, M.; Ji, H.; Li, C.; Ding, H.; Gao, Y. Characterization, distribution, and risk assessment of heavy metals in agricultural soil and products around mining and smelting areas of Hezhang, China. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2015, 187, 1–21.
  77. Cheng, X.; Danek, T.; Drozdova, J.; Huang, Q.; Qi, W.; Zou, L.; Yang, S.; Zhao, X.; Xiang, Y. Soil heavy metal pollution and risk assessment associated with the Zn-Pb mining region in Yunnan, Southwest China. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2018, 190, 194.
  78. Dai, S.; Li, H.; Yang, Z.; Dai, M.; Dong, X.; Ge, X.; Sun, M.; Shi, L. Effects of biochar amendments on speciation and bioavailability of heavy metals in coal-mine-contaminated soil. Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. 2018, 24, 1887–1900.
  79. Damian, G.E.; Micle, V.; Sur, I.M.; Băbău, A.M.C. From Environmental Ethics to Sustainable Decision-Making: Assessment of Potential Ecological Risk in Soils Around Abandoned Mining Areas-Case Study “Larga de Sus mine” (Romania). J. Agric. Environ. Ethics 2019, 32, 27–49.
  80. Hadzi, G.Y.; Ayoko, G.A.; Essumang, D.K.; Osae, S.K.D. Contamination impact and human health risk assessment of heavy metals in surface soils from selected major mining areas in Ghana. Environ. Geochem. Health 2019, 41, 2821–2843.
  81. Harmanescu, M.; Alda, L.M.; Bordean, D.-M.; Gogoasa, I.; Gergen, I. Heavy metals health risk assessment for population via consumption of vegetables grown in old mining area; a case study: Banat County, Romania. Chem. Central J. 2011, 5, 1–10.
  82. Huang, X.; Zhu, Y.; Ji, H. Distribution, speciation, and risk assessment of selected metals in the gold and iron mine soils of the catchment area of Miyun Reservoir, Beijing, China. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2013, 185, 8525–8545.
  83. Jiang, L.; Yi, X.; Xu, B.; Wang, W.; Lai, K. Soil treatment and crop rotation for in situ remediation of heavy metal-contaminated agricultural soil in gold mining areas. Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. 2019, 25, 374–392.
  84. Li, L.; Hang, Z.; Yang, W.; Gu, J.-F.; Liao, B.-H. Arsenic in vegetables poses a health risk in the vicinity of a mining area in the southern Hunan Province, China. Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. 2017, 8, 1315–1329.
  85. Lu, S.; Wang, Y.; Teng, Y.; Yu, X. Heavy metal pollution and ecological risk assessment of the paddy soils near a zinc-lead mining area in Hunan. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2015, 187, 627.
  86. Niu, S.; Gao, L.; Zhao, J. Risk Analysis of Metals in Soil from a Restored Coal Mining Area. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2015, 95, 183–187.
  87. Pipoyan, D.; Stepanyan, S.; Stepanyan, S.; Beglaryan, M.; Merendino, N. Health Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Trace and Elements in Vegetables Grown Under the Impact of Kajaran Mining Complex. Boil. Trace Element Res. 2019, 192, 336–344.
  88. Sołek-Podwika, K.; Ciarkowska, K.; Kaleta, D. Assessment of the risk of pollution by sulfur compounds and heavy metals in soils located in the proximity of a disused for 20 years sulfur mine (SE Poland). J. Environ. Manag. 2016, 180, 450–4588.
  89. Wang, Y.; Yan, W.; Guo, H.; Mahmood, Q.; Guo, J.; Liu, C.; Zhong, B.; Liu, D. Trace element analysis and associated risk assessment in mining area soils from Zhexi river plain, Zhejiang, China. Environ. Forensics 2017, 18, 318–330.
  90. Ying, L.; Shaogang, L.; Xiaoyang, C. Assessment of heavy metal pollution and human health risk in urban soils of the coal mining city, Huainan, East China. Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. 2016, 22, 1359–1374.
  91. Babayan, G.; Sakoyan, A.; Sahakyan, G. Drinking water quality and health risk analysis in the mining impact zone, Armenia. Sustain. Water Resour. Manag. 2019, 5, 1877–1886.
  92. Giri, S.; Mahato, M.K.; Singh, G.; Jha, V.N. Risk assessment due to intake of heavy metals through the ingestion of groundwater around two proposed uranium mining areas in Jharkhand, India. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2011, 184, 1351–1358.
  93. Hadzi, G.Y.; Essumang, D.K.; Ayoko, G. Assessment of contamination and health risk of heavy metals in selected water bodies around gold mining areas in Ghana. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2018, 190, 406.
  94. Ji, H.; Li, H.; Zhang, Y.; Ding, H.; Gao, Y.; Xing, Y. Distribution and risk assessment of heavy metals in overlying water, porewater, and sediments of Yongding River in a coal mine brownfield. J. Soils Sediments 2017, 18, 624–639.
  95. Jia, Y.; Wang, L.; Cao, J.; Li, S.; Yang, Z. Trace elements in four freshwater fish from a mine-impacted river: Spatial distribution, species-specific accumulation, and risk assessment. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2018, 25, 8861–8870.
  96. Tian, M.; Ma, X.; Jia, J.; Qiao, Y.; Wu, T.; Li, H.; Liu, Y.; Mengjing, T.; Xiaoling, M.; Yu, Q.; et al. The exposure level of heavy metals at four different locations near Gan-Ning-Meng reaches of the Yellow River, China. Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. 2016, 22, 1620–1635.
  97. Xu, B.; Xu, Q.; Liang, C.; Li, L.; Jiang, L. Occurrence and health risk assessment of trace heavy metals via groundwater in Shizhuyuan Polymetallic Mine in Chenzhou City, China. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng. 2014, 9, 482–493.
  98. Krzemień, A.; Sánchez, A.S.; Fernández, P.R.; Zimmermann, K.; Coto, F.G. Towards sustainability in underground coal mine closure contexts: A methodology proposal for environmental risk management. J. Clean. Prod. 2016, 139, 1044–1056.
  99. Voulvoulis, N.; Skolout, J.W.F.; Oates, C.J.; Plant, J.A. From chemical risk assessment to environmental resources management: The challenge for mining. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2013, 20, 7815–7826.
  100. Dargahi, M.D.; Naderi, S.; Hashemi, S.A.; Aghaiepour, M.; Nouri, Z.; Sahneh, S.K. Use FMEA method for environmental risk assessment in ore complex on wildlife habitats. Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. 2015, 22, 1123–1132.
  101. Zarshenas, Y.; Saeedi, G. Risk assessment of dilution in open pit mines. Arab. J. Geosci. 2016, 9, 209.
  102. Betrie, G.D.; Sadiq, R.; Morin, K.A.; Tesfamariam, S. Ecological risk assessment of acid rock drainage under uncertainty: The fugacity approach. Environ. Technol. Innov. 2015, 4, 240–247.
  103. Akabzaa, T.M.; Yidana, S.M. An integrated approach to environmental risk assessment of cumulatively impacted drainage basin from mining activities in southwestern Ghana. Environ. Earth Sci. 2011, 65, 291–312.
  104. Bayliss, P.; Van Dam, R.A.; Bartolo, R.E. Quantitative Ecological Risk Assessment of the Magela Creek Floodplain in Kakadu National Park, Australia: Comparing Point Source Risks from the Ranger Uranium Mine to Diffuse Landscape-Scale Risks. Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. 2012, 18, 115–151.
  105. Feng, H.; Wu, J.; Guo, Y.; Dai, J.; Lu, Y. Activation and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in Dumping Sites of Dabaoshan Mine, Guangdong province, China. Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. 2016, 23, 575–589.
  106. Grozdanovic, M.; Bijelic, B.; Marjanovic, D. Impact assessment of risk parameters of underground coal mining on the environment. Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. 2017, 24, 1003–1015.
  107. Kasemodel, M.; Papa, T.; Sígolo, J.B.; Rodrigues, V.G.S. Assessment of the mobility, bioaccessibility, and ecological risk of Pb and Zn on a dirt road located in a former mining area—Ribeira Valley—Brazil. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2019, 191, 101.
  108. Stefanescu, L.; Robu, B.M.; Ozunu, A. Integrated approach of environmental impact and risk assessment of Rosia Montana Mining Area, Romania. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2013, 20, 7719–7727.
  109. Liebenberg, K.; Smit, A.; Coetzee, S.; Kijko, A. A GIS approach to seismic risk assessment with an application to mining-related seismicity in Johannesburg, South Africa. Acta Geophys. 2017, 65, 645–657.
  110. Hudyma, M.; Potvin, Y.H. An Engineering Approach to Seismic Risk Management in Hardrock Mines. Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 2009, 43, 891–906.
  111. Dai, G.; Xue, X.; Xu, K.; Dong, L.; Niu, C. A GIS-based method of risk assessment on no. 11 coal-floor water inrush from Ordovician limestone in Hancheng mining area, China. Arab. J. Geosci. 2018, 11, 714.
  112. Hu, Y.; Li, W.; Liu, S.; Wang, Q.; Wang, Z. Risk assessment of water inrush from aquifers underlying the Qiuji coal mine in China. Arab. J. Geosci. 2019, 12, 98.
  113. Li, H.; Jing, G.-X.; Cai, Z.-L.; Ou, J.-C. Xinhe Mine water inrush risk assessment based on quantification theoretical models. J. Coal Sci. Eng. 2010, 16, 386–388.
  114. Gilsbach, L.; Schütte, P.; Franken, G. Applying water risk assessment methods in mining: Current challenges and opportunities. Water Resour. Ind. 2019, 22, 100118.
  115. Karan, S.; Samadder, S.R. Reduction of spatial distribution of risk factors for transportation of contaminants released by coal mining activities. J. Environ. Manag. 2016, 180, 280–290.
  116. Schafrik, S.; Kazakidis, V. Due diligence in mine feasibility studies for the assessment of social risk. Int. J. Min. Reclam. Environ. 2011, 25, 86–101.
  117. Viliani, F.; Edelstein, M.; Buckley, E.; Llamas, A.; Dar, O. Mining and emerging infectious diseases: Results of the Infectious Disease Risk Assessment and Management (IDRAM) initiative pilot. Extr. Ind. Soc. 2017, 4, 251–259.
  118. Portnov, V.; Yurov, V.M.; Maussymbayeva, A.; Kassymov, S.S.; Zholmagambetov, N.R. Assessment of radiation risk at the population from pits, dumps and tailing dams of uranium mines. Int. J. Min. Reclam. Environ. 2016, 31, 1–7.
  119. Bakhtavar, E.; Yousefi, S. Assesment of workplace accident risks in underground collieries by integrating a multi-goal cause-and-effect analysis method with MCDM sensitivity analysis. Stoch. Environ. Res. Risk Assess. 2018, 32, 3317–3332.
  120. Haas, E.J.; Yorio, P.L. The role of risk avoidance and locus of control in workers’ near miss experiences: Implications for improving safety management systems. J. Loss Prev. Process. Ind. 2019, 59, 91–99.
  121. Pekol, A. Evaluation and Risk Analysis of Open-Pit Mining Operations. Berg Und Hüttenmännische Monatshefte 2019, 164, 232–236.
  122. Iphar, M.; Cukurluoz, A.K. Fuzzy risk assessment for mechanized underground coal mines in Turkey. Int. J. Occup. Saf. Ergon. 2018, 26, 256–271.
  123. Carrillo-Castrillo, J.A.; Rubio-Romero, J.C.; Guadix, J.; Onieva, L. Risk assessment of maintenance operations: The analysis of performing task and accident mechanism. Int. J. Inj. Control. Saf. Promot. 2014, 22, 267–277.
  124. Viveros, P.; Nikulin, C.; López-Campos, M.A.; Villalón, R.; Crespo, A. Resolution of reliability problems based on failure mode analysis: An integrated proposal applied to a mining case study. Prod. Plan. Control. 2018, 29, 1225–1237.
  125. Wester, J.; Burgess-Limerick, R. Using a task-based risk assessment process (EDEEP) to improve equipment design safety: A case study of an exploration drill rig. Min. Technol. 2015, 124, 69–72.
  126. Kirsch, P.; Hine, A.; Maybury, T. A model for the implementation of industry-wide knowledge sharing to improve risk management practice. Saf. Sci. 2015, 80, 66–76.
  127. Khan, F.; Khan, F.; Haddara, M. Risk-based maintenance of ethylene oxide production facilities. J. Hazard. Mater. 2004, 108, 147–159.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
ScholarVision Creations
Feedback