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HandWiki is the world's largest wiki-style encyclopedia dedicated to science, technology and computing. It allows you to create and edit articles as long as you have external citations and login account. In addition, this is a content management environment that can be used for collaborative editing of original scholarly content, such as books, manuals, monographs and tutorials.

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Biography
Leopold Infeld
Leopold Infeld (20 August 1898 – 15 January 1968) was a Poland physicist who worked mainly in Poland and Canada (1938–1950). He was a Rockefeller fellow at Cambridge University (1933–1934) and a member of the Polish Academy of Sciences.[1] Leopold Infeld was born into a family of Polish Jews in Kraków, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire (it rejoined an independent Poland in 1918)
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  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Knowledge Graph
The Google Knowledge Graph is a knowledge base used by Google and its services to enhance its search engine's results with information gathered from a variety of sources. The information is presented to users in an infobox next to the search results. Knowledge Graph infoboxes were added to Google's search engine in May 2012, starting in the United States, with international expansion by the end of the year. The information covered by Google's Knowledge Graph grew quickly after launch, tripling its size within seven months (covering 570 million entities and 18 billion facts) and answering "roughly one-third" of the 100 billion monthly searches Google processed in May 2016. It has been criticized for providing answers without source attribution or citation. Information from the Knowledge Graph is presented as a box, which Google has referred to as the "knowledge panel", to the right (top on mobile) of search results. According to Google, this information is retrieved from many sources, including the CIA World Factbook, Wikidata, and Wikipedia. In October 2016, Google announced that the Knowledge Graph held over 70 billion facts; by May 2020, this had grown to 500 billion facts on 5 billion entities. There is no official documentation of how the Knowledge Graph is implemented. It is used to answer direct spoken questions in Google Assistant and Google Home voice queries.
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  • 02 Dec 2022
Biography
Edward Trifonov
Edward Nikolayevich Trifonov (Hebrew: אדוארד טריפונוב‎, Russian: Эдуapд Тpифoнoв; b. March 31, 1937) is a Russian-born Israeli molecular biophysicist and a founder of Israeli bioinformatics. In his research, he specializes in the recognition of weak signal patterns in biological sequences and is known for his unorthodox scientific methods. He discovered the 3-bp and 10-
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  • 07 Dec 2022
Biography
Charlotte Bühler
Charlotte Bühler (née Malachowski, December 20, 1893 – February 3, 1974) was a German-American developmental psychologist. Bühler was born Charlotte Berta Malachowski in Berlin, the elder of two children of Jewish government architect Hermann Malachowski, and his wife Rose (née Kristeller). After graduating from high school in 1913, Charlotte Malachowski studied natural sciences and hu
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  • 02 Dec 2022
Biography
Ernst Stuhlinger
Ernst Stuhlinger (December 19, 1913 Niederrimbach, Germany – May 25, 2008) was a Germany -American atomic, electrical, and rocket scientist. After being brought to the United States as part of Operation Paperclip, he developed guidance systems with Wernher von Braun's team for the US Army, and later was a scientist with NASA. He was also instrumental in the development of the ion engine for lo
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  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Two-Nation Theory (Pakistan)
The two-nation theory (Urdu: دو قومی نظریہ‎ do qaumī nazariya) is the basis of the creation of Pakistan . According to this theory Muslims and Hindus are two separate nations by definition; Muslims have their own customs, religion, and tradition, and from social and moral points of view, Muslims are different from Hindus; and therefore, Muslims should be able to have their own separate homeland in which Islam is the dominant religion, being segregated from Hindus. The two-nation theory advocated by the All India Muslim League is the founding principle of the Pakistan Movement (i.e. the ideology of Pakistan as a Muslim nation-state in the northwestern and eastern regions of India) through the partition of India in 1947. There are varying interpretations of the two-nation theory, based on whether the two postulated nationalities can coexist in one territory or not, with radically different implications. One interpretation argued for sovereign autonomy, including the right to secede, for Muslim-majority areas of colonial India, but without any transfer of populations (i.e. Hindus and Muslims would continue to live together). A different interpretation contends that Hindus and Muslims constitute "two distinct and frequently antagonistic ways of life and that therefore they cannot coexist in one nation." In this version, a transfer of populations (i.e. the total removal of Hindus from Muslim-majority areas and the total removal of Muslims from Hindu-majority areas) is a desirable step towards a complete separation of two incompatible nations that "cannot coexist in a harmonious relationship". Opposition to the two-nation theory came from both nationalist Muslims and Hindus, being based on two concepts. The first is the concept of a single Indian nation, of which Hindus and Muslims are two intertwined communities. The second source of opposition is the concept that while Indians are not one nation, neither are the Muslims or Hindus of India, and it is instead the relatively homogeneous provincial units of the Indian subcontinent which are true nations and deserving of sovereignty; this view has been presented by the Baloch, Sindhi, Bengali, and Pashtun sub-nationalities of Pakistan, with Bengalis seceding from Pakistan after the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971 and other separatist movements in Pakistan are currently in-place. The state of India officially rejected the two-nation theory and chose to be a secular state, enshrining the concepts of religious pluralism and composite nationalism in its constitution; however, in response to the separatist tendencies of the All India Muslim League, many Hindu nationalist organisations worked to try to give Hinduism a privileged position within the country.
  • 204.2K
  • 05 Aug 2025
Biography
Ray Butts
Joseph Raymond "Ray" Butts (September 22, 1919 – April 20, 2003) was an American inventor and engineer best known for designing several devices that influenced the evolution of electrified music, in particular those used with the electric guitar. Most notably, Butts is the inventor of the EchoSonic, a guitar amplifier with a built-in tape echo, and the FilterTron, the first humbucker guitar pi
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  • 02 Dec 2022
Biography
Tetiana Starodub
Tetiana Starodub, Ph.D. (Political Sciences), Senior Researcher (born 4 October 1979), is an Ukraine scientist, Associate Professor of International Relations Department, Kyiv Academy for the Humanities, Associate professor of political analytics and forecasting Department of National Academy of Public Administration under the Office of the President of Ukraine. Author of notable scientific arti
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Dec 2022
Biography
Florence Bell
Florence Ogilvy Bell (1 May 1913 – 23 November 2000), later Florence Sawyer, was a British scientist who contributed to the discovery of the structure of DNA. She was an X-ray crystallographer in the lab of William Astbury. In 1938 they published a paper in Nature that described the structure of DNA as a "Pile of Pennies".[1] Florence Ogilvy Bell was born at 47 Hanover Road, Brondesbury Par
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  • 02 Dec 2022
Biography
Charles Robinson Rockwood
Charles Robinson Rockwood (born May 14, 1860) was a United States of America citizen who worked as a surveyor, engineer, and entrepreneur.[1][2][3][4][5][6] His most significant achievement was managing the construction of a canal system that transformed the Colorado Desert into a verdant agricultural development known as the Imperial Valley, CA, USA.[2][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] He is also infam
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  • 02 Dec 2022
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