Cyber refers to Computing, Networking, and controlling that is distinct, switched, and logical. Physical systems are natural and human-made systems that are regulated by physics rules and executed on time [7]. A CPS is characterized as a revolutionary technology for controlling associated systems between their computation capabilities and physical assets [8]. A CPS is a network of interconnected IT components that is used to control physical such as mechanical and electronic items. The Internet is used as an information infrastructure for connectivity. A CPS is made up of two major functional elements.

Several technologies are intimately linked to the CPS for instance Sensor networks, IoT, wireless, and cloud computing. Wireless networks are thought to be an important part of CPS [9]. The Internet offers critical techniques for optimizing the productivity of cyber-physical systems. The following parameters are included in internet technology perspectives.

We can also say about CPS that it is a convergence of 3C containing computation, communication, and control or 5C or NIFU.

The characteristics of CPS among 3C, 5C [1] and NIFU is discussed in Table 2.

A CPS is a highly integrated system of physical components containing sensors, actuators, and diverse equipment, along with cyber components boasting ubiquitous processing and effective communication, which is a rapidly emerging research topic. Addressing demands, challenges, and possibilities across a variety of industrial sectors might help speed CPS research. The focus is to create new systems science and engineering methodologies for designing high-confidence systems that are flexible, synergistic and interconnected at all levels. Industry expenditures in CPS technology and research have been extensive in the past and present, but have primarily concentrated on shorter-term, faster-payoff proprietary solutions. Ministries and some industries have recently made investments in lengthier, pre-competitive technologies and testbeds [13]. CPSs, which include transport systems, power systems, water/gas distribution systems, and autonomous factories, are regarded as the most potential industrial systems from an engineering standpoint. A wide range of industrial robots with an inertial navigation device or other sensors are programmed to move along a predetermined route to fulfill production tasks together [14,15]. The tight coordination of cyber and physical aspects in these systems gives higher freedom, productivity, usability, security, and flexibility. Moreover, industrial CPSs are viewed as a key component of the 4th industrial revolution [16,17] and significant efforts have been undertaken to demonstrate their significance. Industrial CPSs are massive, globally distributed, federated, collaborative, and life-critical systems with a large number of integrated sensors and actuators that are connected to provide real-time inspection and closed-loop control. Furthermore, sensor networks and distributed control networks play a significant role in the execution of industrial CPSs. In other words, in a widely deployed CPS architecture, these two networks are frequently required [18]. Sensor networks are typically implemented in the interior or surrounding plants to collect lots of important information in order to make accurate perceptions of the physical plants. Actuators may be able to respond in real-time to changes in physical plants using this information. As a result, when merging the cyber and physical worlds, a closed loop is produced by both communications between sensors and actuators and controlling plants via actuators [19]. Many industrial sensors and actuators with some communication and data processing capabilities have been made accessible in recent years, due to the efforts of research institutes and enterprises all around the world.

The goal of CPS is to provide new features to physical systems by combining computation and communication with physical processes [20]. CPS provides real-time sensing, dynamic control, and information services for complicated processes through strong collaboration between the 3Cs. CPS has placed a heavy emphasis on the cyber world’s tremendous communication and computation abilities which could also improve the physical world’s precision and efficiency [21,22]. Additionally, whether it is a three-tier, five-tier or service-oriented design all of the CPS designs described by academics concentrate on control instead of mirrored representations [23]. The tasks of CPS are enabled by mutual mapping, real-time communication, and effective collaboration between both the cyber and physical worlds. The computing system may have impacted more than one physical object. For example, a structure may consist of several hardware elements. As a result, the mapping link between the cyber and physical worlds of CPS is a one-to-many connection rather than a one-to-one.

CPS evolves and it becomes more advanced over time as an industrial automation system [24]. To compensate for the limitations among networks, technologies, tools, and devices, and along the value chain, an ever-increasing demand for connectivity is highly suggested [25,26]. With the new problems provided by incorporating cyber-physical systems (CPSs) into commercial applications and the issue of integration is becoming even more important for the introduction of new technologies and their acceptability by professionals when speaking of Industry 4.0 concepts [27].

There are two popular technologies in CPS. They are stated below:

• Communication Technology in CPS: In the digital system, CPS is linked to electronic gadgets, portable devices, and industrial instruments [28]. Communication, networking, processing of data, storage systems, and transmission power are all vary among components [29]. For example, Smartphones have the ability for networking, processing, communicating and data storing. Each of this stuff can be linked using network, communication, and software technologies. A self-configuration technology of humanized CPS algorithm employing simple binary and mathematical operations can shorten convergence time and enhance scalability [30]. The use of state-space approaches in the development of a novel connected cyber-physical system (CPS) framework and the use of feedback control to dynamically change CPS resource utilization and efficiency is discussed [31]. The oriented cuckoo search algorithm (OCS) is a new evolutionary algorithm [32]. In OCS, a mixture of two separate random distributions dominates the global search capabilities. Petri net models have been generalized for creating dynamic manufacturing techniques in order to enable traceability analysis [33]. By using a three-phase design strategy that includes cross association, sensitivity analysis, and a systematic methodology, optimal IDS design for creating intrusion detection systems (IDS) is intended at lowering the number of monitored parameters [34]. A different task may have different CPS needs, such as productivity, power efficiency, and privacy and a real-time issue is also a crucial factor [35]. For example, the efficacy of CPS depends on the ability to select a suitable existing framework for choosing work periods in real-time using predetermined priority controller jobs planned using a rate monotonous algorithm [36]. Specialized real-time location sensing (RTLS) labels provide an effective methodology to enabling bidirectional coordination between physical construction materials and their virtual models, improving real-time construction continuity, and assisting proactive strategic decision-making [37].
• Networks Involved in CPS: Computational and physical resources are closely connected and mutually reliant in cyber-physical systems [38]. It is important to ensure and enhance performance in various technology-related domains, such as manufacturing, energy, transportation, and healthcare, in order to develop and implement resilient and reliable CPS networks. WSNs, wireless networks, WLANs, cloud-based networks, social networks, and other heterogeneous networks are all used in CPS [39,40]. CPS assesses the applications and technological criteria for effectively blending CPS with sensor network plane from a security perspective, as well as the techniques for transmitting information among remote monitoring locations and widely implemented sensor nodes [41]. Topology regulation by node selection could enhance data transmission performance while conserving energy and extending the network’s lifetime [42]. Wireless sensor network topology optimization is a critical topic. A topology optimization approach for wireless sensor networks based on complex network theory and cyber-physical systems is developed using software-defined wireless sensor network architecture [43]. To promote the successful integration of CPS, an Intelligent Control Box transforms diverse wireless signals, including Bluetooth, ZigBee, and RF [44]. As shown in a literature review, discusses the benefits of Web of Things (WoT) and CPS integration. A CPS for structural event observation with WSNs is presented, as well as a novel approach based on network decision in the CPS entitled MODEM [45] proposes a method for coordinating a network of suppliers in a cyber-physical system [46]. The dynamics of the agent are nonlinear, arbitrary in size, and sometimes heterogeneous. In [47], the authors examine the state prediction problem in cyber-physical systems (CPS) where a wireless sensor measures a dynamical physical process and transmits the measurements to a remote state estimator. In addition, in [48], the authors describe a dependable Network-On-Chip (NoC) technique that may be applied to an FPGA-based system. They have looked at the stochastic stability of Kalman filter (KF) based state estimation in geographically distributed cyber-physical systems using a lossy network.