Transient Receptor Potential Channels in Migraine Pathophysiology: History
View Latest Version
Please note this is an old version of this entry, which may differ significantly from the current revision.
Contributor:
Eleonóra Spekker
,
Tamás Körtési
,
László Vécsei

Migraine is a chronic neurological disorder that affects approximately 12% of the population. The cause of migraine headaches is not yet known, however, when the trigeminal system is activated, neuropeptides such as calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP) are released, which cause neurogenic inflammation and sensitization. Advances in the understanding of migraine pathophysiology have identified new potential pharmacological targets. Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels have been the focus of attention in the pathophysiology of various pain disorders, including primary headaches. Genetic and pharmacological data suggest the role of TRP channels in pain sensation and the activation and sensitization of dural afferents. TRP channels are widely expressed in the trigeminal system and brain regions which are associated with the pathophysiology of migraine and furthermore, co-localize several neuropeptides that are implicated in the development of migraine attacks. Moreover, there are several migraine trigger agents known to activate TRP channels. Based on these, TRP channels have an essential role in migraine pain and associated symptoms, such as hyperalgesia and allodynia. Mammalian TRP channels are divided into seven subfamilies based on their homology of amino acid sequences: canonical or classic (TRPC), vanilloid (TRPV), melastatin (TRPM), nonmechanoreceptor potential C (NOMP-like, TRPN1) polycystin (TRPP), mucolipin (TRPML), and ankyrin (TRPA). 

  • migraine
  • pain
  • TRP channel

1. Characterization of Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 and Role in Pain and Headaches

One of the first transient receptor potential (TRP) channels to be investigated was transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), which is a nonselective cation channel responsive to high temperature (>43 °C) and capsaicin (the main pungent ingredient in “hot” chili peppers) [1], which have been shown to activate sensory nerves and induce neurogenic inflammation (NI) [2]. TRPV1 is also sensitive to endocannabinoids, endovanilloids, nerve-growth factor (NGF), and prostaglandins (PGs), which may be relevant for migraine [3]. The hydrogen ion, acid, or low pH also can activate the TRPV1 channel [4] (Figure 1 and Figure 2).
Ijms 24 00700 g002 550
Figure 1. Activators and function of transient receptor potential channels involved in migraine.
Ijms 24 00700 g003 550
Figure 2. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 receptor activation. Activation of TRPV1 and the resulting influx of cations can further activate voltage-gated ion channels to generate action potentials to be required for pain or itch signaling. Several inflammatory mediators lower the activation threshold of TRPV1 via phosphorylation mainly through the activation of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) pathway. Furthermore, protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent cascade is also involved. TRPV1: transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 receptor, ECs: endocannabinoids, EVs: endovanilloids, PGs: prostaglandins, NGF: nerve growth factor.
Several studies have shown that approximately 40–50% of trigeminal sensory neurons express TRPV1 [5]. Furthermore, it is expressed in small amounts in the hypothalamus, hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, raphe nucleus, and the periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) [6][7][8][9]. TRPV1 receptor is present in small and medium-diameter neurons of the dorsal ganglion (DRG) and trigeminal ganglia (TG), colocalized with calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP) in the latter [1]. In addition, TRPV1 and NMDAR are coexpressed in the TG [10]. However, TRPV1 has also been described in brain areas that are not associated with pain or heat sensations, such as the ventral tegmental area or the striatum [11][12].
Upon activation of TRPV1, CGRP and SP are released, causing vasodilation and triggering NI in the meninges [13][14]. Furthermore, in sensory neurons, activation of TRPV1 by NO leads to peripheral sensitization and nociception [15].
After tissue damage, endogenously released inflammatory mediators such as bradykinin, serotonin (5-HT), PGs, or histamine can influence TRPV1 activity, mainly indirectly through the stimulation of their receptors and the generation of second messengers [16][17]. TRPV1 is a molecular component of pain sensation and modulation [18]. Activation of TRPV1 and the resulting influx of cations can further activate voltage-gated ion channels to generate action potentials required for pain or itch signaling [5]. The sensitization and endogenous regulatory pathways of TRPV1 can exert their effects through the phosphorylation sites of protein kinases C (PKC) and A (PKA) and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CAMKII) [19][20]. Prolonged or repeated activation of TRPV1 prompts a desensitization or inhibition process [17], thereby losing the sensitivity to capsaicin and other chemical agonists, further reducing the sensitivity to heat [21].

2. Brief Description of Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 4 and Its Role in Pain and Headache

Receptor Potential Vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) is a polymodal cation channel activated by moderate heat (>24 °C to 27−35 °C), low pH, endocannabinoids, lipid metabolites, osmotic pressure, and phorbol ester and plant-derived compounds [22][23][24]. It plays a crucial role in mechanical-, thermal-, and chemical-induced pain sensitivity [25]. TRPV4 is also involved in the regulation of vascular tone and acute inflammatory signaling [26][27] and functions as part of the mechanosensory complex. Based on these, the functions and trigeminal localization of TRPV4 may fit some aspects of migraine, such as the characteristic throbbing pain that is aggravated by routine movements, coughing, or sneezing [28]. Another finding supporting the role of TRPV4 in migraine is that solutions applied to the surface of the dura mater that increase or decrease osmolarity can sensitize trigeminal afferents [29][30][31]. TRPV4-dependent pathways promote plasma extravasation and immune cell infiltration by increasing the release of some neuropeptides, including CGRP and SP, and thus are considered to be potentiators of neurogenic inflammation [32] (Figure 1 and Figure 3).
Ijms 24 00700 g004 550
Figure 3. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 receptor activation. TRPV4 is activated by moderate heat (>24 °C to 27−35 °C), low pH, endocannabinoids, lipid metabolites, osmotic pressure, and phorbol ester and plant-derived compounds. PAR-2 activation may indirectly sensitize (via PKA, PKC, and PLC) TRPV4, thereby contributing to mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia. TRPV4: Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4, 5-HT: serotonin.
TRPV4 is widely expressed in various regions in the PNS and CNS, including immune cells, hippocampal neurons, nonpeptidergic, Aβ and Aδ fibers neurons of DRG, and peptidergic C fibers, where it coexpresses with TRPV1 [33]. Aside from the neurons TRPV4, is also present in nonmyelinating Schwann cells and satellita glial cells [34]. TRPV4 mRNA is expressed in TG, and in vitro investigations prove functional effects of receptor on trigeminal neurons [35]. Furthermore, TRPV4 shows colocalization with CGRP, SP, and protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) in rat sensory neurons [36]. In addition to PAR2, the role of TRPV4 in inflammation has also been associated with histamine and serotonin. Histamine- or serotonin-induced visceral hypersensitivity is significantly reduced when TRPV4 is blocked with siRNA, indicating TRPV4-dependent histamine- or serotonin-mediated response in sensory neurons [37].

3. Brief Description of Ransient Receptor Potential Melastatin 8 and Its Involvement in Pain and Headache

The Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 8 (TRPM8) is a nonselective cation channel with modest calcium permeability and is activated by cold temperatures (8–28 °C), membrane depolarization, menthol, and icilin [38].
TRPM8 is expressed on C- and Aδ- sensory nerve fibers, as well as DRG and TG neurons [39]. A subset of TRPM8-positive cells may coexpress TRPV1 and/or CGRP [40][41][42]. Furthermore, it is present in hypothalamic and hindbrain nuclei responsible for autonomic thermoregulation [43]. In addition, TRPM8 is also expressed in macrophages. Activation of TRPM8 on macrophages increases the release of interleukin 10 (IL-10) and decreases the release of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), thereby causing an anti-inflammatory response [44] (Figure 1 and Figure 4).
Ijms 24 00700 g005 550
Figure 4. Transient receptor potential melastatin 8 receptor activation. The TRPM8 is activated by cold temperatures (8–28 °C), membrane depolarization, menthol, and icilin. TRPM8 mediates normal thermosensation and has a role in both cooling-mediated analgesia and cold hypersensitivity.
The TRPM8 has been shown to play a major physiological role in inflammation, thermoregulation, itch, and migraine [45][46][47][48]. In addition, TRPM8 mediates normal thermosensation and has a role in both cooling-mediated analgesia and cold hypersensitivity after injury [41][49]. TRPM8 has been identified in several genome-wide association studies (GWAS) as one of the migraine susceptibility genes [50][51]. There is an association between migraine incidence and single nucleotide polymorphisms located near the TRPM8 coding region, although this seems to be the case mainly for people of Northern European ancestry [52]. It is currently unknown how these genetic variants affect the function or expression of TRPM8 and what is their role in migraine. Furthermore, about 50% of migraine patients have cold allodynia [53], which further strengthens the role of TRPM8 in the disease.

4. Brief Description of Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1 Channel and Role in Pain and Headaches

 
Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) is a nonselective cation channel with an inward depolarizing current due to Na+ and Ca2+ ions [54]. TRPA1 channels play a role in the detection of pungent or irritating substances, such as allyl isothiocyanate (mustard oil), allicin, and diallyl disulfide (garlic) [55][56]. Moreover, gingerol (ginger), eugenol (cloves), carvacrol (oregano), and thymol (thyme) can also activate this receptor [57][58][59]. There are conflicting results that mechanical stimuli and noxious cold (<17 °C) also affect TRPA1 function [60][61]. In addition, evidence suggests that bradykinin and prostaglandins can indirectly activate TRPA1 by the activation of kinase proteins and second messengers [62][63].
It is present in subpopulations of primary sensory neurons of the DRG, TG, and vagal ganglia (VG) [60]. TRPA1 is mainly expressed in unmyelinated C-fibers and thinly myelinated Aδ-fibers [60]. Although TRPA1 is mainly located in nociceptive neurons of the PNS, it is also found at different sites of the CNS, such as in the cortex, caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, hippocampus, cerebellum, amygdala, and hypothalamus [64]. In primary sensory neurons, TRPA1 is coexpressed with SP, CGRP, and TRPV1 in primary sensory neurons, and after neuronal activation, the release of these peptides produces neurogenic inflammation and vasodilatation in the dura [55][60][65][66] (Figure 1 and Figure 5).
Ijms 24 00700 g006 550
Figure 5. Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 receptor activation. Activation of TRPA1 in sensory neurons induces an increase in Ca2+ and leads to the release of the neuropeptide CGRP, SP, and NOS-derived NO, thus mediating vasodilation. TRPA1: transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 receptor, CGRP: calcitonin gene-related peptide, SP: substance P, ROS: reactive oxygen species.

This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/ijms24010700

References

  1. Caterina, M.J.; Schumacher, M.A.; Tominaga, M.; Rosen, T.A.; Levine, J.D.; Julius, D. The capsaicin receptor: A heat-activated ion channel in the pain pathway. Nature 1997, 389, 816–824.
  2. Jancsó, N.; Jancsó-Gábor, A.; Szolcsányi, J. Direct evidence for neurogenic inflammation and its prevention by denervation and by pretreatment with capsaicin. Br. J. Pharmacol. Chemother. 1967, 31, 138–151.
  3. Vriens, J.; Appendino, G.; Nilius, B. Pharmacology of vanilloid transient receptor potential cation channels. Mol. Pharmacol. 2009, 75, 1262–1279.
  4. Jordt, S.E.; Tominaga, M.; Julius, D. Acid potentiation of the capsaicin receptor determined by a key extracellular site. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2000, 97, 8134–8139.
  5. Saloman, J.L.; Chung, M.K.; Ro, J.Y. P2X3 and TRPV1 functionally interact and mediate sensitization of trigeminal sensory neurons. Neuroscience 2013, 232, 226–238.
  6. Mezey, E.; Tóth, Z.E.; Cortright, D.N.; Arzubi, M.K.; Krause, J.E.; Elde, R.; Guo, A.; Blumberg, P.M.; Szallasi, A. Distribution of mRNA for vanilloid receptor subtype 1 (VR1), and VR1-like immunoreactivity, in the central nervous system of the rat and human. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2000, 97, 3655–3660.
  7. Cristino, L.; de Petrocellis, L.; Pryce, G.; Baker, D.; Guglielmotti, V.; Di Marzo, V. Immunohistochemical localization of cannabinoid type 1 and vanilloid transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 receptors in the mouse brain. Neuroscience 2006, 139, 1405–1415.
  8. Cavanaugh, D.J.; Chesler, A.T.; Jackson, A.C.; Sigal, Y.M.; Yamanaka, H.; Grant, R.; O’Donnell, D.; Nicoll, R.A.; Shah, N.M.; Julius, D.; et al. Trpv1 reporter mice reveal highly restricted brain distribution and functional expression in arteriolar smooth muscle cells. J. Neurosci. 2011, 31, 5067–5077.
  9. Menigoz, A.; Boudes, M. The expression pattern of TRPV1 in brain. J. Neurosci. 2011, 31, 13025–13027.
  10. Lee, J.; Saloman, J.L.; Weiland, G.; Auh, Q.S.; Chung, M.K.; Ro, J.Y. Functional interactions between NMDA receptors and TRPV1 in trigeminal sensory neurons mediate mechanical hyperalgesia in the rat masseter muscle. Pain 2012, 153, 1514–1524.
  11. Serra, G.P.; Guillaumin, A.; Dumas, S.; Vlcek, B.; Wallén-Mackenzie, Å. Midbrain Dopamine Neurons Defined by TrpV1 Modulate Psychomotor Behavior. Front. Neural Circuits 2021, 15, 726893.
  12. Grueter, B.A.; Brasnjo, G.; Malenka, R.C. Postsynaptic TRPV1 triggers cell type-specific long-term depression in the nucleus accumbens. Nat. Neurosci. 2010, 13, 1519–1525.
  13. Szallasi, A.; Blumberg, P.M. Resiniferatoxin, a phorbol-related diterpene, acts as an ultrapotent analog of capsaicin, the irritant constituent in red pepper. Neuroscience 1989, 30, 515–520.
  14. Meents, J.E.; Neeb, L.; Reuter, U. TRPV1 in migraine pathophysiology. Trends Mol. Med. 2010, 16, 153–159.
  15. Miyamoto, T.; Dubin, A.E.; Petrus, M.J.; Patapoutian, A. TRPV1 and TRPA1 mediate peripheral nitric oxide-induced nociception in mice. PLoS ONE 2009, 4, e7596.
  16. Julius, D. TRP channels and pain. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 2013, 29, 355–384.
  17. Gouin, O.; L’Herondelle, K.; Lebonvallet, N.; Le Gall-Ianotto, C.; Sakka, M.; Buhé, V.; Plée-Gautier, E.; Carré, J.L.; Lefeuvre, L.; Misery, L.; et al. TRPV1 and TRPA1 in cutaneous neurogenic and chronic inflammation: Pro-inflammatory response induced by their activation and their sensitization. Protein Cell 2017, 8, 644–661.
  18. Caterina, M.J.; Leffler, A.; Malmberg, A.B.; Martin, W.J.; Trafton, J.; Petersen-Zeitz, K.R.; Koltzenburg, M.; Basbaum, A.I.; Julius, D. Impaired nociception and pain sensation in mice lacking the capsaicin receptor. Science 2000, 288, 306–313.
  19. Bhave, G.; Hu, H.J.; Glauner, K.S.; Zhu, W.; Wang, H.; Brasier, D.J.; Oxford, G.S.; Gereau, R.W., 4th. Protein kinase C phosphorylation sensitizes but does not activate the capsaicin receptor transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2003, 100, 12480–12485.
  20. Numazaki, M.; Tominaga, T.; Toyooka, H.; Tominaga, M. Direct phosphorylation of capsaicin receptor VR1 by protein kinase Cepsilon and identification of two target serine residues. J. Biol. Chem. 2002, 277, 13375–13378.
  21. Vyklický, L.; Vlachová, V.; Vitásková, Z.; Dittert, I.; Kabát, M.; Orkand, R.K. Temperature coefficient of membrane currents induced by noxious heat in sensory neurones in the rat. J. Physiol. 1999, 517, 181–192.
  22. Liedtke, W. Molecular mechanisms of TRPV4-mediated neural signaling. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2008, 1144, 42–52.
  23. White, J.P.; Cibelli, M.; Urban, L.; Nilius, B.; McGeown, J.G.; Nagy, I. TRPV4: Molecular Conductor of a Diverse Orchestra. Physiol. Rev. 2016, 96, 911–973.
  24. Guarino, B.D.; Paruchuri, S.; Thodeti, C.K. The role of TRPV4 channels in ocular function and pathologies. Exp. Eye Res. 2020, 201, 108257.
  25. Martínez-Rendón, J.; Sánchez-Guzmán, E.; Rueda, A.; González, J.; Gulias-Cañizo, R.; Aquino-Jarquín, G.; Castro-Muñozledo, F.; García-Villegas, R. TRPV4 Regulates Tight Junctions and Affects Differentiation in a Cell Culture Model of the Corneal Epithelium. J. Cell Physiol. 2017, 232, 1794–1807.
  26. D’Aldebert, E.; Cenac, N.; Rousset, P.; Martin, L.; Rolland, C.; Chapman, K.; Selves, J.; Alric, L.; Vinel, J.P.; Vergnolle, N. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 activated inflammatory signals by intestinal epithelial cells and colitis in mice. Gastroenterology 2011, 140, 275–285.
  27. Filosa, J.A.; Yao, X.; Rath, G. TRPV4 and the regulation of vascular tone. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 2013, 61, 113–119.
  28. Iannone, L.F.; De Logu, F.; Geppetti, P.; De Cesaris, F. The role of TRP ion channels in migraine and headache. Neurosci. Lett. 2022, 768, 136380.
  29. Strassman, A.M.; Raymond, S.A.; Burstein, R. Sensitization of meningeal sensory neurons and the origin of headaches. Nature 1996, 384, 560–564.
  30. Levy, D.; Strassman, A.M. Mechanical response properties of A and C primary afferent neurons innervating the rat intracranial dura. J. Neurophysiol. 2002, 88, 3021–3031.
  31. Shibata, M.; Tang, C. Implications of Transient Receptor Potential Cation Channels in Migraine Pathophysiology. Neurosci. Bull. 2021, 37, 103–116.
  32. Vergnolle, N.; Cenac, N.; Altier, C.; Cellars, L.; Chapman, K.; Zamponi, G.W.; Materazzi, S.; Nassini, R.; Liedtke, W.; Cattaruzza, F.; et al. A role for transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 in tonicity-induced neurogenic inflammation. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2010, 159, 1161–1173.
  33. Alessandri-Haber, N.; Yeh, J.J.; Boyd, A.E.; Parada, C.A.; Chen, X.; Reichling, D.B.; Levine, J.D. Hypotonicity induces TRPV4-mediated nociception in rat. Neuron 2003, 39, 497–511.
  34. Feng, X.; Takayama, Y.; Ohno, N.; Kanda, H.; Dai, Y.; Sokabe, T.; Tominaga, M. Increased TRPV4 expression in non-myelinating Schwann cells is associated with demyelination after sciatic nerve injury. Commun. Biol. 2020, 3, 716.
  35. Chen, Y.; Williams, S.H.; McNulty, A.L.; Hong, J.H.; Lee, S.H.; Rothfusz, N.E.; Parekh, P.K.; Moore, C.; Gereau, R.W., 4th; Taylor, A.B.; et al. Temporomandibular joint pain: A critical role for Trpv4 in the trigeminal ganglion. Pain 2013, 154, 1295–1304.
  36. Zhang, X.C.; Levy, D. Modulation of meningeal nociceptors mechanosensitivity by peripheral proteinase-activated receptor-2: The role of mast cells. Cephalalgia 2008, 28, 276–284.
  37. Cenac, N.; Altier, C.; Motta, J.P.; d’Aldebert, E.; Galeano, S.; Zamponi, G.W.; Vergnolle, N. Potentiation of TRPV4 signalling by histamine and serotonin: An important mechanism for visceral hypersensitivity. Gut 2010, 59, 481–488.
  38. McKemy, D.D.; Neuhausser, W.M.; Julius, D. Identification of a cold receptor reveals a general role for TRP channels in thermosensation. Nature 2002, 416, 52–58.
  39. Mickle, A.D.; Shepherd, A.J.; Mohapatra, D.P. Sensory TRP channels: The key transducers of nociception and pain. Prog. Mol. Biol. Transl. Sci. 2015, 131, 73–118.
  40. Dhaka, A.; Earley, T.J.; Watson, J.; Patapoutian, A. Visualizing cold spots: TRPM8-expressing sensory neurons and their projections. J. Neurosci. 2008, 28, 566–575.
  41. Bautista, D.M.; Jordt, S.E.; Nikai, T.; Tsuruda, P.R.; Read, A.J.; Poblete, J.; Yamoah, E.N.; Basbaum, A.I.; Julius, D. TRPA1 mediates the inflammatory actions of environmental irritants and proalgesic agents. Cell 2006, 124, 1269–1282.
  42. Kobayashi, K.; Fukuoka, T.; Obata, K.; Yamanaka, H.; Dai, Y.; Tokunaga, A.; Noguchi, K. Distinct expression of TRPM8, TRPA1, and TRPV1 mRNAs in rat primary afferent neurons with adelta/c-fibers and colocalization with trk receptors. J. Comp. Neurol. 2005, 493, 596–606.
  43. Ordás, P.; Hernández-Ortego, P.; Vara, H.; Fernández-Peña, C.; Reimúndez, A.; Morenilla-Palao, C.; Guadaño-Ferraz, A.; Gomis, A.; Hoon, M.; Viana, F.; et al. Expression of the cold thermoreceptor TRPM8 in rodent brain thermoregulatory circuits. J. Comp. Neurol. 2021, 529, 234–256.
  44. Khalil, M.; Alliger, K.; Weidinger, C.; Yerinde, C.; Wirtz, S.; Becker, C.; Engel, M.A. Functional Role of Transient Receptor Potential Channels in Immune Cells and Epithelia. Front. Immunol. 2018, 9, 174.
  45. Gauchan, P.; Andoh, T.; Kato, A.; Kuraishi, Y. Involvement of increased expression of transient receptor potential melastatin 8 in oxaliplatin-induced cold allodynia in mice. Neurosci. Lett. 2009, 458, 93–95.
  46. Ramachandran, R.; Hyun, E.; Zhao, L.; Lapointe, T.K.; Chapman, K.; Hirota, C.L.; Ghosh, S.; McKemy, D.D.; Vergnolle, N.; Beck, P.L.; et al. TRPM8 activation attenuates inflammatory responses in mouse models of colitis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2013, 110, 7476–7481.
  47. Wang, X.P.; Yu, X.; Yan, X.J.; Lei, F.; Chai, Y.S.; Jiang, J.F.; Yuan, Z.Y.; Xing, D.M.; Du, L.J. TRPM8 in the negative regulation of TNFα expression during cold stress. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 45155.
  48. Wei, C.; Kim, B.; McKemy, D.D. Transient receptor potential melastatin 8 is required for nitroglycerin- and calcitonin gene-related peptide-induced migraine-like pain behaviors in mice. Pain 2022, 163, 2380–2389.
  49. Colburn, R.W.; Lubin, M.L.; Stone, D.J., Jr.; Wang, Y.; Lawrence, D.; D’Andrea, M.R.; Brandt, M.R.; Liu, Y.; Flores, C.M.; Qin, N. Attenuated cold sensitivity in TRPM8 null mice. Neuron 2007, 54, 379–386.
  50. Bettella, F.; Stefansson, H.; Olesen, J. Replication and meta-analysis of common variants identifies a genome-wide significant locus in migraine. Eur. J. Neurol. 2013, 20, 765–772.
  51. Chasman, D.I.; Anttila, V.; Buring, J.E.; Ridker, P.M.; Schürks, M.; Kurth, T. International Headache Genetics Consortium. Selectivity in genetic association with sub-classified migraine in women. PLoS Genet. 2014, 10, e1004366, Erratum in: PLoS Genet. 2015, 11, e1005330.
  52. Dussor, G.; Cao, Y.Q. TRPM8 and Migraine. Headache 2016, 56, 1406–1417.
  53. Burstein, R.; Cutrer, M.F.; Yarnitsky, D. The development of cutaneous allodynia during a migraine attack clinical evi-dence for the sequential recruitment of spinal and supraspinal nociceptive neurons in migraine. Brain 2000, 123 Pt 8, 1703–1709.
  54. Nilius, B.; Owsianik, G.; Voets, T.; Peters, J.A. Transient receptor potential cation channels in disease. Physiol. Rev. 2007, 87, 165–217.
  55. Jordt, S.E.; Bautista, D.M.; Chuang, H.H.; McKemy, D.D.; Zygmunt, P.M.; Högestätt, E.D.; Meng, I.D.; Julius, D. Mustard oils and cannabinoids excite sensory nerve fibres through the TRP channel ANKTM1. Nature 2004, 427, 260–265.
  56. Bautista, D.M.; Movahed, P.; Hinman, A.; Axelsson, H.E.; Sterner, O.; Högestätt, E.D.; Julius, D.; Jordt, S.E.; Zygmunt, P.M. Pungent products from garlic activate the sensory ion channel TRPA1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2005, 102, 12248–12252.
  57. Bandell, M.; Story, G.M.; Hwang, S.W.; Viswanath, V.; Eid, S.R.; Petrus, M.J.; Earley, T.J.; Patapoutian, A. Noxious cold ion channel TRPA1 is activated by pungent compounds and bradykinin. Neuron 2004, 41, 849–857.
  58. Xu, H.; Delling, M.; Jun, J.C.; Clapham, D.E. Oregano, thyme and clove-derived flavors and skin sensitizers activate specific TRP channels. Nat. Neurosci. 2006, 9, 628–635.
  59. Lee, S.P.; Buber, M.T.; Yang, Q.; Cerne, R.; Cortés, R.Y.; Sprous, D.G.; Bryant, R.W. Thymol and related alkyl phenols activate the hTRPA1 channel. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2008, 153, 1739–1749.
  60. Story, G.M.; Peier, A.M.; Reeve, A.J.; Eid, S.R.; Mosbacher, J.; Hricik, T.R.; Earley, T.J.; Hergarden, A.C.; Andersson, D.A.; Hwang, S.W.; et al. ANKTM1, a TRP-like channel expressed in nociceptive neurons, is activated by cold temperatures. Cell 2003, 112, 819–829.
  61. Latorre, R. Perspectives on TRP channel structure and the TRPA1 puzzle. J. Gen. Physiol. 2009, 133, 227–229.
  62. Duric, V.; McCarson, K.E. Neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene expression is differentially modulated in the rat spinal dorsal horn and hippocampus during inflammatory pain. Mol. Pain 2007, 3, 32.
  63. Taylor-Clark, T.E.; Undem, B.J.; Macglashan, D.W., Jr.; Ghatta, S.; Carr, M.J.; McAlexander, M.A. Prostaglandin-induced activation of nociceptive neurons via direct interaction with transient receptor potential A1 (TRPA1). Mol. Pharmacol. 2008, 73, 274–281.
  64. Morelli, M.B.; Amantini, C.; Liberati, S.; Santoni, M.; Nabissi, M. TRP channels: New potential therapeutic approaches in CNS neuropathies. CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets 2013, 12, 274–293.
  65. Messlinger, K.; Hanesch, U.; Kurosawa, M.; Pawlak, M.; Schmidt, R.F. Calcitonin gene related peptide released from dural nerve fibers mediates increase of meningeal blood flow in the rat. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 1995, 73, 1020–1024.
  66. Edelmayer, R.M.; Le, L.N.; Yan, J.; Wei, X.; Nassini, R.; Materazzi, S.; Preti, D.; Appendino, G.; Geppetti, P.; Dodick, D.W.; et al. Activation of TRPA1 on dural afferents: A potential mechanism of headache pain. Pain 2012, 153, 1949–1958.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
This entry is offline, you can click here to edit this entry!
Video Production Service
Feedback