You're using an outdated browser. Please upgrade to a modern browser for the best experience.
General Characteristics of Paeonia × suffruticosa: History
View Latest Version
Please note this is an old version of this entry, which may differ significantly from the current revision.
Subjects: Plant Sciences
Contributor: Halina Ekiert , Marta Klimek-Szczykutowicz , Agnieszka Szopa

P. × suffruticosa bark root - Moutan cortex is a medicinal raw material formerly known from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) but less common in official European medicine. It was introduced for the first time in the European Pharmacopoeia Supplement 9.4 in 2018. P. × suffruticosa posses very valuable medicinal values, including antioxidant, cytoprotective, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-diabetic and hepatoprotective activities. The scientific studies indicated that the profile of raw material activity is mainly due to paeonol, paeoniflorin and 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranose. Moreover, P. × suffruticosa finds increasing application in cosmetology due to research on its chronic dermatitis, anti-aging and brightening effects.

  • tree peony
  • moutan
  • paeonol
  • paeoniflorin
  • therapeutic effects
  • cosmetic applications

1. Paeonia Genus and Paeonia lactiflora and Paeonia veitchii as Known Medicinal Plants—General Characteristic

The classification of the genus Paeonia (Paeoniaceae) is complex from a taxonomic point of view. The species are divided according to three sections: Moutan DC., Paeon DC. and Onaepia Lindley [1][2]. The section on Moutan DC. contains the evolutionarily older shrub peonies. The Moutan section has two subsections: subsect. Vagintae and subsect. Delavayanae including peony species, such as P. cathayana, P. decomposita, P. jishanensis, P. ostii, P. qiui, P. rockii, P. rotundiloba, P. delavayi, P. ludlowii and P. suffruticosa [1][3]. Paeon DC. is an extensive section consisting of 26 varieties of herbaceous plants with fleshy leaves with deep indentations. Characteristic species here include P. lactiflora and P. veitchii [1]. In the section Onaepia Lindley, there are several species of peonies with grassy leaves, including P. brownii and P. californica [1].
Peonies are native to Asia, Europe and North America. The section Moutan DC., which contains all woody species, is restricted in the wild to Central and Southern China, including Tibet. The section Onaepia is present in the west of North America, and the section Paeonia occurs in a band stretching roughly from Morocco and Spain to Japan [4].
The known pharmacopoeial raw materials of the genus Paeonia (Peony) are the roots extracted from two species: Paeonia lactiflora Pall. and P. veitchii Lynch. The monographs Paeoniae radix rubra (peony red root) and Paeoniae radix alba (peony white root) are listed in the 10th edition of the European Pharmacopoeia [5]. These raw materials are also listed in the modern Chinese Pharmacopoeia [6] and are accepted by the Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC) [7]. Paeoniae radix rubra is extracted from the species Paeonia lactiflora and P. veitchii; it is the whole root dried in the sun with the reddish, thick outer bark and with only the rhizome and rootlets removed. Paeoniae radix alba can only be obtained from P. lactiflora; the bark is removed from the root and the exposed powdery-white layer is the raw material subjected to boiling and then drying [8]. According to the requirements of the European Pharmacopoeia, raw materials are to be standardized for paeoniflorin content. The red root should contain a min. 1.8% of this compound, while white 1.6% [9]. Paeoniae radix rubra is mostly used to treat hematemesis, warm toxin, amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, blood stasis, abdominal pain, red eyes, headache and carbuncles. Paeonia radix white has a biological effect such as to treat irregular menstruation and to protect the liver [10][11][12].

2. Paeonia × suffruticosa - General Characteristics

Paeonia × suffruticosa Andrews belongs to the Paeoniaceae family [13]. Throughout the world, it is known as: moutan, moutan peony, tree peony (English), Strauch-Pfingstrose (German), Mudan (Chinese) and moran (Korean) [2]. P. × suffruticosa is a plant known by numerous Latin synonymous names, such as: P. × arborea C.C.Gmel., P.× chinensis Oken, P. × fruticosa Dum. Cours., P. × moutan Sims, P. × moutan var. anneslei Sabine, P. × moutan var. papaveracea (Andrews) DC., P. × papaveracea Andrews, P. × suffruticosa f. anneslei (Sabine) Rehder, P. × suffruticosa var. banksii (Sabinene) L.H. Bailey, P. × suffruticosa var. humei (Sabinene) L.H. Bailey, P. × suffruticosa f. maculata Hong C. Zheng, P. × suffruticosa var. papaveracea (Andrews) Kern., P. × suffruticosa var. purpurea Andrews, P. × suffruticosa f. rubida Hong C. Zheng and P. × yunnanensis W.P. Fang [2].
Botanically and genetically, P. × suffruticosa is a very interesting and not fully understood plant. In 2001, the contemporary British taxonomist S. G. Haw [13] described P. × suffruticosa as a hybrid, but this was not supported by any evidence. Genetic analysis has shown that the five species from the subsection together constitute the origin of the tree peony varieties that arose before World War II. P. cathayana is indicated as the primary maternal species due to studies in which three-quarters of the fifty subjects have the same chloroplast DNA as this species. The remaining cultivars have chloroplast DNA identical to P. qiui, rarely from P. ostii and partly from P. rotundiloba. However, in nuclear DNA, homology with P. rockii is greatest, with P. qiui, P. ostii, P. cathayana and P. jishanensis to a lesser extent [13][14].
P. × suffruticosa is a shrubby plant reaching from 1 up to 4 m in height. The proximal leaves are doubly tripartite, and the terminal leaves are divided into three lobes, which divide into another two to three lobes, each ending in a sharp apex. The leaves are ovate or longitudinally ovate in shape, measuring 4.5–8 by 2.5–7 cm. Both surfaces of the leaf blade are smooth. Flowers are large, single (in cultivated varieties sometimes double), 10–17 cm wide and set directly on the stem. The flower has five green, broadly ovate and irregular calyx sepals each. The petals of the flower corolla are inversely ovate in shape and measure 5–8 by 4.2–6 cm. In single flowers, petals occur in number from 5 to 11; they are white, pink, red or reddish-purple in color. The circular flower base is purple in color. The plant blooms from April to May. It bears fruit in August [13]. The root extends over 1 m into the ground and is 5–12 mm in diameter and 1–4 mm thick. The outer surface is grayish-brown or yellowish-brown, with numerous transverse protrusions; it is pink when the bark falls off. The inside is pale grayish-yellow or pale brown, with distinct fine longitudinal stripes, usually with pale crystals [15].

3. Paeonia × suffruticosa as a New Pharmacopoeial Plant Species

P. × suffruticosa ia a new raw material of the genus Paeonia, whose monograph first appeared in Supplement 9.4 to the 9th edition of European Pharmacopoeia [16] in 2018, is the root bark of Paeonia × suffruticosa Andrews-Moutan cortex. Monographs of P. × suffruticosa are also listed in the: Chinese [6], Japanese [17], Korean [18] and Vietnamese Pharmacopoeias [6], and, invariably, in the latest (10th) edition of the European Pharmacopoeia [5]. The pharmaceutical raw material is the bark of the root Paeoniae × suffruticosa cortex radicis - Moutan cortex, collected in autumn, dried, whole or broken, rubbed or not. The Chinese Pharmacopoeia distinguished the two types of P. × suffruticosa barks: Liandapi (the root is harvested in autumn, removed from the roots and soil, torn off the root bark and dried in the sun) and Guadanpi (coarse bark removed from the lignified parts and dried in the sun) [15]. Moutan cortex, according to the requirements of the European Pharmacopoeia 10th ed., should contain min. 2.2% paeonol and a minimum of 1.1% paeoniflorin [5].
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) attributes Moutan cortex with the following effects: antipyretic, regulating menstrual disorders, accelerating the healing of ulcers, improving blood circulation and reducing swelling. In the treatment of fever, the raw material of peony root bark is administered in its raw form, while its alcoholic solutions are used to improve circulation and remove stasis. This raw material should not be used in pregnant women and those with heavy menstruation [15].
The currently known pharmacological potential of P. × suffruticosa is undoubtedly determined by its rich chemical composition. The most important groups of secondary metabolites are phenolic compounds and monoterpenoid glycosides [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]. This species also includes triterpenoid saponins, flavonoids, phenolic acids and polysaccharides [19][25][27]. The most important compounds responsible for the valuable biological activity of the raw material are paeonol (phenolic compound) and paeoniflorin (monoterpenoid glycoside), and partly, also 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranose [19].
Currently, valuable scientific publications focus on the increasing pharmacological action of the extract, mainly from Moutan cortex, as well as the compounds present in it. They include research on, among others, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective, anti-cancer and neuroprotective activities [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64]. Other studies also include activities which are important due to modern civilization’s diseases, such as cardioprotective and anti-atherosclerotic, anti-diabetic and hepatoprotective effects [27][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81].
P. × suffruticosa bark root extracts also have scientifically proven cosmetic properties, such as: antioxidant, anti-aging and skin brightening [82][83]. Recent reports revealed paeonol from P. × suffruticosa exhibited good effects on chronic dermatitis, such as atopic dermatitis (AD) and psoriasis [84].

This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/plants11233379

References

  1. Hong, D. Peonies of the World. Taxonomy and Phytogeography; Hong, D., Ed.; Royal Botanic Gardens: Richmond, UK, 2010.
  2. World Flora Online. Available online: http://www.worldfloraonline.org/ (accessed on 9 August 2022).
  3. Zhao, M.; Wu, S.P. A review of the ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacology of tree peony (Sect. Moutan). S. Afr. J. Bot. 2019, 124, 556–563.
  4. Sang, T.; Crawford, D.J.; Stuessy, T.F. Documentation of reticulate evolution in peonies (Paeonia) using internal transcripted spacer sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA: Implications for biogeography and concerted evolution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1995, 92, 6813–6817.
  5. European Directorate for the Quality of Medicine & HealthCare. European Pharmacopoeia 10.0; Council of Europe: Strasbourg, France, 2021.
  6. Lan, B.; Li, J.; Duan, Q. An Encyclopedia of the Tree Peonies in China; China Science and Technology Press: Beijing, China, 2002.
  7. HMPC European Medicines Agency; The Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC). Public Statement on the Use of Herbal Medicinal Products Containing Estragole. Available online: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/other/second-draft-revision-1-public-statement-use-herbal-medicinal-products-containing-estragole_en.pdf (accessed on 9 August 2022).
  8. Institute for Traditional Medicine. Available online: http://www.itmonline.org/arts/peony.html (accessed on 9 August 2022).
  9. European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare. European Pharmacopoeia 9.0; Council of Europe: Strasbourg, France, 2017.
  10. Zhang, X.; Wang, Y.; Liang, Q.; Ma, Z.; Xiao, C.; Tan, H.; Gao, Y. The correlation between chemical composition, as determined by UPLC-TOF-MS, and acute toxicity of Veratrum nigrum L. and Radix Paeoniae alba. Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med. 2014, 2014, 892797.
  11. Wang, Y.L.; Wang, J.X.; Hu, X.X.; Chen, L.; Qiu, Z.K.; Zhao, N.; Yu, Z.D.; Sun, S.Z.; Xu, Y.Y.; Guo, Y.; et al. Antidepressant-like effects of albiflorin extracted from Radix Paeoniae alba. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2016, 179, 9–15.
  12. Tan, Y.Q.; Chen, H.W.; Li, J.; Wu, Q.J. Efficacy, Chemical Constituents, and Pharmacological Actions of Radix Paeoniae rubra and Radix Paeoniae alba. Front. Pharmacol. 2020, 11, 1–11.
  13. Hong, D.Y.; Pan, K.Y. Notes on taxonomy of Paeonia sect. Moutan DC. (Paeoniaceae). Acta Phytotaxon. Sin. 2005, 43, 169–177.
  14. Zhou, S.L.; Zou, X.H.; Zhou, Z.Q.; Liu, J.; Xu, C.; Yu, J.; Wang, Q.; Zhang, D.M.; Wang, X.Q.; Ge, S.; et al. Multiple species of wild tree peonies gave rise to the “king of flowers”, Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews. Proceedings. Biol. Sci. 2014, 281, 20141687.
  15. Wagner, H. Cortex Moutan—Mudanpi. In Chromatographic Fingerprint Analysis of Herbal Medicines Thin-Layer and High Performance Liquid Chromatography of Chinese Drugs; Wagner, H., Bauer, R., Melchart, D., Xiao, P.-G., Staudinger, A., Eds.; Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland, 2015; pp. 91–103.
  16. European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HelthCare. Supplement 9.4. In European Pharmacopoeia 9.0; Council of Europe: Strasbourg, France, 2018; p. 2474.
  17. The Ministry of Health Labour and Welfare. The Japanese Pharmacopoeia, 18th ed.; Pharmaceutical s and Medical Devices Agency: Tokyo, Japan, 2021.
  18. Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. Korean Pharmacopoeia, 10th ed.; Ministry of Food and Drug Safety: Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea, 2012.
  19. He, C.; Peng, B.; Dan, Y.; Peng, Y.; Xiao, P. Chemical taxonomy of tree peony species from China based on root cortex metabolic fingerprinting. Phytochemistry 2014, 107, 69–79.
  20. Yoshikawa, M.; Harada, E.; Minematsu, T.; Muraoka, O.; Yamahara, J.; Murakami, N.; Kitagawa, I. Absolute stereostructures of paeonisothujone, a novel skeletal monoterpene ketone, and deoxypaeonisuffrone, and isopaeonisuffral, two new monoterpenes, from Moutan cortex. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1994, 42, 736–738.
  21. Yoshikawa, M.; Ohta, T.; Kawaguchi, A.; Matsuda, H. Bioactive constituents of chinese natural medicines. V. Radical scavenging effect of Moutan cortex. (1): Absolute stereostructures of two monoterpenes, paeonisuffrone and paeonisuffral. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2000, 48, 1327–1331.
  22. Ding, L.; Zhao, F.; Chen, L.; Jiang, Z.; Liu, Y.; Li, Z.; Qiu, F.; Yao, X. New monoterpene glycosides from Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews and their inhibition on NO production in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Bioorgan. Med. Chem. Lett. 2012, 22, 7243–7247.
  23. Xiao, K.; Song, Q.H.; Zhang, S.W.; Xuan, L.J. A pyrrole derivative from Paeonia suffruticosa. Nat. Prod. Res. 2008, 22, 1614–1619.
  24. He, C.N.; Peng, Y.; Zhang, Y.C.; Xu, L.J.; Gu, J.; Xiao, P.G. Phytochemical and biological studies of Paeoniaceae. Chem. Biodivers. 2010, 91, 52–80.
  25. Zhou, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Zong, H.; Lu, X.; Shen, W.; Zhuge, B. Chemical constituents, antibacterial activity and mechanism of Paeonia suffruticosa Andr. buds extract against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli O157:H7. Nat. Prod. Res. 2021, 35, 1005–1009.
  26. Ding, L.; Zuo, Q.; Li, D.; Feng, X.; Gao, X.; Zhao, F.; Qiu, F. A new phenone from the roots of Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews. Nat. Prod. Res. 2017, 31, 253–260.
  27. Zhao, G.H.; Shen, Y.S.; Ma, J.B.; Li, F.; Shi, X.Q. Protection of polysaccharides-2b from mudan cortex of Paeonia suffruticosa Andr on diabetic cataract in rats. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2007, 32, 2036–2039.
  28. Tatsumi, S.; Mabuchi, T.; Abe, T.; Xu, L.; Minami, T.; Ito, S. Analgesic effect of extracts of Chinese medicinal herbs Moutan cortex and Coicis semen on neuropathic pain in mice. Neurosci. Lett. 2004, 370, 130–134.
  29. Chun, S.C.; Jee, S.Y.; Lee, S.G.; Park, S.J.; Lee, J.R.; Kim, S.C. Anti-inflammatory activity of the methanol extract of Moutan cortex in LPS-activated Raw264.7 cells. Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med. 2007, 4, 327–333.
  30. Liu, X.; Xu, Q.; Mei, L.; Lei, H.; Wen, Q.; Miao, J.; Huang, H.; Chen, D.; Du, S.; Zhang, S.; et al. Paeonol attenuates acute lung injury by inhibiting HMGB1 in lipopolysaccharide-induced shock rats. Int. Immunopharmacol. 2018, 61, 169–177.
  31. Zhai, T.; Sun, Y.; Li, H.; Zhang, J.; Huo, R.; Li, H.; Shen, B.; Li, N. Unique immunomodulatory effect of paeoniflorin on type I and II macrophages activities. J. Pharmacol. Sci. 2016, 130, 143–150.
  32. Wang, Q.; Xu, X.; Kang, Z.; Zhang, Z.; Li, Y. Paeonol prevents IL-1β-induced inflammatory response and degradation of type II collagen in human primary chondrocytes. Artif. Cells Nanomed. Biotechnol. 2019, 47, 2139–2145.
  33. Li, C.R.; Zhou, Z.; Zhu, D.; Sun, Y.N.; Dai, J.M.; Wang, S.Q. Protective effect of paeoniflorin on irradiation-induced cell damage involved in modulation of reactive oxygen species and the mitogen-activated protein kinases. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 2007, 39, 426–438.
  34. Yu, J.; Zhu, X.; Qi, X.; Che, J.; Cao, B. Paeoniflorin protects human EA.hy926 endothelial cells against gamma-radiation induced oxidative injury by activating the NF-E2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 pathway. Toxicol. Lett. 2013, 218, 224–234.
  35. Wankun, X.; Wenzhen, Y.; Min, Z.; Weiyan, Z.; Huan, C.; Wei, D.; Lvzhen, H.; Xu, Y.; Xiaoxin, L. Protective effect of paeoniflorin against oxidative stress in human retinal pigment epithelium in vitro. Mol. Vis. 2011, 17, 3512–3522.
  36. Weng, Y.C.; Jing, P.M.; Cheon, K.K.; Won, C.J.; Won, H.J. 6’-O-galloylpaeoniflorin protects human keratinocytes against oxidative stress-induced cell damage. Biomol. Ther. 2013, 21, 349–357.
  37. Cai, J.; Chen, S.; Zhang, W.; Hu, S.; Lu, J.; Xing, J.; Dong, Y. Paeonol reverses paclitaxel resistance in human breast cancer cells by regulating the expression of transgelin 2. Phytomedicine 2014, 21, 984–991.
  38. Zhang, L.; Tao, L.; Shi, T.; Zhang, F.; Sheng, X.; Cao, Y.; Zheng, S.; Wang, A.; Qian, W.; Jiang, L.; et al. Paeonol inhibits B16F10 melanoma metastasis in vitro and in vivo via disrupting proinflammatory cytokines-mediated NF-κB and STAT3 pathways. IUBMB Life 2015, 67, 778–788.
  39. Horng, C.T.; Shieh, P.C.; Tan, T.W.; Yang, W.H.; Tang, C.H. Paeonol suppresses chondrosarcoma metastasis through up-regulation of miR-141 by modulating PKCδ and c-Src signaling pathway. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2014, 15, 11760–11772.
  40. Rho, S.; Chung, H.S.; Kang, M.; Lee, E.; Cho, C.; Kim, H.; Park, S.; Kim, H.Y.; Hong, M.; Shin, M.; et al. Inhibition of production of reactive oxygen species and gene expression profile by treatment of ethanol extract of Moutan cortex radicis in oxidative stressed PC12 cells. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2005, 28, 661–666.
  41. Ou, Y.; Li, Q.; Wang, J.; Li, K.; Zhou, S. Antitumor and apoptosis induction effects of paeonol on mice bearing EMT6 breast carcinoma. Biomol. Ther. 2014, 22, 341–346.
  42. Shu-Ping, X.; Guo-Ping, S.; Yu-Xian, S.; Wei, W.; Wan-Ren, P.; Hua, W. Antiproliferation and apoptosis induction of paenol in HepG2 cells. World J. Gastroenterol. 2007, 13, 250–256.
  43. Sun, G.-P.; Wang, H.; Xu, S.-P.; Shen, Y.-X.; Wu, Q.; Chen, Z.-D.; Wei, W. Anti-tumor effects of paeonol in a HepA-hepatoma bearing mouse model via induction of tumor cell apoptosis and stimulation of IL-2 and TNF-α production. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2008, 584, 246–252.
  44. Li, N.; Fan, L.L.; Sun, G.P.; Wan, X.A.; Wang, Z.G.; Wu, Q.; Wang, H. Paeonol inhibits tumor growth in gastric cancer in vitro and in vivo. World J. Gastroenterol. 2010, 16, 4483–4490.
  45. Wu, Q.; Chen, G.L.; Li, Y.J.; Chen, Y.; Lin, F.Z. Paeoniflorin inhibits macrophage-mediated lung cancer metastasis. Chin. J. Nat. Med. 2015, 13, 925–932.
  46. Li, W.; Qi, Z.; Wei, Z.; Liu, S.; Wang, P.; Chen, Y.; Zhao, Y. Paeoniflorin inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of human glioma cells via microRNA-16 upregulation and matrix metalloproteinase-9 downregulation. Mol. Med. Rep. 2015, 12, 2735–2740.
  47. Oh, G.S.; Pae, H.O.; Oh, H.; Hong, S.G.; Kim, I.K.; Chai, K.Y.; Yun, Y.G.; Kwon, T.O.; Chung, H.T. In vitro anti-proliferative effect of 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose on human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line, SK-HEP-1 cells. Cancer Lett. 2001, 174, 17–24.
  48. Lin, M.-Y.; Shen, C.-H.; Chiang, S.-Y.; Chen, S.-Y.; Lin, Y.-S.; Hsu, C.-D. Cortex Moutan inhibits bladder cancer cell proliferation and expression of angiogenic factors. Pharmacol. Pharm. 2014, 05, 846–858.
  49. Liu, Y.H.; Weng, Y.P.; Tsai, H.Y.; Chen, C.J.; Lee, D.Y.; Hsieh, C.L.; Wu, Y.C.; Lin, J.Y. Aqueous extracts of Paeonia suffruticosa modulates mitochondrial proteostasis by reactive oxygen species-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress in pancreatic cancer cells. Phytomedicine 2018, 46, 184–192.
  50. Liu, H.; Zhang, C. Paeonol induces antitumor effects in hepatocellular carcinoma cells through survivin via the cyclooxygenase-2/prostaglandin E2 signaling pathway. Transl. Cancer Res. 2020, 9, 7183–7195.
  51. Liu, M.H.; Lin, A.H.; Lee, H.F.; Ko, H.K.; Lee, T.S.; Kou, Y.R. Paeonol attenuates cigarette smoke-induced lung inflammation by inhibiting ros-sensitive inflammatory signaling. Mediators Inflamm. 2014, 2014, 651890.
  52. Kim, H.G.; Park, G.; Piao, Y.; Kang, M.S.; Pak, Y.K.; Hong, S.-P.; Oh, M.S. Effects of the root bark of Paeonia suffruticosa on mitochondria-mediated neuroprotection in an MPTP-induced model of Parkinson’s disease. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2014, 65, 293–300.
  53. Wu, J.-b.; Song, N.-n.; Wei, X.-b.; Guan, H.-s.; Zhang, X. Protective effects of paeonol on cultured rat hippocampal neurons against oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced injury. J. Neurol. Sci. 2008, 264, 50–55.
  54. Himaya, S.W.A.; Ryu, B.; Qian, Z.J.; Kim, S.K. Paeonol from Hippocampus kuda Bleeler suppressed the neuro-inflammatory responses in vitro via NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. Toxicol. In Vitro 2012, 26, 878–887.
  55. Lin, C.; Lin, H.; Chen, J.; Tseng, W.; Ko, P.; Liu, Y.; Yeh, W.; Lu, D. Effects of paeonol on anti-neuroinflammatory responses in microglial cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2015, 16, 8844–8860.
  56. Guo, R.; Wang, G.; Zhao, A.; Gu, J.; Sun, X.; Hu, G. Paeoniflorin protects against ischemia-induced brain damages in rats via inhibiting MAPKs/NF-kB-mediated inflammatory responses. PLoS ONE 2012, 7, e49701.
  57. Choi, B.-M.; Kim, H.-J.; Oh, G.-S.; Pae, H.-O.; Oh, H.; Jeong, S.; Kwon, T.-O.; Kim, Y.-M.; Chung, H.-T. 1,2,3,4,6-Penta-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose protects rat neuronal cells (Neuro 2A) from hydrogen peroxide-mediated cell death via the induction of heme oxygenase-1. Neurosci. Lett. 2002, 328, 185–189.
  58. Liu, S.; Li, Y.; Yi, F.; Liu, Q.; Chen, N.; He, X.; He, C.; Xiao, P. Resveratrol Oligomers from Paeonia suffruticosa Protect Mice against Cognitive Dysfunction by Regulating Cholinergic, Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Pathways; Elsevier B.V.: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2020; Volume 260, ISBN 1282644149.
  59. Li, H.; Xie, Y.H.; Yang, Q.; Wang, S.W.; Zhang, B.L.; Wang, J.B.; Cao, W.; Bi, L.L.; Sun, J.Y.; Miao, S.; et al. Cardioprotective effect of paeonol and danshensu combination on isoproterenol-induced myocardial injury in rats. PLoS ONE 2012, 7, e48872.
  60. Yun, C.S.; Choi, Y.G.; Jeong, M.Y.; Lee, J.H.; Lim, S. Moutan cortex radicis inhibits inflammatory changes of gene expression in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated gingival fibroblasts. J. Nat. Med. 2013, 67, 576–589.
  61. Li, J.Z.; Wu, J.H.; Yu, S.Y.; Shao, Q.R.; Dong, X.M. Inhibitory effects of paeoniflorin on lysophosphatidylcholine-induced inflammatory factor production in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Int. J. Mol. Med. 2013, 31, 493–497.
  62. Wu, M.; Gu, Z. Screening of bioactive compounds from Moutan cortex and their anti-inflammatory activities in rat synoviocytes. Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med. 2009, 6, 57–63.
  63. Oh, G.S.; Pae, H.O.; Choi, B.M.; Jeong, S.; Oh, H.; Rho, Y.D.; Kim, D.H.; Shin, M.K.; Chung, H.T. Inhibitory effects of the root cortex of Paeonia suffruticosa on interleukin-8 and macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 secretions in U937 cells. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2003, 84, 85–89.
  64. Chen, N.; Liu, D.; Soromou, L.W.; Sun, J.; Zhong, W.; Guo, W.; Huo, M.; Li, H.; Guan, S.; Chen, Z.; et al. Paeonol suppresses lipopolysaccharide- induced inflammatory cytokines in macrophage cells and protects mice from lethal endotoxin shock. Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol. 2013, 28, 268–276.
  65. Koo, Y.K.; Kim, J.M.; Koo, J.Y.; Kang, S.S.; Bae, K.H.; Kim, Y.S.; Chung, J.H.; Yun-Choi, H.S. Platelet anti-aggregatory and blood anti-coagulant effects of compounds isolated from Paeonia lactiflora and Paeonia suffruticosa. Pharmazie 2010, 65, 624–628.
  66. Liu, J.; Wang, S.; Feng, L.; Ma, D.; Fu, Q.; Song, Y.; Jia, X.; Ma, S. Hypoglycemic and antioxidant activities of paeonol and its beneficial effect on diabetic encephalopathy in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J. Med. Food 2013, 16, 577–586.
  67. Fu, J.; Li, Y.; Wang, L.; Gao, B.; Zhang, N.; Ji, Q. Paeoniflorin prevents diabetic nephropathy in rats. Comp. Med. 2009, 59, 557–566.
  68. Ha, D.T.; Tuan, D.T.; Thu, N.B.; Nhiem, N.X.; Ngoc, T.M.; Yim, N.; Bae, K. Palbinone and triterpenes from Moutan cortex (Paeonia suffruticosa, Paeoniaceae) stimulate glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis via activation of AMPK in insulin-resistant human HepG2 Cells. Bioorganic Med. Chem. Lett. 2009, 19, 5556–5559.
  69. Shon, Y.-H.; Nam, K.-S. Protective effect of Moutan cortex extract on acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2004, 90, 415–419.
  70. Hu, S.; Shen, G.; Zhao, W.; Wang, F.; Jiang, X.; Huang, D. Paeonol, the main active principles of Paeonia moutan, ameliorates alcoholic steatohepatitis in mice. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2010, 128, 100–106.
  71. Wu, J.; Xue, X.; Zhang, B.; Jiang, W.; Cao, H.; Wang, R.; Sun, D.; Guo, R. The protective effects of paeonol against epirubicin-induced hepatotoxicity in 4T1-tumor bearing mice via inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/NF-kB pathway. Chem. Biol. Interact. 2016, 244, 1–8.
  72. Chen, M.; Cao, L.; Luo, Y.; Feng, X.; Sun, L.; Wen, M.; Peng, S. Paeoniflorin protects against concanavalin A-induced hepatitis in mice. Int. Immunopharmacol. 2015, 24, 42–49.
  73. Zhao, Y.; Ma, X.; Wang, J.; Zhu, Y.; Li, R.; Wang, J.; He, X.; Shan, L.; Wang, R.; Wang, L.; et al. Paeoniflorin alleviates liver fibrosis by inhibiting HIF-1α through mTOR-dependent pathway. Fitoterapia 2014, 99, 318–327.
  74. Hong, D.; Liping, Z.; Xiaolin, Q.; Xiaohui, P.; Mingyan, W.; Xuan, T.; Shanggong, Y.; Nianbai, F. Moutan cortex extract exerts protective effects in a rat model of cardiac ischemia/reperfusion. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 2015, 94, 245–250.
  75. Chen, C.; Du, P.; Wang, J. Paeoniflorin ameliorates acute myocardial infarction of rats by inhibiting inflammation and inducible nitric oxide synthase signaling pathways. Mol. Med. Rep. 2015, 12, 3937–3943.
  76. Chen, T.; Guo, Z.-P.; Wang, L.; Qin, S.; Cao, N.; Li, M.-M.; Jia, R.-Z.; Wang, T.-T. Paeoniflorin suppresses vascular damage and the expression of E-selectin and ICAM-1 in a mouse model of cutaneous Arthus reaction. Exp. Dermatol. 2013, 22, 453–457.
  77. Ye, S.; Liu, X.; Mao, B.; Yang, L.; Liu, N. Paeonol enhances thrombus recanalization by inducing vascular endothelial growth factor 165 via ERK1/2 MAPK signaling pathway. Mol. Med. Rep. 2016, 13, 4853–4858.
  78. Ye, S.; Mao, B.; Yang, L.; Fu, W.; Hou, J. Thrombosis recanalization by paeoniflorin through the upregulation of urokinase-type plasminogen activator via the MAPK signaling pathway. Mol. Med. Rep. 2016, 13, 4593–4598.
  79. Wang, Y.; Dai, M.; Zhong, J.; Yin, D. Paeonol inhibits oxidized low density lipoprotein-induced monocyte adhesion to vascular endothelial cells by inhibiting the mitogen activated protein kinase pathway. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2012, 35, 767–772.
  80. Ngo, T.; Kim, K.; Bian, Y.; Noh, H.; Lim, K.M.; Chung, J.H.; Bae, O.N. Antithrombotic effects of paeoniflorin from Paeonia suffruticosa by selective inhibition on shear stress-induced platelet aggregation. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 5040.
  81. Lau, C.H.; Chan, C.M.; Chan, Y.W.; Lau, K.M.; Lau, T.W.; Lam, F.C.; Law, W.T.; Che, C.T.; Leung, P.C.; Fung, K.P.; et al. Pharmacological investigations of the anti-diabetic effect of Cortex Moutan and its active component paeonol. Phytomedicine 2007, 14, 778–784.
  82. Ding, H.Y.; Chou, T.H.; Lin, R.J.; Chan, L.P.; Wang, G.H.; Liang, C.H. Antioxidant and antimelanogenic behaviors of Paeonia suffruticosa. Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. 2011, 66, 275–284.
  83. Lin, D.; Wang, S.H.; Song, T.Y.; Hsieh, C.W.; Tsai, M.S. Safety and efficacy of tyrosinase inhibition of Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews extracts on human melanoma cells. J. Cosmet. Dermatol. 2019, 18, 1921–1929.
  84. Wang, W.; Li, Q.; Zhao, Z.; Liu, Y.; Wang, Y.; Xiong, H.; Mei, Z. Paeonol ameliorates chronic itch and spinal astrocytic activation via CXCR3 in an experimental dry skin model in mice. Front. Pharmacol. 2022, 12, 1–15.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
This entry is offline, you can click here to edit this entry!
Academic Video Service
Feedback