Food, drugs, dyes, extracts, and minerals are all made up of complex elements, and utilizing unidimensional chromatography to separate them is inefficient and insensitive. This has sparked the invention of several linked chromatography methods, each of them with distinct separation principles and affinity for the analyte of interest. Multidimensional chromatography consists of the combination of multiple chromatography techniques, with great benefits at the level of efficiency, peak capacity, precision, and accuracy of the analysis, while reducing the time required for the analysis.
Sample | Solvent System | Analytes | Operation Mode | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fish and chicken | Acetonitrile | Enrofloxacin | SPE–HPLC | [69] |
Pig urine, human plasma, and Smashed shrimp samples | Water, methanol, and acetonitrile | Bisphenol A | C18 SPE–HPLC | [70] |
Wheat, barley, potato, and carrots | Acetonitrile and acetic acid | Fenuron | HPLC–DAD | [71] |
Baby food, chicken meat, vegetables (carrots, tomatoes, green beans, onions, peas, and leeks), potatoes puree, and olive oil | Formic acid and acetonitrile | Quinolones and fluoroquinolones | SAX or MIP cartridges- HPLC | [72] |
Soy samples | Acetonitrile | Parabens | Off-line MISPME by GC-FID | [73] |
Corn | Water and Acetonitrile | Phenylurea herbicides | HPLC–MISPE | [74] |
Pork and chicken | Acetonitrile | Sulfonamides | SPE–HPLC | [75] |
Egg, honey, duck, and lobster samples | Methanol: acetonitrile | Tetracycline | LC-tMS-MISPE | [76] |
Milk | Acetic or trichloroacetic acid | Chloramphenicol | Voltammetry | [77] |
Coffee | Acetic or trichloroacetic acid | Benzo[a]pyrene | HPLC–FLU | |
Citrus fruits | Acetonitrile, sodium dihydrogen Phosphate | Thiabendazole | CE MISPE | [78] |
Potato, corn, pea, | Toluene in acetonitrile | Triazines | SPE-PIP | [79] |
dried milk, condensed milk, and dried cheese | Solvents for solubility | Melamine, cyanuric acid | DART–TOFMS, LC–MS/MS and ELISA | [80] |
Human growth hormone | Ammoniumacetate (AmAc), pH 6.8 solution at 20 mM concentration | Reslizumab, bevacizumab | EC-IEX-UV-nMS system | [81] |
Peptides mapping tryptic digest | D1 mobile phase: (A) 10 Mm CH3COONH4 in H2O v/v (pH 9); (B) 10 mM CH3COONH4in H2O/ACN 10:90, v/v (pH 9). D2 mobile phase: (A) 0.1% TFA in H2O v/v (pH 2); (B) 0.1% TFA in H2O/ACN 10:90, v/v (pH 2). |
Amino acids. α-Casein and dephosphorylated α-casein | 2D LC system in which RPLC × RPLC system, coupled to PDA and MS detection. | [82] |
Saccharomyces (yeast protein) | Four buffer solutions: Buffer A (2% ACN), buffer B (80% ACN), buffer C (250 mM ammonium acetate/2% ACN), and buffer D (2 M ammonium acetate/2% ACN) with each 0.1% formic acid | Soluble, urea-solubilized, and SDS-solubilized proteins | RP1-SCX-RP2 microcapillary column and an LCQ Deca XPMS/ Online | [83] |
S. cerevisiae and E. coli | Isocratic-acetonitrile and KCl each with 20 mM ammonium formate at pH 10 | Tryptic peptides | 3-D RP-SAX-RP and RP-RP-LCQ/ Online | [84] |
HEK 293T cell lysates | Buffer solutions with various pH 12, 6, 2 with variance 7-35% con Buffer | Peptides | SAX-based SISPROT/ Off-line | [85] |
Tryptic digest of whole Jurkat cell lysate | Water and acetonitrile with gradient system with each 0.1% HFBA | Peptides | LC-MS/MS (TripleTOF 5600)/Offline | [86] |
Mouse brain cell proteome digest | Water and acetonitrile with gradient system with each 0.1% FA and ammonium acetate solution (pH 2.88) | Peptides | SCX-RPLC-CZE-MS/MS/ Combined | [87] |
Breath of healthy smokers and non-smokers, and patients with COPD | - | 13 VOC and NSCLC | GCMS HP 6890 GC coupled with an HP 5973 mass selective detector | [88] |
Human urine | - | Aromatic amines | GC–MS/MS Agilent 7890-7000 C GC–MS/MS | [89] |
Microwave and conventional oven food contact material | - | Fatty foods—microwave meals, | GC–MS_EI | [90] |
Water (A) and acetonitrile (B), both with 0.1% formic acid (+), and 0.16 M ammonium hydroxide (-) |
Roasting meat and poultry | LC–MS_ESI | [90] | |
Tuna fish muscle and wastes | - | Lipid extract | QqQ MS, | [91] |
Tuna β-actin | 0.1% TFA in water and 0.1% TFA in water: ACN | Peptides | RP-UPLC with ESI-ion trap-TOF MS/MS | [91] |
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/separations9110326