Traditional Chinese Medicines Brought from China to Japan: History
View Latest Version
Please note this is an old version of this entry, which may differ significantly from the current revision.
Contributor:
Shihui Liu
,
Toshihiko Matsuo
,
Chie Matsuo
,
Takumi Abe

Japanese Kampo medicine has its origin in ancient Chinese medicine. In 742, a Tang Dynasty monk named Jianzhen (Ganjin) was invited by Japanese clerics to visit Japan and teach commandments in Buddhism. Because of the dangers of the voyage and also other obstacles, he took 11 years to reach Japan on the sixth voyage and he was blind when he arrived in Japan. He was the first person in China to go to Japan to establish the Buddhism commandments, and he was also the first person in Japan to directly teach traditional Chinese medicine.

  • Jianzhen
  • Ganjin
  • traditional Chinese medicine
  • Kampo medicine
  • herbal medicine
  • medical history
  • Toshodaiji Temple
  • traditional Japanese medicine
  • Nara
  • Tang Dynasty

1. Introduction

Traditional Chinese medicine has a history of approximately 3000 years from the early Zhou Dynasty in China and even earlier, and the oldest medical writings on herbal medicine are found in the Book of Songs and the Book of Changes [1]. The sources of traditional Chinese medicine include plants, animals, and minerals. Herbal medicines make up the largest proportion and are most commonly used. As the accumulated knowledge was recorded in medical books, traditional Chinese medicine evolved into an independent discipline. Traditional Chinese medicine focuses on the balance of yin and yang to maintain health and prevent diseases. Once the balance is disrupted, it leads to different diseases or syndromes [2]. The purpose of traditional Chinese medicine is to correct the disrupted balance and restore the body’s ability to self-regulate but not to fight against specific pathogenic targets. According to the traditional Chinese medicine theory, disruption in diseases can be divided into several “patterns”. A disease may show several different “patterns” and be treated with several herbal medicines. Different diseases may be treated with the same herbal medicine due to their shared patterns. [3].
This entry reviews how Jianzhen (Figure 1) acquired medical and pharmaceutical knowledge in his younger age from the viewpoint of traditional Chinese medicine brought to Japan, and summarizes the methods of identifying Chinese herbal medicines and part of prescriptions of herbal medicines. To this end, researchers introduced, for the first time to the best of researchers' knowledge, a book that recorded the complete prescription of traditional Chinese medicine that Jianzhen brought to Japan named Jianshangren (Holy Priest Jianzhen)’s Secret Prescription.
Figure 1. Jianzhen’s image stamped on the certificate with the date (25 March, 4th year of Reiwa, 2022) for visit at Toshodaiji Temple, Nara, Japan. Authors’ original photograph taken in the background of Main Hall (Kondo).

2. Jianzhen’s Background in Medicine and Pharmacy

Jianzhen became a monk in Dayun Temple, Yangzhou, when he was 14 years old. At the age of 20, he followed his teacher Daoan (654–717) to study in two capitals (Luoyang and Chang’an) of the Tang Dynasty. Daoan’s teacher was Wengang (636–727), Wengang’s teacher was Hongjing (634–712), and Hongjing was a disciple of Daoxuan (596–667). Daoxuan was the founder of Nanshan Buddhism. Daoxuan made Tianwang Buxin Pills by himself as he suffered from heart disease. Daoxuan had a deep friendship with Sun Simiao (581–682), and Sun Simiao was a well-known doctor and pharmacy expert in China in the Tang Dynasty. Sun Simiao was known as the King of Medicine in China and is the author of A Thousand Gold Prescriptions and other books. Daoxuan learned a lot of medical knowledge from Sun Simiao and passed it on to Hongjing, who then passed it on to Jianzhen. They influenced and learned from each other in medicine and knowledge of Buddhism [4].
Jianzhen was born in Yangzhou, which was a traffic crossing point between the north-to-south canal and the Yangtze River. At that time, it was a city for international communication, a traffic tunnel for land, and water transportation. Jianzhen could see goods and medicines from all over the world in Yangzhou. Because of this unique geographical environment, Jianzhen mastered a lot of the knowledge for identifying the varieties, specifications, processing, and distinguishing the true from the false medicine [4].
Later, he went to Beijing and visited the imperial hospital and the pharmacy garden, where the imperial medicine garden and the medicine storehouse were located. The world’s first pharmacopoeia Newly Revised Materia Medica was promulgated here. Newly Revised Materia Medica is a book on clinical medicinal materials wrote by Su Jing (599–674) in the Tang Dynasty [5]. Jianzhen learned a lot of medical and pharmaceutical knowledge here.
In addition to being proficient in Buddhism and medicine, Jianzhen was also very proficient in other things, such as calligraphy, architecture, sculpture, art and crafts, and the Five Sciences. The Five Sciences in Buddhism refer to five academic fields: 1. Shengming/Shomyo (phonology and grammar); 2. Gongqiaoming/Kugyomyo (technics and technology); 3. Yifangming/Ihomyo (medical science); 4. Inming/Inmyo (ethics); 5. Neiming/Naimyo (study of a scholar’s religion, as in Buddhism for a Buddhist). He participated in the work of Longxing Temple and Daming Temple (Figure 2A,C), carried out voluntary medical treatment, and gained a great deal of clinical experience and medical knowledge in practice [6].
Figure 2. Photos of Daming Temple in Yangzhou, China, and Toshodaiji Temple in Nara, Japan. (A): Daming Temple, (B): Kondo (main hall) built in the late 8th century in Toshodaiji Temple, (C): Twin stone lanterns at Daming Temple given as a gift, (D): Original stone lantern of Toshodaiji Temple. (Authors’ original photographs).

3. Traditional Chinese Medicines Brought to Japan

Jianzhen took a large number of herbal medicines, spices, and medical books to Japan. He brought 36 kinds of herbal medicines from China to Japan, each herbal medicine with different pharmacological effects, and recipes for their different combinations to treat a variety of diseases (Figure 3, Table 1). The spices and the other things that he brought to Japan included musk, agarwood, snail, rosin, dipterocarp, fragrant gall, benzoin, incense, dutchman’s pipe root, pistacia lentiscus, piper longum, terminalia chebula/haritaki, asafoetida, sugar, sucrose, 10 bushels of honey, 80 bunches of sugar cane, and so on. In addition, Jianzhen also collected the medicines and objects that he encountered on the way to Japan and took them to Japan: for example, Stalactites and Zixue. During his stay in Guilin in the southern part of China, he saw many cauliflower stones (stalactites) that could be used as medicine, so he also brought them to Japan [7]. On their fifth trip to Japan, they drifted to Hainan, a southern island. During his stay in Hainan, due to the high temperature, beriberi was prevalent in this area. He found a new prescription and brought it to Japan [4]. After coming to Japan, Jianzhen built a medicinal garden in Toshodaiji Temple (Figure 2B,D) to grow medicinal herbs. Then, he distributed the herbal medicines to patients who helped themselves treat their illnesses [8].
Figure 3. Some representative herbal medicines in Table 2 exhibited currently at a drug shop in Japan. (A): Paeonia lactiflora Pall, (B): Glycyrrhiza glabra L., (C): Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels, (D): Conioselinum anthriscoides ‘Chuanxiong’, (E): Inula japonica Thunb., (F): Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC., (G): Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Makino, (H): Gardenia jasminoides J.Ellis, (I): Phellodendron chinense C.K.Schneid., (J): Prunus amygdalus Batsch, (K): Cortex of Magnolia officinalis Rehder and E.H.Wilson, (L): Cinnamomum verum J.Presl, (M): Eucommia ulmoides Oliv., (N): Ziziphus jujuba Mill., (O): Rheum palmatum L. (Authors’ original photographs).
Table 1. 36 kinds of herbal medicines brought into Japan by Jianzhen.
NO. Names of Herbs (Pinyin, Chinese and English Name) Pharmacological Activities References
1 Ma Huang (麻黄, Ephedra sinica Stapf) treats asthma, bronchitis, and hay fever, etc. [9]
2 Xi Xin (細辛, Asarum heterotropoides) dispels cold, reduces phlegm, and relieves pain, etc. [10]
3 Shao Yao (芍薬, Paeonia lactiflora Pall) treats pain, immune disorders, and inflammation, etc. [11]
4 Fu Zi (附子, Aconitum carmichaeli Debeaux) treats rheumatic fever, some endocrine disorders, and painful joints, etc. [12]
5 Yuan Zhi (遠志, Polygala senega L.) anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, neuroprotective, hypnotic-sedative, anti-viral, anti-tumor, anti-arrhythmic, and anti-depressant effects, etc. [13]
6 Huang Qi (黄芪, Astragalus mongholicus Bunge ) anti-viral, immunomodulatory, and anti-cancer effects, etc. [14]
7 Gan Cao (甘草, Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) treats cough, phlegm, dyspnea, spasms, and pain, etc. [15]
8 Ku Shen (苦参, Sophora flavescens Aiton) anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-pyretic, anti-nociceptive, and anti-tumor effects, etc. [16]
9 Dang Gui (当帰, Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels) tonifies, invigorates blood, lubricates the intestines, relieves pain, treats female amenorrhea and irregular menstruation, etc. [17]
10 Chai Hu (柴胡, Bupleurum falcatum L.) treats cold fever, irregular menstruation, uterine prolapse, rectocele, chest and rib swelling pain, etc. [18]
11 Chuan Xiong (川芎, Conioselinum anthriscoides ‘Chuanxiong’) anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-cerebral ischemia, anti-hypertensive, blood vessel protection, anti-myocardial ischemia, anti-thrombotic, anti-atherosclerosis, anti-spasmodic, anti-asthma, and anti-cancer effects, etc. [19]
12 Xuan Shen (玄参, Scrophularia ningpoensis Hemsl.) neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-ventricular remodeling and hepatoprotective effects, etc. [20]
13 Di Huang (地黄, Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) DC.) immune-enhancement, anti-hypertension, anti-diabetes, anti-tumor effects, homeostasis, treatment of urinary tract stones, and ulcerative stomatitis, etc. [21]
14 Zi Su (紫蘇, Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton) anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-allergic, anticancer, anti-microbial, anti-cough, and anti-depressive effects, etc. [22]
15 Dan Shen (丹参, Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge) anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor effects, treats cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, etc. [23]
16 Huang Qin (黄芩, Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi) anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-tumor, anti-bacterial, neuroprotective, and hepatoprotective effects, etc. [24]
17 Jie Geng (桔梗, Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A.DC.) anti-oxidative, anti-tumor, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, cardiovascular protective, and hepatoprotective effects, etc. [25]
18 Xuan Fu Hua (旋覆花, Inula japonica Thunb.) anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-tumor, anti-allergy, blood lipid reduction, anti-diabetic effects, anti-constipation, skin whitening, liver protection, etc. [26]
19 Cang Zhu (蒼朮, Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC.) anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-cancer, anti-pyretic effects, activities on central nervous, gastrointestinal, and cardiovascular systems, etc. [27]
20 Zhi Mu (知母, Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge) anti-cancer, anti-inflammation, anti-coagulant, and anti-neuronal disorders, etc. [28]
21 Ban Xia (半夏, Inellia ternata (Thunb.) Makino) anti-tussive, expectorant, anti-bacterial, anti-emetic, anti-tumor, and sedative-hypnotic effects, etc. [29]
22 Yuan Hua (芫花, Daphne genkwa Siebold & Zucc.) treatment of sore throats, cough, edema, etc. [30]
23 Zhi Zi (栀子, Gardenia jasminoides J.Ellis) a positive effect on the digestive and cardiovascular systems, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and antidepressant effects, etc. [31]
24 Wu Wei Zi (五味子, Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill.) hepatoprotective, anti-tumor, anti-myocardial dysfunction, anti-myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, and anti-HIV effects, etc. [32]
25 Huang Bo (黄柏, Phellodendron chinense C.K.Schneid.) anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-tumor, anti-ulcer, anti-gout, anti-atopic dermatitis, and neuroprotective effects, etc. [33]
26 Xing Ren (杏仁, Prunus amygdalus Batsch) anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-atherosclerosis, anti-fibrotic, analgesic, immunomodulatory, ameliorating reproductive system and digestive system, neuroprotective effects, improving myocardial hypertrophy, and reducing blood glucose. [34]
27 Hou Po (厚朴, Cortex of Magnolia officinalis Rehder & E.H.Wilson) pharmacological effects on the digestive system, cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, nervous systems, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-bacterial, anti-tumor, analgesic effects, etc. [35]
28 He Hou Po (和厚朴, Magnolia obovata Thunb.), anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-tumor, and anti-platelet effects, etc. [36]
29 Rou Gui (肉桂, 桂皮, Cinnamomum verum J.Presl) anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-tumor, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, anti-bacterial, analgesic, neuroprotective, cardiovascular protective, cytoprotective, immunoregulatory, anti-tyrosinase effects, etc. [37]
30 Du Zhong (杜仲, Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.) anti-oxidative, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-hyperlipidemia, anti-hypertensive, anti-tumor, anti-osteoporosis, immunomodulatory, and neuroprotective effects, etc. [38]
31 Mu Gua (木瓜, Chaenomeles lagenaria (Loisel.) Koidz.) anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-oxidative, anti-viral, anti-bacterial, anti-cancer, and anti-Parkinson effects, etc. [39]
32 Da Zao (大棗, Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-cancer, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-hyperglycemic, immunoregulatory, neuroprotective, and sedative effects, etc. [40]
33 Shan Jiao, Shu Jiao (山椒, 蜀椒, Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.) anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperlipidemia, anti-tumor effects, etc. [41]
34 Hua Jiao (花椒, Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.) anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-tumor, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal and analgesic effects, as well as regulatory effects on the nervous system and gastrointestinal system. [42]
35 Pepper and Wu Zhu Yu (呉茱萸, Tetradium ruticarpum (A.Juss.) T.G.Hartley) anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-bacterial, anti-tumor, anti-obesity, regulating central nervous system homeostasis, cardiovascular protection effects, etc. [43]
36 Da Huang (大黄, Rheum palmatum L.) anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, regulation of gastrointestinal flora, protection of the intestinal mucosal barrier, and inhibition of fibrosis effects, etc. [44]
Before the arrival of Jianzhen, in the Asuka and Nara periods (6th to 8th centuries), traditional Chinese medicine was adopted in Japan, and the first medical law (Ishitsuryo in the Taiho Code, 701 AD) was enacted during the reform period in the early 8th century [45]. The Ishinho (Ishinpo) is the oldest medical book, consisting of 30 volumes, expounding the importance of foreign medical literature (such as traditional Chinese medicine) to the development of Japanese medicine. All these 36 kinds of herbal medicines are well developed in Japan and are called Kampo medicine now [46]. Japan formulated traditional Chinese medicine into Kampo medicine suitable for the constitution of the Japanese people’s bodies (Yoshiko Takahashi, 2019, https://www.premium-j.jp/en/japanesesenses/20190814_2783/#page-1, accessed on 1 June 2022). The representative prescriptions are in Table 2.
Table 2. Representative prescriptions sold currently in Japan that would have origins in Jianzhen’s herbal medicines.
NO. Names of Herbs (Japanese, Kanji and English Name) Prescriptions Symptoms and Diseases References
1 Mao (麻黄, Ephedra sinica Stapf) Mao-To, etc. fever, cold, etc. [47]
2 Saishin (細辛, Asarum heterotropoides) Sho Seiryu-To, etc. bronchitis, rhinitis, cold, hay fever, etc. [48]
3 Shakuyaku (芍薬, Paeonia lactiflora Pall) Shakuyaku-Kanzo-To, etc. pain relief (acute low back pain/abdominal pain), etc. [49]
4 Bushi (附子, Aconitum carmichaeli Debeaux) Mao-Bushi-Saishin-To, etc. for colds with less heat from the elderly and frail people, etc. [50]
5 Onji (遠志, Polygala senega L.) Onji, etc. expectorant, sedative, anti-dementia effect, etc. [51]
6 Ogi (黄芪, Astragalus mongholicus Bunge) Keishi-Ka-Ogi-To, etc. frail constitution, poor circulation, etc. [52]
7 Kanzo (甘草, Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) Kanzo-To, etc. severe cough, sore throat, mouth ulcer, hoarseness, etc. [53]
8 Kujin (苦参, Sophora flavescens Aiton) Shofu-San, etc. beriberi, heat rash, eczema, hives, etc. [54]
9 Toki (当帰, Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels) Toki-Shakuyaku-San, etc. sensitivity to cold, irregular menstruation, dysmenorrhea, menstrual pain, etc. [55]
10 Saiko (柴胡, Bupleurum falcatum L.) Sho-Saiko-To, etc. loss of appetite, tiredness, late symptoms of cold, etc. [56]
11 Senkyu (川芎, Conioselinum anthriscoides ‘Chuanxiong’) Shimotsu-To, etc. postpartum or miscarriage recovery from fatigue, irregular menstruation, sensitivity to cold, etc. [57]
12 Genjin (玄参, Scrophularia ningpoensis Hemsl.) Kami-Untan-To, etc. symptoms of gastrointestinal weakness: neurosis, insomnia, etc. [58]
13 Jio (地黄, Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) DC.) Hachimijio-Gan, etc. difficulty urinating, mild urine leakage, low back pain, etc. [59]
14 Shiso (紫蘇, Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton) Koso-San, etc. early stages of cold in a person with gastrointestinal weakness and nervousness, gastrointestinal cold, neurogenic gastritis, etc. [60]
15 Tanjin (丹参, Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge) Kanshin Nigoho, etc. angina, myocardial infarction, hypertension, etc. [61]
16 Ogon (黄芩, Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi) Kakkon-Oren-Ogon-To, etc. diarrhea, acute gastroenteritis, mouth ulcer, glossitis, stiff shoulders, etc. [62]
17 Kikyo (桔梗, Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A.DC.) Kikyo-To, etc. tonsillitis, etc. [63]
18 Senpukuka (旋覆花, Inula japonica Thunb.) Senpukuka, etc. expectorant, antitussive, diuretic, etc. [26]
19 Sojutsu (蒼朮, Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. ) Keishi-Ka-Jutsubu-To, etc. joint pain, neuralgia, etc. [64]
20 Chimo (知母, Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge) Sansonin-To, etc. insomnia, etc. [65]
21 Hange (半夏, Pinellia ternata) Hangeshashin-To, etc. acute or chronic gastroenteritis, diarrhea, dyspepsia, gastroptosis, stomatitis, neurosis, etc. [66]
22 Genka (芫花, Daphne genkwa Siebold & Zucc.) Ju-So-To, etc. tumor, inflammatory, and allergy, etc. [67]
23 Shishi (栀子, Gardenia jasminoides J.Ellis) Inchinko-To, etc. jaundice, cirrhosis, urticaria, mouth ulcer, etc. [68]
24 Gomishi (五味子, Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill.) Seihai-To, etc. cough with a lot of sputum, etc. [69]
25 Obaku (黄柏, Phellodendron chinense C.K.Schneid.) Unsei-In, etc. menstrual irregularity, neurosis, eczema, dysmenorrhea, menopausal disorders, etc. [70]
26 Kyonin (杏仁, Prunus amygdalus Batsch) Makyokanseki-To, etc. cough, common cold, childhood asthma, bronchial asthma, bronchitis, hemorrhoid pain, etc. [71]
27 Koboku (厚朴, Cortex of Magnolia officinalis Rehder & E.H.Wilson) Hangekoboku-To, etc. cough, nervous gastritis, anxiety, etc. [72]
28 Wakoboku (和厚朴, Magnolia obovata Thunb.) none none -
29 Keihi (肉桂, 桂皮, Cinnamomum verum J.Presl) Keishi-To, etc. initial stage of the common cold, etc. [73]
30 Tochu (杜仲, Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.) Tochucha, etc. constipation, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, etc. [74]
31 Mokka (木瓜, Chaenomeles lagenaria (Loisel.) Koidz.) Keimei-San-Ka-Bukuryo, etc. fatigue of the lower limbs, difficulty walking, etc. [75]
32 Taiso (大棗, Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) Hochu-ekki-To, etc. weak constitution, fatigue, weakness after illness, loss of appetite, common cold, night sweat, etc. [76]
33 Sansho (山椒/蜀椒, Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.) Toki-To, etc. feeling cold on the back, abdominal bloating and abdominal pain, etc. [77]
34 Hoajao (花椒, Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.) Same as Sansho Same as Sansho [77]
35 Goshuyu (呉茱萸, Tetradium ruticarpum (A.Juss.) T.G.Hartley) Goshuyu-To, etc. headache, vomiting, etc. [78]
36 Daio (大黄, Rheum palmatum L.) Daio-Kanzo-To, etc. constipation, etc. [79]

This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/compounds2040022

References

  1. Reid, D. The Shambhala Guide to Traditional Chinese Medicine; Shambhala Publications: Boston, MA, USA, 1996.
  2. Chan, K. Progress in Traditional Chinese Medicine. Trends Pharm. Sci. 1995, 16, 182–187.
  3. Jiang, W.-Y. Therapeutic wisdom in Traditional Chinese Medicine: A perspective from modern science. Trends Pharm. Sci. 2005, 26, 558–563.
  4. Geng, T.-J. The beginning and end of Jianzhen’s visit to Japan to teach Chinese medicine. Jiangsu Zhongyi 1963, 3, 19–23. (In Chinese)
  5. Zhu, G.; Yan, H.; Chen, L.; Ren, Y. Historical Evolution of Traditional Medicine in Japan. Chin. Med. Cult. 2019, 2, 36–43.
  6. Jing, W.; Yu, F. An Exploration of the Motives of Jianzhen Buddhism’s Eastern Transmission. Overseas Chin. Gard. China 2020, 7, 91–93. (In Chinese)
  7. Geng, T.-J.; Geng, Y.-X. Talking about the statue of Jianzhen returning to China to visit relatives. J. Tradit. Chin. Med. 1980, 21, 67–68. (In Chinese)
  8. He, Y.-H. An Opinion on Jianzhen’s Contribution to Japanese Medicine. Jpn. Stud. 1988, 3, 25–42. (In Chinese)
  9. Zhou, Z.; Gao, N.; Wang, Y.; Chang, P.; Tong, Y.; Fu, S. Clinical Studies on the Treatment of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia With Traditional Chinese Medicine-A Literature Analysis. Front Pharm. 2020, 11, 560448.
  10. Liu, H.; Wang, C. The genus Asarum: A review on phytochemistry, ethnopharmacology, toxicology and pharmacokinetics. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2022, 282, 114642.
  11. Zhang, L.; Wei, W. Anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory effects of paeoniflorin and total glucosides of paeony. Pharmacol. Ther. 2020, 207, 107452.
  12. Nyirimigabo, E.; Xu, Y.; Li, Y.; Wang, Y.; Agyemang, K.; Zhang, Y. A review on phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology studies of Aconitum. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2015, 67, 1–19.
  13. Zhao, X.; Cui, Y.; Wu, P.; Zhao, P.; Zhou, Q.; Zhang, Z.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, X. Polygalae Radix: A review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, and pharmacokinetics. Fitoterapia 2020, 147, 104759.
  14. Chen, Z.; Liu, L.; Gao, C.; Chen, W.; Vong, C.-T.; Yao, P.; Yang, Y.; Li, X.; Tang, X.; Wang, S.; et al. Astragali Radix (Huangqi): A promising edible immunomodulatory herbal medicine. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2020, 258, 112895.
  15. Jiang, M.; Zhao, S.; Yang, S.; Lin, X.; He, X.; Wei, X.; Song, Q.; Li, R.; Fu, C.; Zhang, J.; et al. An “essential herbal medicine”-licorice: A review of phytochemicals and its effects in combination preparations. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2020, 249, 112439.
  16. He, X.; Fang, J.; Huang, L.; Wang, J.; Huang, X. Sophora flavescens Ait.: Traditional usage, phytochemistry and pharmacology of an important Traditional Chinese Medicine. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2015, 172, 10–29.
  17. Wei, W.-L.; Zeng, R.; Gu, C.-M.; Qu, Y.; Huang, L.-F. Angelica sinensis in China-A review of botanical profile, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and chemical analysis. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2016, 190, 116–141.
  18. Jiang, H.; Yang, L.; Hou, A.; Zhang, J.; Wang, S.; Man, W.; Zheng, S.; Yu, H.; Wang, X.; Yang, B.; et al. Botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, analytical methods, processing, pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of Bupleuri Radix: A systematic review. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2020, 131, 110679.
  19. Chen, Z.; Zhang, C.; Gao, F.; Fu, Q.; Fu, C.; He, Y.; Zhang, J. A systematic review on the rhizome of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. (Chuanxiong). Food Chem. Toxicol. 2018, 119, 309–325.
  20. Zhang, Q.; Liu, A.; Wang, Y. Scrophularia ningpoensis Hemsl: A review of its phytochemistry, pharmacology, quality control and pharmacokinetics. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2021, 73, 573–600.
  21. Zhang, R.-X.; Li, M.-X.; Jia, Z.-P. Rehmannia glutinosa: Review of botany, chemistry and pharmacology. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2008, 117, 199–214.
  22. Yu, H.; Qiu, J.-F.; Ma, L.-J.; Hu, Y.-J.; Li, P.; Wan, J.-B. Phytochemical and phytopharmacological review of Perilla frutescens L. (Labiatae), a traditional edible-medicinal herb in China. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2017, 108, 375–391.
  23. Jiang, Z.; Gao, W.; Huang, L. Tanshinones, Critical Pharmacological Components in Salvia miltiorrhiza. Front Pharmacol. 2019, 10, 202.
  24. Zhao, T.; Tang, H.; Xie, L.; Zheng, Y.; Ma, Z.; Sun, Q.; Li, X. Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. (Lamiaceae): A review of its traditional uses, botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2019, 71, 1353–1369.
  25. Zhang, L.; Wang, Y.; Yang, D.; Zhang, C.; Zhang, N.; Li, M.; Liu, Y. Platycodon grandifloras—An ethnopharmacological, phytochemical and pharmacological review. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2015, 164, 147–161.
  26. Yang, L.; Wang, X.; Hou, A.; Zhang, J.; Wang, S.; Man, W.; Yu, H.; Zheng, S.; Wang, Q.; Jiang, H.; et al. A review of the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of the Flos Inulae. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2021, 276, 114125.
  27. Koonrungsesomboon, N.; Na-Bangchang, K.; Karbwang, J. Therapeutic potential and pharmacological activities of Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med. 2014, 7, 421–428.
  28. Lin, Y.; Zhao, W.-R.; Shi, W.-T.; Zhang, J.; Zhang, K.-Y.; Ding, Q.; Chen, X.-L.; Tang, J.-Y.; Zhou, Z.-Y. Pharmacological Activity, Pharmacokinetics, and Toxicity of Timosaponin AIII, a Natural Product Isolated from Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge: A Review. Front Pharmacol. 2020, 11, 764.
  29. Mao, R.; He, Z. Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit: A review of its germplasm resources, genetic diversity and active components. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2020, 263, 113252.
  30. Zhou, D.-C.; Zheng, G.; Jia, L.-Y.; He, X.; Zhang, C.-F.; Wang, C.-Z.; Yuan, C.-S. Comprehensive evaluation on anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic activities in vitro of fourteen flavonoids from Daphne Genkwa based on the combination of efficacy coefficient method and principal component analysis. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2021, 268, 113683.
  31. Chen, L.; Li, M.; Yang, Z.; Tao, W.; Wang, P.; Tian, X.; Li, X.; Wang, W. Gardenia jasminoides Ellis: Ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and pharmacological and industrial applications of an important Traditional Chinese medicine. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2020, 257, 112829.
  32. Zhang, M.; Xu, L.; Yang, H. Schisandra chinensis Fructus and Its Active Ingredients as Promising Resources for the Treatment of Neurological Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19, 1970.
  33. Sun, Y.; Lenon, G.-B.; Yang, A.-W.-H. Phellodendri Cortex: A Phytochemical, Pharmacological, and Pharmacokinetic Review. Evid. Based Complement Alternat. Med. 2019, 2019, 7621929.
  34. He, X.-Y.; Wu, L.-J.; Wang, W.-X.; Xie, P.-J.; Chen, Y.-H.; Wang, F. Amygdalin—A pharmacological and toxicological review. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2020, 254, 112717.
  35. Luo, H.; Wu, H.; Yu, X.; Zhang, X.; Lu, Y.; Fan, J.; Tang, L.; Wang, Z. A review of the phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of Magnoliae officinalis cortex. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2019, 236, 412–442.
  36. Hasegawa, S.; Yonezawa, T.; Ahn, J.-Y.; Cha, B.-Y.; Teruya, T.; Takami, M.; Yagasaki, K.; Nagai, K.; Woo, J.-T. Honokiol inhibits osteoclast differentiation and function in vitro. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2010, 33, 487–492.
  37. Zhang, C.; Fan, L.; Fan, S.; Wang, J.; Luo, T.; Tang, Y.; Chen, Z.; Yu, L. Cinnamomum cassia Presl: A Review of Its Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology. Molecules 2019, 24, 3473.
  38. Wang, C.-Y.; Tang, L.; He, J.-W.; Li, J.; Wang, Y.-Z. Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Properties of Eucommia ulmoides: A Review. Am. J. Chin. Med. 2019, 47, 259–300.
  39. Huang, W.; He, J.; Nisar, M.-F.; Li, H.; Wan, C. Phytochemical and Pharmacological Properties of Chaenomeles speciosa: An Edible Medicinal Chinese Mugua. Evid. Based Complement Alternat. Med. 2018, 2018, 9591845.
  40. Lu, Y.; Bao, T.; Mo, J.; Ni, J.; Chen, W. Research advances in bioactive components and health benefits of jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) fruit. J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B 2021, 22, 431–449.
  41. Deng, S.; Rong, H.; Tu, H.; Zheng, B.; Mu, X.; Zhu, L.; Zhou, X.; Peng, W.; Wu, M.; Zhang, E.; et al. Molecular basis of neurophysiological and antioxidant roles of Szechuan pepper. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2019, 112, 108696.
  42. Zhang, M.; Wang, J.; Zhu, L.; Li, T.; Jiang, W.; Zhou, J.; Peng, W.; Wu, C. Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. (Rutaceae): A Systematic Review of Its Traditional Uses, Botany, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics, and Toxicology. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017, 18, 2172.
  43. Li, M.; Wang, C. Traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and toxicology of the fruit of Tetradium ruticarpum: A review. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2020, 263, 113231.
  44. Xiang, H.; Zuo, J.; Guo, F.; Dong, D. What we already know about rhubarb: A comprehensive review. Chin Med. 2020, 15, 88.
  45. Yano, T. Acupuncture and Moxibustion Medical System in Japan. Proceedings of 1st JSAM International Symposium of Evidence-based Acupuncture, Kyoto, Japan, 20–21 November 2006; pp. 20–21.
  46. Takahashi, Y. Kampo, Which Developed Its Own Style, Is Now Drawing Attention around the World. Available online: https://www.premium-j.jp/en/japanesesenses/20190814_2783/#page-1 (accessed on 14 August 2019).
  47. Yoshino, T.; Arita, R.; Horiba, Y.; Watanabe, K. The use of maoto (Ma-Huang-Tang), a traditional Japanese Kampo medicine, to alleviate flu symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Complement Altern. Med. 2019, 19, 68.
  48. Komuro, A. Chapter 14—Kampo Medicines for Infectious Diseases. In Japanese Kampo Medicines for the Treatment of Common Diseases, Focus on Inflammation; Arumugam, S., Watanabe, K., Eds.; Academic Press: London, UK, 2017; pp. 127–142.
  49. Ota, K.; Fukui, K.; Nakamura, E.; Oka, M.; Ota, K.; Sakaue, M.; Sano, Y.; Takasu, A. Effect of Shakuyaku-kanzo-to in patients with muscle cramps: A systematic literature review. J. Gen. Fam. Med. 2020, 21, 56–62.
  50. Kamei, T.; Kondoh, T.; Nagura, S.; Toriumi, Y.; Kumano, H.; Tomioka, H. Improvement of C-reactive protein levels and body temperature of an elderly patient infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa on treatment with Mao-bushi-saishin-to. J. Altern. Complement. Med. 2000, 6, 235–239.
  51. Kuboyama, T.; Hirotsu, K.; Arai, T.; Yamasaki, H.; Tohda, C. Polygalae Radix Extract Prevents Axonal Degeneration and Memory Deficits in a Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease. Front Pharm. 2017, 8, 805.
  52. Suzuki, F.; Kobayashi, M.; Komatsu, Y.; Kato, A.; Pollard, R.-B. Keishi-ka-kei-to, a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, inhibits pulmonary metastasis of B16 melanoma. Anticancer Res. 1997, 17, 873–878.
  53. Katsura, T. The Remarkable Effect of Kanzo-to and Shakuyakukanzo-to, in the Treatment of Acute Abdominal Pain. Kampo Med. 1995, 46, 293–299.
  54. Akamatsu, H.; Asada, Y.; Horio, T. Inhibitory effect of shofu-san, a Japanese kampo medicine, on neutrophil functions in vitro. Am. J. Chin. Med. 1998, 26, 57–64.
  55. Sreedhar, R.; Arumugam, S.; Thandavarayan, R.-A.; Giridharan, V.-V.; Karuppagounder, V.; Pitchaimani, V.; Afrin, R.; Harima, M.; Nakamura, T.; Ueno, K.; et al. Toki-shakuyaku-san, a Japanese kampo medicine, reduces colon inflammation in a mouse model of acute colitis. Int. Immunopharmacol. 2015, 29, 869–875.
  56. Shimizu, I. Sho-saiko-to: Japanese herbal medicine for protection against hepatic fibrosis and carcinoma. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2000, 15, D84–D90.
  57. Tahara, E.; Satoh, T.; Toriizuka, K.; Nagai, H.; Nunome, S.; Shimada, Y.; Itoh, T.; Terasawa, K.; Saiki, I. Effect of Shimotsu-to (a Kampo medicine, Si-Wu-Tang) and its constituents on triphasic skin reaction in passively sensitized mice. J. Ethnopharmacol. 1999, 68, 219–228.
  58. Nakagawasai, O.; Yamadera, F.; Iwasaki, K.; Arai, H.; Taniguchi, R.; Tan-No, K.; Sasaki, H.; Tadano, T. Effect of kami-untan-to on the impairment of learning and memory induced by thiamine-deficient feeding in mice. Neuroscience 2004, 125, 233–241.
  59. Mori, T.; Sakamoto, S.; Matsuda, M.; Kyokuwa, M.; Namiki, H.; Kuwa, K.; Kawashima, S.; Nagasawa, H. Suppression of spontaneous development of uterine adenomyosis and mammary hyperplastic alveolar nodules by Chinese herbal medicines in mice. Am. J. Chin. Med. 1993, 21, 263–268.
  60. Ito, N.; Hirose, E.; Ishida, T.; Hori, A.; Nagai, T.; Kobayashi, Y.; Kiyohara, H.; Oikawa, T.; Hanawa, T.; Odaguchi, H. Kososan, a Kampo medicine, prevents a social avoidance behavior and attenuates neuroinflammation in socially defeated mice. J. Neuroinflamm. 2017, 14, 98.
  61. Zhang, G.-X.; Zhang, Y.-Y.; Zhang, X.-X.; Wang, P.-Q.; Liu, J.; Liu, Q.; Wang, Z. Different network pharmacology mechanisms of Danshen-based Fangjis in the treatment of stable angina. Acta. Pharmacol. Sin. 2018, 39, 952–960.
  62. Ozaki, Y. Studies on antiinflamatory effect of Japanese Oriental medicines (kampo medicines) used to treat inflammatory diseases. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 1995, 18, 559–562.
  63. Saeki, T.; Nikaido, T. Evaluations of saponin properties of HPLC analysis of Platycodon grandiflorum A. DC. Yakugaku Zasshi. 2003, 123, 431–441.
  64. Satoh, K.; Takano, S.; Kobayashi, T. Keishikajutsubuto (Guizhi-shu-fu-tang) treatment for refractory accumulation of synovial fluid in a patient with pustulotic arthro-osteitis. Fukushima J. Med. Sci. 2007, 53, 33–38.
  65. Saito, K.; Umeda, S.; Kawashima, K.; Kano, Y. Pharmacological properties of traditional medicines. XXVI. Effects of Sansohnin-to on pentobarbital sleep in stressed mice. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2000, 23, 76–79.
  66. Urushiyama, H.; Jo, T.; Yasunaga, H.; Michihata, N.; Yamana, H.; Matsui, H.; Hasegawa, W.; Hiraishi, Y.; Mitani, A.; Fushimi, K.; et al. Effect of Hangeshashin-To (Japanese Herbal Medicine Tj-14) on Tolerability of Irinotecan: Propensity Score and Instrumental Variable Analyses. J. Clin. Med. 2018, 7, 246.
  67. Kai, H.; Koine, T.; Baba, M.; Okuyama, T. Pharmacological effects of Daphne genkwa and Chinese medical prescription, “Jyu-So-To”. Yakugaku Zasshi. 2004, 124, 349–354.
  68. Yamamoto, M.; Miura, N.; Ohtake, N.; Amagaya, S.; Ishige, A.; Sasaki, H.; Komatsu, Y.; Fukuda, K.; Ito, T.; Terasawa, K. Genipin, a metabolite derived from the herbal medicine Inchin-ko-to, and suppression of Fas-induced lethal liver apoptosis in mice. Gastroenterology 2000, 118, 380–389.
  69. Kogiso, H.; Ikeuchi, Y.; Sumiya, M.; Hosogi, S.; Tanaka, S.; Shimamoto, C.; Inui, T.; Marunaka, Y.; Nakahari, T. Seihai-to (TJ-90)-Induced Activation of Airway Ciliary Beatings of Mice: Ca2+ Modulation of cAMP-Stimulated Ciliary Beatings via PDE1. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19, 658.
  70. Taira, K.; Fujiwara, K.; Fukuhara, T.; Morisaki, T.; Koyama, S.; Donishi, R.; Takeuchi, H. Unseiin, a Kampo medicine, Reduces the Severity and Manifestations of Skin Toxicities Induced by Cetuximab: A Case Report. Yonago Acta. Med. 2020, 63, 379–384.
  71. Miyagoshi, M.; Amagaya, S.; Ogihara, Y. Antitussive effects of L-ephedrine, amygdalin, and makyokansekito (Chinese traditional medicine) using a cough model induced by sulfur dioxide gas in mice. Planta Med. 1986, 4, 275–278.
  72. Kagohashi, K.; Tamura, T.; Ohara, G.; Satoh, H. Effect of a traditional herbal medicine, hangekobokuto, on the sensation of a lump in the throat in patients with respiratory diseases. Biomed. Rep. 2016, 4, 384–386.
  73. Motoo, Y.; Su, S.-B.; Xie, M.-J.; Mouri, H.; Taga, H.; Sawabu, N. Effect of herbal medicine keishi-to (TJ-45) and its components on rat pancreatic acinar cell injuries in vivo and in vitro. Pancreatology 2001, 1, 102–109.
  74. Ishimitsu, A.; Tojo, A.; Satonaka, H.; Ishimitsu, T. Eucommia ulmoides (Tochu) and its extract geniposidic acid reduced blood pressure and improved renal hemodynamics. Biomed Pharm. 2021, 141, 111901.
  75. Yamada, M. Oriental medical research on neurosis Part 3: Clinical trials and discussion of blood paths. Nitto Med. J. 1961, 12, 14–19. (In Japanese)
  76. Nakakubo, S.; Kimura, S.; Mimura, K.; Kajiwara, C.; Ishii, Y.; Konno, S.; Tateda, K. Traditional Japanese Herbal Medicine Hochu-Ekki-to Promotes Pneumococcal Colonization Clearance via Macrophage Activation and Interleukin 17A Production in Mice. Front Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 2020, 10, 569158.
  77. Hidaka, S.; Abe, K.; Takeuchi, Y.; Liu, S.-Y. Inhibition of the formation of oral calcium phosphate precipitates: Beneficial effects of Chinese traditional (kampo) medicines. J. Periodontal Res. 1993, 28, 27–34.
  78. Wakasugi, A.; Odaguchi, H.; Oikawa, T.; Hanawa, T. Effects of goshuyuto on lateralization of pupillary dynamics in headache. Auton Neurosci. 2008, 139, 9–14.
  79. Takayama, K.; Takahara, C.; Tabuchi, N.; Okamura, N. Daiokanzoto (Da-Huang-Gan-Cao-Tang) is an effective laxative in gut microbiota associated with constipation. Sci. Rep. 2019, 9, 3833.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
This entry is offline, you can click here to edit this entry!
ScholarVision Creations
Feedback