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List of Mergers and Acquisitions by IBM: History
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Subjects: Computer Science, Theory & Methods
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IBM has undergone a large number of mergers and acquisitions during a corporate history lasting over a century; the company has also produced a number of spinoffs during that time. The acquisition date listed is the date of the agreement between IBM and the subject of the acquisition. The value of each acquisition is listed in USD because IBM is based in the United States . If the value of an acquisition is not listed, then it is undisclosed. Many of the companies listed in this article had subsidiaries of their own who had subsidiaries who ... For examples, see Pugh's book Building IBM, page 26.

  • mergers and acquisitions
  • ibm
  • spinoffs

1. Precursors 1889–1910

Herman Hollerith initially did business under his own name, as The Hollerith Electric Tabulating System, specialising in punched card data processing equipment.[1] In 1896 he incorporated as the Tabulating Machine Company.

  • 1889 Bundy Manufacturing Company incorporated.
  • 1891 Computing Scale Company incorporated.
  • 1893 Dey Patents Company (soon renamed the Dey Time Register Company) incorporated.
  • 1894 Willard & Frick Manufacturing Company (Rochester, New York) incorporated.
  • 1896
    • Detroit Automatic Scale Company incorporated.
    • Hollerith incorporates the Tabulating Machine Company. Will be reincorporated in 1905.
  • 1899 Standard Time Stamp Company acquired by Bundy Manufacturing Company.
  • 1900
    • International Time Recording Company incorporated, acquiring the time-recording business of the Bundy Manufacturing Company and the Willard & Frick Manufacturing Company (Rochester).
    • Chicago Time-Register Company acquired by International Time Recording Company.
    • Dayton Moneyweight Scale Company acquired by Computing Scale Company.
    • Detroit Automatic Scale Company acquired by Computing Scale Company.
  • 1905 Hollerith reincorporates as The Tabulating Machine Company.[2]
  • 1907 Dey Time Register Company acquired by International Time Recording Company.
  • 1908 Syracuse Time Recorder Company acquired by International Time Recording Company.

2. Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company, 1911

Since the 1960s or earlier, IBM has described its formation as a merger of three companies: The Tabulating Machine Company (1880s origin in Washington, DC), the International Time Recording Company (ITR; 1900, Endicott), and the Computing Scale Company of America (1901, Dayton, Ohio).[3][4][5] However, there was no merger, it was an amalgamation, and an amalgamation of four, not three, companies.[6] The 1911 CTR stock prospectus states that the Bundy Manufacturing Company was also included.[7] While ITR had acquired its time recording business in 1900 Bundy had remained a separate entity producing an adding machine and other wares.

  • The Tabulating Machine Company
  • Computing Scale Corporation
  • International Time Recording Company
  • Bundy Manufacturing Company

CTR owned the stock of the four companies; CTR neither produced nor sold any product; the four companies continued to operate, as before, under their own names.

3. Acquisitions During 1912–1999

4. Acquisitions Since 2000

Number of acquisitions per year according to table below:

  • In 2020 IBM acquired 5 companies
  • In 2019 IBM acquired 1 companies
  • In 2018 IBM acquired 3 companies
  • In 2017 IBM acquired 3 companies
  • In 2016 IBM acquired 12 companies
  • In 2015 IBM acquired 13 companies
  • In 2014 IBM acquired 4 companies
  • In 2013 IBM acquired 9 companies
  • In 2012 IBM acquired 9 companies
  • In 2011 IBM acquired 8 companies
Acquired on Company Business Country Value (USD) References
2001 Mainspring Business strategy consulting  USA $80000000 [14]
2001 Informix Corporation Database software  USA $1×10^9 [15]
2002 CrossWorlds Software, Inc. Software  USA $129,000,000 [16]
2002 Metamerge Identity management  NOR   [17]
2002 Trellisoft, Inc. Enterprise storage  USA   [18]
2002 Holosofx, Inc. Business Process Management  USA,  EGY   [19]
2002 PWC Consulting from PricewaterhouseCoopers Business Consulting and Technology Services  USA $3.5×10^9 [20]
2002 Access360 Software  USA   [21]
2002 EADS Matra Datavision Product lifecycle management  USA   [22]
2002 Tarian Software Records Management  CAN   [23]
2003 Rational Software Corporation Software Development  USA $2.1×10^9 [24]
2003 Think Dynamics Software  CAN   [25]
2003 Information Laboratory Software  USA   [26]
2003 Aptrix Software  AUS   [27]
2003 CrossAccess Corporation Enterprise Information Integration  USA   [28]
2003 Productivity Solutions, Inc. Automated Self-Checkout Systems  USA   [29]
2003 Green Pasture Software, Inc. Content management software  USA   [30]
2004 Trigo Technologies Product information management  USA   [31]
2004 Daksh e-Services BPO Services  IND $170,000,000 [32]
2004 Business Continuity Services unit of Schlumberger IT Services  FRA   [33]
2004 Candle Corporation Infrastructure management  USA   [34]
2004 Alphablox Corporation Business Intelligence  USA   [35]
2004 Cyanea Systems Application management software  USA   [36]
2004 Venetica Enterprise Information Integration  USA   [37]
2004 Systemcorp ALG Ltd. Project Portfolio Management (PPM) software  CAN   [38]
2004 Liberty Insurance Services Business process services  USA   [39]
2004 Maersk Data and DMdata from Maersk IT Services  DEN   [40]
2004 KeyMRO Procurement Services  FRA   [41]
2005 Systems Research & Development Identity management  USA   [42]
2005 Corio Application Services  USA $182,000,000 [43]
2005 Ascential Software Corporation Enterprise Information Integration  USA $1.1×10^9 [44]
2005 Gluecode Software Application Server  USA   [45]
2005 Meiosys Application Management  USA,  FRA   [46]
2005 PureEdge Solutions, Inc. Electronic Forms  CAN   [47]
2005 Isogon Corporation Asset Management  USA   [48]
2005 DWL Enterprise Information Integration  USA,  CAN   [49]
2005 DataPower Technology, Inc. Service Oriented Architecture (SOA)  USA   [50]
2005 iPhrase Systems, Inc. Information management software  USA   [51]
2005 Network Solutions Pvt Ltd IT Services  IND    
2005 Collation, Inc. Network management  USA   [52]
2005 Bowstreet, Inc. Portal-based tools  USA   [53]
2006 ARGUS Semiconductor Software From INFICON Semiconductor Manufacturing software  USA   [54]
2006 CIMS Lab, Inc. IT Financial Management  USA   [55]
2006 Viacore, Inc. Supply chain optimization  USA   [56]
2006 Micromuse, Inc. Network management  USA $865,000,000 [57]
2006 Language Analysis Systems Identity management  USA   [58]
2006 BuildForge, Inc. Software Development  USA   [59]
2006 Unicorn Solutions, Inc. Metadata management  USA   [60]

[61]
2006 Rembo Technology Installation Software   SUI   [62]
2006 Webify Solutions, Inc Service Oriented Architecture software  USA   [63]
2006 Global Value Solutions IT Services  BRA   [64]
2006 DORANA product line from Ubiquity Pty Limited Asset Management  AUS   [65]
2006 MRO Software Asset Management  USA $740,000,000 [66]
2006 FileNet Corporation Content management software  USA $1.6×10^9 [67]
2006 Internet Security Systems (ISS) Information security  USA $1.3×10^9 [68]
2006 Palisades Technology Partners Management consulting  USA   [69]
2007 Consul Risk Management, Inc. Information security  NED   [70]
2007 Vallent Corporation Telecommunications Management  USA   [71]
2007 Softek Storage Solutions Corporation Data Mobility  USA   [72]
2007 BlackDot Networks, Inc. Enterprise Data Consulting  USA    
2007 Unicible IT Services   SWI $460,000,000 [73]
2007 Watchfire Corporation Security Software Testing  USA   [74]
2007 WebDialogs Web conferencing and communications  USA   [75]
2007 DataMirror Corporation Change Data Capture  CAN 161,000,000 [76]
2007 Qinnova, Inc. Internet Protocol Television (IPTV)  CAN   [77]
2007 Princeton Softech, Inc. Business Intelligence  USA   [78]
2007 NovusCG Storage Consulting and Technology Services  USA   [79]
2008 XIV Enterprise storage  ISR Over $300M [80]
2008 AptSoft Corporation Business Intelligence  USA   [81]
2008 Solid Information Technology Database software  USA,  FIN   [82]
2008 Cognos Business Intelligence  CAN $5×10^9 [83]
2008 Arsenal Digital Solutions Data backup services  USA   [84]
2008 Net Integration Technologies Inc. Business Server Software  CAN   [85]
2008 Encentuate, Inc. Enterprise Single Sign-On  USA   [86]
2008 Telelogic AB Enterprise software development  SWE $845,000,000 [87]
2008 Diligent Technologies Data De-duplication  USA $200,000,000 [88]
2008 FilesX Application Recovery Software  USA,  ISR   [89]
2008 InfoDyne Corporation Data Feed Connectors  USA   [90]
2008 Platform Solutions Mainframe, System Z technologies  USA   [91]
2008 ILOG Business Rules Management Systems  FRA $340,000,000 [92]
2008 Transitive Corporation Virtualization Software  USA,  UK   [93]
2009 Outblaze's E-Mail Service Assets Online messaging and collaboration  HKG   [94]
2009 Exeros Assets Data Discovery Software  USA   [95]
2009 SPSS Inc. Statistical analysis software  USA $1,200,000,000 [96]
2009 Ounce Labs Source code analysis  USA   [97]
2009 RedPill Solutions Analytics and Optimisation  SGP   [98]
2009 Guardium Database monitoring and protection  USA,  ISR   [99]
2009 Lombardi Business Process Management  USA   [100]
2010 National Interest Security Company, LLC Public sector consulting  USA   [101]
2010 Initiate Systems Data integrity software  USA   [102]
2010 Intelliden Inc. Network Automation software  USA   [103]
2010 Wilshire Credit Corporation Assets Mortgage Business Processing Services  USA   [104]
2010 Cast Iron Systems Cloud Integration  USA $190,000,000 [105] [106]
2010 Sterling Commerce Business software integration  USA $1,400,000,000 [107]
2010 Coremetrics Web Analytics  USA   [108]
2010 BigFix, Inc. Security and IT automation software  USA   [109]
2010 Storwize Data Compression  USA $140,000,000 [110]
2010 Datacap Data capture and Content Management  USA   [111]
2010 Unica Corporation Marketing planning software  USA $480,000,000 [112]
2010 OpenPages Integrated risk management solutions  USA   [113]
2010 Netezza Data warehousing and analytics  USA $1,700,000,000 [114]
2010 BLADE Network Technologies Networking  USA   [115]
2010 PSS Systems Legal risk management  USA   [116]
2010 Clarity Systems Financial governance  CAN $350,000,000 [117]
2011 Tririga Inc. Facility and Real Estate Management  USA   [118]
2011 i2 Limited Intelligence Analytics  UK   [119]
2011 Algorithmics Inc.[120] Risk Management  CAN $387,000,000 [121]
2011 Q1 Labs[122] Security Intelligence  USA   [123]
2011 Platform Computing Cluster and Grid Management Software  CAN   [124]
2011 Cúram Software Smarter Cities  IRL   [125]
2011 DemandTec Cloud-based Retail Analytics  USA $440,000,000 [126]
2011 Emptoris Supply Chain Analytics  USA   [127]
2012 Green Hat (software company)[128] Cloud based software testing  USA,  UK   [129]
2012 Worklight Software Development Firm  ISR $70,000,000 [130][131]
2012 Varicent Compensation and Sales Performance Management Software Solutions  CAN   [132]
2012 Vivisimo Enterprise Search Software  USA   [133]
2012 Tealeaf Technology Customer Experience Analytics Software  USA   [134]
2012 Texas Memory Systems Solid State Storage  USA   [135]
2012 Kenexa Corporation Human Capital Solutions  USA $1,400,000,000[136] [137]
2012 Butterfly Software Ltd. Data Analysis and Migration Software  UK   [138]
2012 StoredIQ Big Data Analysis  USA   [139]
2013 Star Analytics Business Analytics  USA   [140][141]
2013 UrbanCode Software delivery automation  USA   [142]
2013 SoftLayer Technologies Cloud Computing Infrastructure  USA $2,000,000,000[143] [144]
2013 CSL International Cloud Computing  ISR Not Disclosed [145]
2013 Trusteer Cyber Security  ISR $1,000,000,000[146] [147]
2013 Daeja Image Systems Viewer for document management systems  UK Not disclosed [148]
2013 The Now Factory Mobile Networks Big Data Analytics  IRL Not disclosed [149]
2013 Xtify In-app mobile messaging and push notification tools  USA Not disclosed [150]
2013 Fiberlink Communications Mobile Device Management  USA $330,000,000 [151]
2013 Aspera, Inc. Data Transfer Technology  USA Not disclosed [152]
2014 Cloudant, Inc. Database-as-a-Service  USA Not disclosed [153]
2014 Silverpop Systems, Inc. Behavioral Marketing Automation  USA Not disclosed [154]
2014 Cognea Cognitive computing (conversational artificial intelligence platform)  USA Not disclosed [155]
2014 CrossIdeas Cloud Security (Identity and Access Governance)  ITA Not disclosed [156]
2014 Lighthouse Security Group Cloud Security  USA Not disclosed [157]
2015 AlchemyAPI Natural language processing, big data  USA Not disclosed [158]
2015 Blekko Web Search Engine, Cognitive Computing  USA Not disclosed [159]
2015 Explorys Healthcare analytics  USA Not disclosed [160]
2015 Phytel Health management software  USA Not disclosed [161]
2015 Bluebox Private Cloud as a Service  USA Not disclosed [162]
2015 Compose Inc. Database as a Service  USA Not disclosed [163]
2015 Merge Healthcare Inc. Healthcare imaging software  USA $1,000,000,000 [164]
2015 StrongLoop Inc. Mobile API capabilities  USA Not disclosed [165]
2015 Meteorix LLC Consulting services for Workday applications  USA Not disclosed [166]
2015 The Weather Company digital assets Weather data sources and analytics, related online and mobile products  USA Not disclosed [167][168][169]
2015 Gravitant, Inc Cloud brokerage software and cloud management  USA Not disclosed [170]
2015 Cleversafe Object-based storage software  USA $1,309,000,000[171] [172]
2015 Clearleap Cloud-based video management  USA Not disclosed [173]
2016 Iris Analytics Real time transaction fraud detection  GER Not disclosed [174]
2016 Ustream Streaming video  USA Not disclosed [175]
2016 Resource/Ammirati Digital marketing and creative agency  USA Not disclosed [176]
2016 Aperto AG Digital marketing and creative agency  GER Not disclosed [177]
2016 ecx.io AG Digital marketing and creative agency  GER Not disclosed [178]
2016 Truven Health Analytics Provider of cloud-based healthcare data, analytics and insights  USA $2,600,000,000 [179]
2016 Resilient Systems Cyber security, incident response platform  USA Not disclosed [180]
2016 Optevia Specialist provider of Microsoft Dynamics CRM based solutions and associated services to the public sector  UK Not disclosed [181]
2016 Blue Wolf Group LLC Salesforce systems integrator and professional services  USA $200,000,000 [182]
2016 EZSource Application discovery and dashboard visualization  ISR Not disclosed [183]
2016 Promontory Financial Group Risk management and regulatory compliance  USA Not disclosed [184]
2016 Sanovi Technologies Hybrid cloud recovery  IND Not disclosed [185]
2017 Agile 3 Solutions Information security  USA Not disclosed [186]
2017 Verizon - Cloud services Cloud services  USA Not disclosed [187]
2017 XCC (division of TIMETOACT) Collaboration software  GER Not disclosed [188]
2017 Cloudigo Data Center Company  Israel Not disclosed [189]
2017 Vivant Digital Innovation Consultancy  AUS Not disclosed [190]
2018 Armanta, Inc. Aggregation/analytics software for financial services firms  USA Not disclosed [191]
2018 Oniqua Holdings Pty Ltd. Intelligent maintenance repair and operations (MRO) solutions  USA AUS Not disclosed [192]
2019 Red Hat Provider of open source software and solutions  USA $34,000,000,000 [193][194]
2020 Spanugo US-based provider of cloud cybersecurity posture management solutions  USA Not disclosed [195]
2020 WDG IBM to Acquire WDG Automation to Advance AI-Infused Automation Capabilities for Enterprises  BRA Not disclosed [196]
November 16, 2020 TruQua Enterprises Acquisition enhances IBM's expertise in migrating financial platforms to SAP  USA Not disclosed [197]
November 18, 2020 Instana Acquisition continues to advance IBM's Hybrid Cloud and AIOps strategy with Application Performance Management and enterprise Observability capabilities  USA Not disclosed [198]
December 15, 2020 Expertus Technologies Inc. Digital payments provider  CAN Not disclosed [199]
December 21, 2020 Nordcloud Acquisition enhances IBM's Hybrid Cloud Consulting capabilities  FIN Not disclosed [200]
January 11, 2021 7Summits Acquisition drives digital transformations for Salesforce clients  USA Not disclosed [201]
Jan 14, 2021 Taos Acquisition to expand hybrid cloud consulting services  USA Not disclosed [202]
April 15, 2021 myInvenio Acquisition to help Organizations Use AI-powered Automation to Better Streamline Business Processes  ITA Not disclosed [203]
May 18, 2021 Waeg Acquisition to expand Salesforce consulting services  Belgium Not disclosed [204]
June 17, 2021 Turbonomic Acquisition to expand AAIOps (the use of AI to automate IT Operations) to application and infrastructure observability  USA Not disclosed [205][206]
July 8, 2021 BoxBoat Technologies DevOps consultancy and enterprise Kubernetes certified service provider  USA Not disclosed [207]
July 15, 2021 Bluetab Solutions Group, S.L. Hybrid cloud data and analytics consulting  SPA Not disclosed [208]

5. Spinoffs

  • 1934 - Dayton Scale Division is sold to the Hobart Manufacturing Company.
  • 1942 - Ticketograph Division is sold to the National Postal Meter Company.
  • 1958 - Time Equipment Division is sold to the Simplex Time Recorder Company.
  • 1974 - Service Bureau Corporation sold to Control Data Corporation
  • 1984 - Prodigy, formerly a joint venture with Sears, Roebuck and Company.
  • 1985 - Satellite Business Systems sold to MCI Communications
  • 1988 - Copier/Duplicator business, including service and support contracts, sold to Eastman Kodak.[209][210]
  • 1990 - ARDIS mobile packet network, a joint venture with Motorola. Motorola buys IBM's 50% interest in 1994. Now Motient.
  • 1991 - Lexmark (keyboards, typewriters, and printers). IBM retained a 10% interest. Lexmark has sold its keyboard and typewriter businesses.
  • 1991 - Kaleida, a joint Multimedia software venture with Apple Computer.
  • 1992 - Taligent, a joint software venture with Apple Computer.
  • 1992 - IBM Commercial Multimedia Technologies Group, spun off to form private company Fairway Technologies.
  • 1992 - IBM sells its remaining 50 percent stake in the Rolm Company to Siemens A.G. of Germany.[211]
  • 1994 - Xyratex enterprise data storage subsystems and network technology, formed in a management buy-out from IBM.
  • 1995 - Advantis (Advanced Value-Added Networking Technology of IBM & Sears), a voice and data network company. Joint Venture with IBM holding 70%, Sears holding 30%. IBM buys Sears' 30% interest in 1997. AT&T acquires the infrastructure portion of Advantis in 1999, becoming the AT&T Global Network. IBM retained business and strategic outsourcing portions of the joint venture.
  • 1994 - Federal Systems Division sold to Loral becoming Loral Federal Systems. The Federal Systems Division performed work for NASA. Loral was later acquired by Lockheed Martin.
  • 1996 - Celestica, Electronic Manufacturing Services (EMS).
  • 1998 - IBM Global Network sold to AT&T to form AT&T Business Internet.
  • 1999 - Dominion Semiconductor (DSC) IBM sells its 50% share to JV partner Toshiba. DSC becomes a wholly owned subsidiary of Toshiba.
  • 2001 - Information Services Extended department, developer of specialized databases and software for telephone directory assistance, is spun off to form privately held company ISx, Inc (later sold to Local Matters).
  • December 31, 2002 - IBM sells its HDD business to Hitachi Global Storage Technologies for approximately $2 billion. Hitachi Global Storage Technologies now provides many of the hardware storage devices formerly provided by IBM, including IBM hard drives and the Microdrive. IBM continues to develop storage systems, including tape backup, storage software and enterprise storage.
  • December 2004 - Lenovo acquires 90% interest in IBM Personal Systems Group, 10,000 employees and $9 billion in revenue.
  • April 3, 2006 - Web analytics provider Coremetrics acquires SurfAid Analytics, a standalone division of IBM Global Services. The deal was said to be in the "eight-figure" range, making it worth at least $10 million. (Note: Since then Coremetrics has in turn been acquired by IBM)
  • January 25, 2007 - Three-year joint venture with IBM Printing Systems division and Ricoh to form new Ricoh-owned subsidiary, InfoPrint Solutions Company, for $725 million.
  • September 2009 - IBM launches online business IT video advice service in association with GuruOnline.
  • September 2009 - IBM sells its U2 multivalue database and application development products (created by VMark, UniData, System Builder and Prime Computer, obtained via the Informix acquisition) to Rocket Software
  • April 2012 - IBM sells its Retail Store Solutions division (Point-of-Sales) to Toshiba TEC[212]
  • January 2014 - IBM sells its IBM System x business to Lenovo for $2.3 billion.[213]
  • October 2014 - IBM sells its microelectronics (computer chips) business to GlobalFoundries. IBM will pay GlobalFoundries $1.5 billion over 3 years to take over the business.[214]
  • December 2014 - UNICOM Global Acquires IBM Rational Focal Point and IBM Rational Purify Plus [215]
  • January 2015 - IBM sells Algorithmics Collateral to SmartStream Technologies [216]
  • December 2015 - UNICOM Global Acquires IBM Rational System Architect [217]
  • December 2018 - HCL Technologies to Acquire Select IBM Software Products for $1.8B.[218]
  • July 2019 - IBM Watson Marketing business spins off into standalone company Acoustic, after acquisition by Centerbridge Partners[219][220]
  • October 8, 2020 - IBM announced it was spinning off the Managed Infrastructure Services unit of its Global Technology Services division into a new public company, an action expected to be completed by the end of 2021.[221]

The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_IBM

References

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  2. Engelbourg, 1954, p. 52.
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  19. "IBM Acquires Holosofx to Extend WebSphere Business Integration Software Portfolio" (Press release). IBM. 2002-09-12. Retrieved 2008-06-02. http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/534.wss
  20. "IBM, PricewaterhouseCoopers Complete Sale of PwC Consulting" (Press release). IBM. 2002-10-02. Retrieved 2008-06-02. http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/491.wss
  21. "IBM to Acquire Access360" (Press release). IBM. 2002-09-03. Retrieved 2008-06-02. http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/545.wss
  22. "IBM To Acquire EADS Matra Datavision" (Press release). IBM. 2002-10-07. Retrieved 2008-06-02. http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/481.wss
  23. "IBM Completes Acquisition Of Tarian Software" (Press release). IBM. 2002-11-15. Retrieved 2008-06-02. http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/428.wss
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  28. "IBM to Acquire CrossAccess Technology, Extends Leadership in Information Integration" (Press release). IBM. 2003-10-14. Retrieved 2008-06-02. http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/6140.wss
  29. "IBM Acquires Retail Self-Checkout Leader, PSI" (Press release). IBM. 2003-11-13. Retrieved 2008-06-02. http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/6335.wss
  30. "IBM Acquires Green Pasture Software, Extends Leadership in Enterprise Content Management" (Press release). IBM. 2003-12-17. Retrieved 2008-06-02. http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/6504.wss
  31. "IBM Completes Acquisition of Trigo Technologies" (Press release). IBM. 2004-04-06. Retrieved 2008-06-02. http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/6968.wss
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  34. "IBM Completes Acquisition of Candle Corporation" (Press release). IBM. 2004-06-07. Retrieved 2008-06-02. http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/7160.wss
  35. "IBM to Acquire Alphablox Corporation, Strengthens Leadership in Business Intelligence" (Press release). IBM. 2004-07-14. Retrieved 2008-06-02. http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/7223.wss
  36. "IBM To Acquire Cyanea" (Press release). IBM. 2004-07-29. Retrieved 2008-06-02. http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/7245.wss
  37. "IBM Completes Acquisition of Venetica" (Press release). IBM. 2004-10-07. Retrieved 2008-06-02. http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/7327.wss
  38. "IBM Completes Acquisition of Systemcorp" (Press release). IBM. 2004-12-19. Retrieved 2008-06-02. http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/7410.wss
  39. "IBM to Acquire Liberty Insurance Services" (Press release). IBM. 2004-11-23. Retrieved 2008-06-02. http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/7415.wss
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  143. I.B.M. Buys Cloud Computing Firm in Deal Said to Be Worth $2 Billion https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/06/04/i-b-m-buys-cloud-computing-firm-in-deal-said-to-be-worth-2-billion/
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  146. IBM says it will buy Trusteer, source says paying close to $1 billion https://www.reuters.com/article/us-trusteer-ibm-idUSBRE97E13I20130815/
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  148. "IBM Acquires Daeja Image Systems Ltd" (Press release). IBM. 2013-09-19. Retrieved 2013-09-25. http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/41567.wss
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  161. "IBM to Acquire Phytel to Help Healthcare Providers Deliver Higher Value Care". 2015-04-13. http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/46584.wss. 
  162. "IBM Acquires Blue Box to Accelerate Open Hybrid Clouds". https://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/47030.wss. 
  163. "IBM Acquires Compose Inc.". https://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/47030.wss. 
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